Simulating the equivalent radar reflectivity of cirrus at 94 GHz using an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals: A test of the Met Office global numerical weather prediction model

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 137, Issue 659, 2011, Pages 1547-1560

  Baran, Anthony J ^a   Bodas Salcedo, Alejandro ^a   Cotton, Richard ^a   Lee, Clare ^a  

^a MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CloudSat; Mass dimensional relationship; MetUM; Particle size distribution function; Rayleigh Gans theory; Scattering

Indexed keywords

CLOUDSAT; EFFECTIVE DIAMETER; ENSEMBLE MODELS; EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY; FORWARD MODELLING; FORWARD MODELS; FORWARD SIMULATION; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; GLOBAL MODELS; ICE CRYSTALS; ICE WATER CONTENT; IN-CLOUD TEMPERATURES; IN-SITU; MASS-DIMENSIONAL RELATIONSHIP; METUM; MIDLATITUDES; MIXING RATIOS; MODEL ERRORS; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; PARAMETRIZATIONS; RADAR REFLECTIVITIES; RAYLEIGH-GANS APPROXIMATION; RAYLEIGH-GANS THEORY; SCATTERING PROPERTY; SHORT WAVES; TWO PARTICLES;

CLOUDS; CRYSTALS; DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; ESTIMATION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; RADAR; REFLECTION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WATER CONTENT;

ICE;

ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; CIRRUS; CLOUD; CLOUDSAT; ENSEMBLE FORECASTING; ICE CRYSTAL; MIXING RATIO; NUMERICAL MODEL; PARTICLE SIZE; RADAR; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WEATHER FORECASTING;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 80052534417     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.870     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Atlas D, Matrosov SY, Heymsfield AJ, Chou M-D, Wolff DB. 1995. Radar and radiation properties of ice clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34: 2329-2345.
2. Austin RT, Heymsfield AJ, Stephens GL. 2009. Retrieval of ice cloud microphysical parameters using the CloudSat millimetre-wave radar and temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 114: D00A23, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010049.
3. Baran AJ. 2005. The dependence of cirrus infrared radiative properties on ice crystal geometry and shape of the size-distribution function. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131: 1129-1142.
4. Baran AJ. 2009. A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110: 1239-1260.
5. Baran AJ, Francis PN. 2004. On the radiative properties of cirrus cloud at solar and thermal wavelengths: A test of model consistency using high-resolution airborne radiance measurements. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130: 763-778.
6. Baran AJ, Labonnote L-C. 2007. A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus. I: The solar region. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 1899-1912.
7. Baran AJ, Francis PN, Labonnote L-C, Doutriaux-Boucher M. 2001. A scattering phase function for ice cloud: Tests of applicability using aircraft and satellite multi-angle multi-wavelength radiance measurements of cirrus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127: 2395-2416.
8. Baran AJ, Connolly PJ, Lee C. 2009. Testing an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals using midlatitude in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient and the total solar optical depth. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110: 1579-1598.
9. Baran AJ, Connolly PJ, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A. 2011. Using in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient, and the total solar optical depth obtained during the tropical ACTIVE campaign to test an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137: 199-218.
10. Baum BA, Heymsfield AJ, Yang P, Bedka ST. 2005. Bulk scattering properties for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Part I: Microphysical data and models. J. Appl. Meteorol. 44: 1885-1895.
11. Bodas-Salcedo A, Webb MJ, Brooks ME, Ringer MA, Williams KD, Milton SF, Wilson DR. 2008. Evaluating cloud systems in the Met Office global forecast model using simulated CloudSat radar reflectivities. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D00A13, DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009620.
12. Boudala FS, Isaac GA, Fu Q, Cober SG. 2002. Parameterization of effective ice particle sizes for high-latitude clouds. Int. J. Climatol. 22: 1267-1284.
13. Brown PRA, Francis PN. 1995. Improved measurements of the ice water content in cirrus using a total-water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 12: 410-414.
14. Brümmer B, Müller G, Affeld B, Gerdes R, Karcher M, Kauker F. 2001. Cyclones over Fram Strait: Impact on sea ice and variability. Polar Res. 20: 147-152.
15. Cotton R, Osborne S, Ulanowski Z, Hirst E, Kaye PH, Greenaway RS. 2010. The ability of the Small Ice Detector (SID-2) to characterise cloud particle and aerosol morphologies obtained during flights of the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 27: 290-303.
16. Donner LJ, Seman CJ, Soden BJ, Hemler RS, Warren JC, Ström J, Liou K-N. 1997. Large-scale ice clouds in the GFDL SKYHI general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 102: 21745-21768.
17. Draine BT, Flatau PJ. 1994. Discrete-dipole approximation for scattering calculations. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11: 1491-1499.
18. Edwards JM, Havemann S, Thelen J-C, Baran AJ. 2007. A new parametrization for the radiative properties of ice crystals: Comparison with existing schemes and impact in a GCM. Atmos. Res. 83: 19-35.
19. Field PR, Wood R, Brown PRA, Kaye PH, Hirst E, Greenaway R, Smith JA. 2003. Ice particle interarrival times measured with a fast FSSP. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 20: 249-261.
20. Field PR, Hogan RJ, Brown PRA, Illingworth AJ, Choularton TW, Cotton RJ. 2005. Parametrization of ice-particle size distribution functions for mid-latitude stratiform cloud. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131: 1997-2017.
21. Field PR, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A. 2006. Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 23: 1357-1371.
22. Field PR, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A. 2007. Snow size distribution parameterization for midlatitude and tropical ice clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 4346-4365.
23. Field PR, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A, Twohy CH. 2008. Determination of the combined ventilation factor and capacitance for ice crystal aggregates from airborne observations in a tropical anvil cloud. J. Atmos. Sci. 65: 376-391.
24. Foot JS. 1988. Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. II: Cirrus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 114: 145-164.
25. Francis PN. 1995. Some aircraft observations of the scattering properties of ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci. 52: 1142-1154.
26. Francis PN, Foot JS, Baran AJ. 1999. Aircraft measurements of the solar and infrared radiative properties of cirrus and their dependence on ice crystal shape. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 31685-31695.
27. Garrett TJ, Gerber H, Baumgardner DG, Twohy CH, Weinstock EM. 2003. Small, highly reflective ice crystals in low-latitude cirrus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30: 2132, DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018153.
28. Heymsfield AJ. 2007. On measurements of small ice particles in clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L23812, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030951.
29. Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A, Field PR, Durden SL, Stith JL, Dye JE, Hall W, Grainger CA. 2002. Observations and parameterizations of particle size distributions in deep tropical cirrus and stratiform precipitating clouds: Results from in situ observations in TRMM field campaigns. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 3457-3491.
30. Hirst E, Kaye PH, Greenaway RS, Field P, Johnson DW. 2001. Discrimination of micrometre-sized ice and super-cooled droplets in mixed-phase cloud. Atmos. Environ. 35: 33-47.
