Observations and parameterizations of particle size distributions in deep tropical cirrus and stratiform precipitating clouds: Results from in situ observations in TRMM field campaigns

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 59, Issue 24, 2002, Pages 3457-3491

  Heymsfield, Andrew J ^a   Bansemer, Aaron ^a   Field, Paul R ^b   Durden, Stephen L ^c   Stith, Jeffrey L ^a   Dye, James E ^a   Hall, William ^a   Grainger, Cedric A ^d  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOLOGIC MODELS; LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; RADIATION; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; TROPICS;

SPIRAL DESCENTS;

CLOUDS;

CIRRUS; PARAMETERIZATION; PARTICLE SIZE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; STRATIFORM CLOUD;

BRAZIL; FLORIDA; KWAJALEIN; MARSHALL ISLANDS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0037116314     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3457:OAPOPS>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Brown, P. R. A., and P. N. Francis, 1995: Improved measurements of the ice water content in cirrus using a total-water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 410-414.
2. Durden, S. L., E. Im, F. K. Li, W. Ricketts, A. Tanner, and W. Wilson, 1994: ARMAR: An airborne rain-mapping radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 11, 727-737.
3. Field, P. R., 1999: Aircraft observations of ice crystal evolution in an altostratus cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1925-1941.
4. Fu, Q., 1996: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate. 9, 2058-2082.
5. Gordon, G. L., and J. D. Marwitz, 1986: Hydrometeor evolution in rainbands over the California valley. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1087-1100.
6. Griffith, K. T., S. K. Cox, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1980: Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds inferred from aircraft measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1077-1087.
7. Hanesch, M., 1999: Fall velocity and shape of snowflakes. Ph.D. thesis. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. [Available online at http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/ediss/ sg/070html.]
8. Heymsfield, A. J., 1977: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 284-295.
9. Heymsfield, A. J., 1986: Ice particle evolution in the anvil of a severe thunderstorm during CCOPE. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2463-2478.
10. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, 1978: A computational technique for increasing the effective sampling volume of the PMS 2-D particle size spectrometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1566-1572.
11. Heymsfield, A. J., and G. M. McFarquhar, 1996: On the high albedos of anvil cirrus in the tropical Pacific warm pool: Microphysical interpretations from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall Islands. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2401-2423.
12. Heymsfield, A. J., and L. M. Miloshevich, 2003: Parameterizations for the cross-sectional area and extinction of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
13. Heymsfield, A. J., G. M. McFarquhar, W. D. Collins, J. A. Goldstein, F. P. J. Valero, J. Spinhirne, W. Hart, and P. Pilewskie, 1998: Cloud properties leading to highly reflective tropical cirrus: Interpretations from CEPEX, TOGA COARE, and Kwajalein. Marshall Islands. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8805-8812.
14. Heymsfield, A. J., A. Bansemer, S. Lewis, J. Iaquinta, M. Kajikawa, C. Twohy, M. R. Poellot, and L. M. Miloshevich, 2002: A general approach for deriving the properties of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3-29.
15. Heymsfield, G. M., and Coauthors, 1996: The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 795-809.
16. Houze, R. A., P. V. Hobbs, P. H. Herzegh, and D. B. Parsons, 1979: Size distributions of precipitation particles in frontal clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 156-162.
17. Knollenberg, R. G., A. J. Dascher, and D. Huffman, 1982: Measurements of the aerosol and ice crystal populations in tropical stratospheric cumulonimbus anvils. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 613-616.
18. Knollenberg, R. G., K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, 1993: Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639-8664.
19. Kosarev, A. L., and I. P. Mazin, 1991: An empirical model of the physical structure of upper layer clouds. Atmos. Res., 26, 213-228.
20. Kozu, T., and K. Nakamura, 1991: Rainfall parameter estimation from dual-radar measurements combining reflectivity profile and path-integrated attenuation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 259-270.
21. Lo, K. K., and R. E. Passarelli Jr., 1982: Growth of snow in winter storms: An airborne observational study. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 697-706.
22. McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1996: Microphysical characteristics of three cirrus anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2401-2423.
23. McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1997: Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: Results from CEPEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2187-2200.
24. Mitchell, D. L., 1991: Evolution of snow-size spectra in cyclonic storms. Part II: Deviations from the exponential form. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1885-1899.
25. Mitchell, D. L., 1996: Use of mass- and area-dimensional power laws for determining precipitation particle terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1710-1723.
26. Muramoto, K.-I., K. Matsura, T. Harimaya, and T. Endoh, 1993: A computer database for falling snowflakes. Ann. Glac., 18, 11-16.
27. Passarelli, R. E., Jr., 1978: Evolution of snow size spectra in winter storms. Cloud Physics Laboratory Tech. Note 52, Dept. of Geophysical Sciences. University of Chicago, 100 pp.
28. Pueschel, R. F., and Coauthors. 1995: Condensed water in tropical cyclone "Oliver", 8 February 1993. Atmos. Res., 38, 297-313.
29. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2261-2288.
30. Ryan, B. F., 2000: A bulk parameterization of the ice particle size distribution and the optical properties in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1436-1451.
31. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2000: Comparison of radar data from the TRMM satellite and Kwajalein oceanic validation site. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2151-2164.
32. Sekhon, R. S., and R. C. Srivastava, 1970: Snow size spectra and radar reflectivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 299-307.
33. Smith, P. L., 1984: Equivalent radar reflectivity factors for snow and ice particles. J. Appl. Meteor., 23, 1258-1260.
34. Stith, J. L., J. E. Dye, A. Bansemer, A. J. Heymsfield, C. A. Grainger. W. A. Petersen, and R. Cifelli, 2002: Microphysical observations of tropical clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 97-117.
35. Takahashi, T., and K. Kuhara. 1993: Precipitation mechanisms of cumulonimbus clouds. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 21-31.
36. Willis, P. T., and A. J. Heymsfield. 1989: Structure of the melting layer in mesoscale convective storm stratiform precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2008-2025.
37. Yokoyama, T., 1985: Observation of microphysical processes in the stratiform precipitations including melting layers at Mt. Fuji. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 63, 100-111.
38. Zhang, G., J. Vivekanandan, and E. Brandes, 2001: A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements. IEEE Transact. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 830-841.