Microphysical characteristics of three anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 17, 1996, Pages 2401-2423

  Mcfarquhar, Greg M ^a   Heymsfield, Andrew J ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANVIL; ANVILS; CLOUD; CLOUDS; ICE WATER CONTENT; MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS;

PACIFIC, (EQUATORIAL);

EID: 0030432893     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2401:MCOTAS>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Arnott, W. P., Y. Dong, J. Hallett, and M. R. Poellot, 1994: Role of small ice crystals in radiative properties of cirrus: A case study, FIRE II, November 22, 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1371-1381.
2. Baumgardner, D., J. E. Dye, B. W. Gandrud, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1992: Interpretation of measurements made by the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-300) during the airborne Arctic stratospheric expedition. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8035-8046.
3. Brown, P. R. A., and P. N. Francis, 1995: Improved measurement of the ice water content in cirrus using a total water evaporator. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 410-414.
4. Chin, H.-N. S., Q. Fu, M. M. Bradley, and C. R. Molenkamp, 1995: Modeling of a tropical squall line in two dimensions: Sensitivity to radiation and comparison with a midlatitude case. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3172-3193.
5. Cox, S. K., D. S. McDougal, D. S. Randall, and R. A. Schiffer, 1987: FIRE - The first ISCCP regional experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 114-118.
6. Dowling, D. R., and L. F. Radke, 1990: A summary of the physical properties of cirrus clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 970-978.
7. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, 1992: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836.
8. Gardiner, B. A., and J. Hallett, 1985: Degradation of in-cloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 171-180.
9. Gayet, J.-F., P. R. A. Brown, and F. Albers, 1993: A comparison of in-cloud measurements obtained with six PMS 2D-C probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 180-194.
10. Griffith, K. T., S. K. Cox, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1980: Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds inferred from aircraft measurements. J. Atmos. Sci, 37, 1077-1087.
11. Heymsfield, A. J., 1975: Cirrus uncinus generating cells and the evolution of cirriform clouds. Part I: Aircraft observations of the growth of the ice phase. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 799-808.
12. _, 1978: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 284-295.
13. _, 1986a: Ice particles observed in a cirriform cloud at -83°C and implications for polar stratospheric clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 851-855.
14. _, 1986b: Ice particle evolution in the anvil of a severe thunderstorm during CCOPE. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2463-2478.
15. _, 1993: Microphysical structures of stratiform and cirrus clouds. Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, P. V. Hobbs, Ed., Academic Press, 97-121.
16. _, and J. L. Parrish, 1978: A computational technique for increasing the effective sampling volume of the PMS two-dimensional particle size spectrometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1566-1572.
17. _, and C. M. R. Platt, 1984: A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of ambient temperature and the ice water content. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846-855.
18. _, and D. Baumgardner, 1985: Summary of a workshop on processing 2-D probe data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 437-440.
19. _, and L. J. Donner, 1990: A scheme for parameterizing ice-cloud water content in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865-1877.
20. _, and L. M. Miloshevich, 1991: Limit to greenhouse warming? Nature, 351, 14-15.
21. _, and _, 1995: Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: Observations from wave clouds in FIRE II. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4302-4326.
22. _, and G. M. McFarquhar, 1996: High albedos of cirrus in the tropical Pacific warm pool: Microphysical interpretations from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall Islands. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2424-2451.
23. _, K. M. Miller, and J. D. Spinhirne, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: Cloud microstructure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2313-2328.
24. Hobbs, R., B. Morrison, and D. Baumgardner, 1995: Processing data from particle measuring probes for icing certification. American Helicopter Society of Automotive Engineers Int. Icing Symp., Montreal, PQ, Canada, Amer. Helicopter Soc., 1-12.
25. Kinne, S., T. P. Ackerman, A. J. Heymsfield, F. P. J. Valero, K. Sassen, and J. D. Spinhime, 1992: Cirrus microphysics and radiative transfer: Cloud field study on 28 October 1986. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 661-684.
26. Knollenberg, R. G., A. J. Dascher, and D. Huffman, 1982: Measurements of the aerosol and ice crystal populations in tropical stratospheric cumulonimbus anvils. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 613-616.
27. _, K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, 1993: Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639-8664.
28. Lilly, D. K., 1988: Cirrus outflow dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1594-1605.
29. Liou, K. N., 1986: Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A global perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1167-1199.
30. Mitchell, D. L., 1994: A model predicting the evolution of ice particle size spectra and radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Part I: Microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 797-816.
31. _, W. P. Arnott, Y. Dong, J. Hallett, and K. Sassen, 1993: Are tropical cirrus brighter than mid-latitude cirrus? Preprints, FIRE Cirrus Science Conf., Breckenridge, CO, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 188-191.
32. Ose, T., 1993: An examination of the effects of explicit cloud water in the UCLA GCM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 93-108.
33. Ramanathan, V., and W. Collins, 1991: Thermodynamic regulation of ocean wanning by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Niño. Nature, 351, 27-32.
34. Ranz, W. E., and J. B. Wong, 1952: Impaction of dust and smoke particles. Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1371-1381.
35. Raschke, E., 1988: The international satellite cloud climatology project, ISCCP, and its European regional experiment ICE (International Cirrus Experiment). Atmos. Res., 21, 191-201.
36. Sassen, K., D. O. Starr, and T. Uttal, 1989: Mesoscale and microscale structure of cirrus clouds: Three case studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 371-396.
37. Stackhouse, P. J., and G. L. Stephens, 1991: A theoretical and observational study of the radiative properties of cirrus results from FIRE 1986. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2044-2059.
38. Starr, D. O., and S. K. Cox, 1985: Cirrus clouds. Part I: A cirrus cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2663-2681.
39. Takahashi, T., and K. Kuhara, 1993: Precipitation mechanisms of cumulonimbus clouds at Pohnpei, Micronesia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 21-31.
40. Takano, Y., and K.-N. Liou, 1989: Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part I: Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3-19.
41. Varley, D. J., 1978: Cirrus particle distribution study, Part I. Tech. Rep. AFGL-TR-78-0192, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA, 71 pp.
42. _, and D. M. Brooks, 1978: Cirrus particle distribution study, Part II. Tech. Rep. AFGL-TR-78-0248, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA, 108 pp.
43. Weickmann, H., 1947: Die Eisphase in der Atmosphare. Royal Aircraft Establishment, 96 pp.
44. Welch, R. M., S. K. Cox, and J. M. Davis, 1980: Solar Radiation and Clouds. Meteor. Monogr., No. 39, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 pp.
45. Wielicki, B. A., and Coauthors, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: Comparison of radiative transfer theory with observations by satellite and aircraft. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2356-2379.
46. Williams, S. F., 1993: Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) daily operations summary. UCAR Office of Field Support, Boulder, CO, 321 pp. [Available from UCAR Office of Field Support, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO.]