31. Hogan RJ, Mittermaier MP, Illingworth AJ. 2006. The retrieval of ice water content from radar reflectivity factor and temperature and its use in evaluating a mesoscale model. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 45: 301-317.
32. Hong G, Yang P, Gao B-C, Baum BA, Hu YX, King MD, Platnick S. 2007. High cloud properties from three years of MODIS Terra and Aqua collection-4 data over the Tropics. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 46: 1840-1856.
33. Hong G, Yang P, Baum BA, Heymsfield AJ. 2008. Relationship between ice water content and equivalent radar reflectivity for clouds consisting of nonspherical ice particles, J. Geophys. Res. 113: D20205, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009890.
34. Houze Jr RA, Hobbs PV, Herzegh PH, Parsons DB. 1979. Size distributions of precipitation particles in frontal clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 36: 156-162.
35. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
36. Korolev AV, Emery EF, Strapp JW, Cober SG, Isaac GA, Wasey M, Marcotte D. 2011. Small ice particles in tropospheric clouds: Fact or artifact? Airborne Icing Instrumentation Evaluation Experiment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in press.
37. Lawson RP, Cooper WA. 1990. Performance of some airborne thermometers in clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 7: 480-494.
38. Liou KN, Takano Y. 1994. Light scattering by nonspherical particles: Remote sensing and climatic implications. Atmos. Res. 31: 271-298.
39. Liou KN, Takano Y, Yang P. 2000. Light scattering and radiative transfer by ice crystal clouds: Applications to climate research. Pp 417-449 in Light scattering by nonspherical particles: Theory, measurements, and applications, Mishchenko MI, Hovenier JW, Travis LD (eds). Academic Press: San Diego.
40. Liu C-L, Illingworth AJ. 2000. Toward more accurate retrievals of ice water content from radar measurements of clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 39: 1130-1146.
41. McFarquhar GM, Heymsfield AJ. 1996. Microphysical characteristics of three anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 2401-2423.
42. McFarquhar GM, Heymsfield AJ. 1998. The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 2039-2052.
43. McFarquhar GM, Um J, Freer M, Baumgardner D, Kok GL, Mace G. 2007. Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L13803, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL029865.
44. Mitchell DL. 2002. Effective diameter in radiation transfer: General definition, applications, and limitations. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 2330-2346.
45. Mitchell DL, Rasch P, Ivanova D, McFarquar GM, Nousiainen T. 2008. Impact of small ice crystal assumptions on ice sedimentation rates in cirrus clouds and GCM simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L09806, DOI: 10.1029/2008GL033552.
46. 2 and climate: A missing feedback? Nature 341: 132-134.
47. Platnick S, King MD, Ackerman SA, Menzel WP, Baum BA, Riedi JC, Frey RA. 2003. The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 41: 459-473.
48. Raschke E, Flamant P, Fouquart Y, Hignett P, Isaka H, Jonas PR, Sundquist H, Wendling P. 1998. Cloud-radiation studies during the European Cloud and Radiation Experiment (EUCREX). Surv. Geophys. 19: 89-138.
49. Sassen K, Wang Z, Khvorostyanov VI, Stephens GL, Bennedetti A. 2002. Cirrus cloud ice water content radar algorithm evaluation using an explicit cloud microphysical model. J. Appl. Meteorol. 41: 620-628.
50. Sassen K, Wang Z, Liu D. 2008. Global distribution of cirrus clouds from CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D00A12, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009972.
51. Sayres DS, Smith JB, Pittman JV, Weinstock EM, Anderson JG, Heymsfield G, Li L, Fridlind AM, Ackerman AS. 2008. Validation and determination of ice water content-radar reflectivity relationships during CRYSTAL-FACE: Flight requirements for future comparisons. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D05208, DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008847.
52. Stephens GL, Tsay S-C, Stackhouse Jr PW, Flatau PJ. 1990. The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback. J. Atmos. Sci. 47: 1742-1754.
53. Stephens GL, Vane DG, Boain RJ, Mace GG, Sassen K, Wang Z, Illingworth AJ, O'Connor EJ, Rossow WB, Durden SL, Miller SD, Austin RT, Benedetti A, Mitrescu C. 2002. The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 1771-1790.
54. Strapp JW, Albers F, Reuter A, Korolev AV, Maixner U, Rashke E, Vukovic Z. 2001. Laboratory measurements of the response of a PMS OAP-2DC. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 18: 1150-1170.
55. Stubenrauch CJ, Chédin A, Rädel G, Scott NA, Serrar S. 2006. Cloud properties and their seasonal and diurnal variability from TOVS Path-B. J. Climate 19: 5531-5553.
56. Waliser DE, Li J-LF, Woods CP, Austin RT, Bacmeister J, Chern J, Del Genio A, Jiang JH, Kuang Z, Meng H, Minnis P, Platnik S, Rossow WB, Stephens GL, Sun-Mack S, Tao W-K, Tompkins AM, Vane DG, Walker C, Wu D. 2009. Cloud ice: A climate model challenge with signs and expectations of progress. J. Geophys. Res. 114: D00A21, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010015.
57. Westbrook CD, Ball RC, Field PR, Heymsfield AJ. 2004a. Universality in snowflake aggregation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31: L15104, DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020363.
58. Westbrook CD, Ball RC, Field PR, Heymsfield AJ. 2004b. Theory of growth by differential sedimentation, with application to snowflake formation. Phys. Rev. E 70: 021403.
59. Westbrook CD, Ball RC, Field PR. 2006. Radar scattering by aggregate snowflakes. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 132: 897-914.
60. Westbrook CD, Ball RC, Field PR. 2008. Notes and correspondence corrigendum: Radar scattering by aggregate snowflakes. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 134: 547-548.
61. Wilson DR, Ballard SP. 1999. A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 1607-1636.
62. Wylie DP, Menzel WP. 1999. Eight years of high cloud statistics using HIRS. J. Climate 12: 170-184.
63. Wyser K, Yang P. 1998. Average ice crystal size and bulk short-wave single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds. Atmos. Res. 49: 315-335.
64. Yang P, Liou KN. 1998. Single-scattering properties of complex ice crystals in terrestrial atmosphere. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 71: 223-248.
65. Zhang Z, Yang P, Kattawar G, Riedi J, Labonnote L-C, Baum BA, Platnick S, Huang H-L. 2009. Influence of ice particle model on satellite ice cloud retrieval: Lessons learned from MODIS and POLDER cloud product comparison. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 7115-7129.