Genetics of tardive dyskinesia

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 98, Issue , 2011, Pages 231-264

  Lee, Heon Jeong ^a   Kang, Seung Gul ^b  

^a Korea University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^b Catholic University of Daegu   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Antipsychotics; Pharmacogenetics; Schizophrenia; Tardive dyskinesia

Indexed keywords

ACYLTRANSFERASE; CYTOCHROME P450 1A2; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; THIOPURINE METHYLTRANSFERASE;

BDNF GENE; BOOK; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 GENE; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 GENE; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 GENE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR GENE; DOPAMINE D3 RECEPTOR GENE; DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE; DRUG METABOLISM; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GENE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE GENE; MELATONIN RECEPTOR GENE; NAD(P)H QUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE GENE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OPIOID RECEPTOR GENE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; RECEPTOR GENE; REGULATOR GENE; REGULATOR OF G PROTEIN SIGNALING GENE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR GENE; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR GENE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA;

EID: 80052525812     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381328-2.00010-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (168)

1. Abdolmaleky H.M., Thiagalingam S., Wilcox M. Genetics and epigenetics in major psychiatric disorders: dilemmas, achievements, applications, and future scope. Am. J. Pharmacogenomics 2005, 5:149-160.
2. Aberg K., Adkins D.E., Bukszar J., Webb B.T., Caroff S.N., Miller del D., Sebat J., Stroup S., Fanous A.H., Vladimirov V.I., McClay J.L., Lieberman J.A., Sullivan P.F., van den Oord E.J. Genomewide association study of movement-related adverse antipsychotic effects. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 67:279-282.
3. Accili D., Fishburn C.S., Drago J., Steiner H., Lachowicz J.E., Park B.H., Gauda E.B., Lee E.J., Cool M.H., Sibley D.R., Gerfen C.R., Westphal H., Fuchs S. A targeted mutation of the D3 dopamine receptor gene is associated with hyperactivity in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996, 93:1945-1949.
4. Adler L.A., Edson R., Lavori P., Peselow E., Duncan E., Rosenthal M., Rotrosen J. Long-term treatment effects of vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 1998, 43:868-872.
5. Al Hadithy A.F., Ivanova S.A., Pechlivanoglou P., Semke A., Fedorenko O., Kornetova E., Ryadovaya L., Brouwers J.R., Wilffert B., Bruggeman R., Loonen A.J. Tardive dyskinesia and DRD3, HTR2A and HTR2C gene polymorphisms in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 33:475-481.
6. Al Hadithy A.F., Ivanova S.A., Pechlivanoglou P., Wilffert B., Semke A., Fedorenko O., Kornetova E., Ryadovaya L., Brouwers J.R., Loonen A.J. Missense polymorphisms in three oxidative-stress enzymes (GSTP1, SOD2, and GPX1) and dyskinesias in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 25:84-91.
7. Andreassen O.A., Aamo T.O., Joorgensen H.A. Inhibition by memantine of the development of persistent oral dyskinesias induced by long-term haloperidol treatment of rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 9:751-757.
8. Andreassen O.A., Jorgensen H.A. GM1 ganglioside attenuates the development of vacuous chewing movements induced by long-term haloperidol treatment of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1994, 116:517-522.
9. Andreassen O.A., Jorgensen H.A. Neurotoxicity associated with neuroleptic-induced oral dyskinesias in rats. Implications for tardive dyskinesia?. Prog. Neurobiol. 2000, 61:525-541.
10. Arthur H., Dahl M.L., Siwers B., Sjoqvist F. Polymorphic drug metabolism in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1995, 15:211-216.
11. Bakker P.R., van Harten P.N., van Os J. Antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia and the Ser9Gly polymorphism in the DRD3 gene: a meta analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 83:185-192.
12. Bakker P.R., van Harten P.N., van Os J. Antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia and polymorphic variations in COMT, DRD2, CYP1A2 and MnSOD genes: a meta-analysis of pharmacogenetic interactions. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:544-556.
13. Basile V.S., Ozdemir V., Masellis M., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Macciardi F.M., Petronis A., Kennedy J.L. Lack of association between serotonin-2A receptor gene (HTR2A) polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:230-234.
14. Basile V.S., Ozdemir V., Masellis M., Walker M.L., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Alva G., Kalow W., Macciardi F.M., Kennedy J.L. A functional polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene: association with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:410-417.
15. Boke O., Gunes S., Kara N., Aker S., Sahin A.R., Basar Y., Bagci H. Association of serotonin 2A receptor and lack of association of CYP1A2 gene polymorphism with tardive dyskinesia in a Turkish population. DNA Cell Biol. 2007, 26:527-531.
16. Bond C., Laforge K.S., Tian M., Melia D., Zhang S., Borg L., Gong J., Schluger J., Strong J.A., Leal S.M., Tischfield J.A., Kreek M.J., Yu L. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters β-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:9608-9613.
17. Bradford L.D. CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants. Pharmacogenomics 2002, 3:229-243.
18. Brown K., Reid A., White T., Henderson T., Hukin S., Johnstone C., Glen A. Vitamin E, lipids, and lipid peroxidation products in tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 1998, 43:863-867.
19. Cadet J.L., Rothman R.B. Decreased striatal opiate δ-receptors in the rat model of persistent dyskinesia induced by iminodipropionitrile. Neurosci. Lett. 1986, 72:84-86.
20. Cascorbi I. Genetic basis of toxic reactions to drugs and chemicals. Toxicol. Lett. 2006, 162:16-28.
21. Casey D.E., Gerlach J., Magelund G., Christensen T.R. gamma-Acetylenic GABA in tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1980, 37:1376-1379.
22. Chen C.H., Wei F.C., Koong F.J., Hsiao K.J. Association of TaqI A polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1997, 41:827-829.
23. Chong S.A., Tan E.C., Tan C.H., Mahendren R., Tay A.H., Chua H.C. Tardive dyskinesia is not associated with the serotonin gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in Chinese. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000, 96:712-715.
24. Court M.H. A pharmacogenomics primer. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007, 47:1087-1103.
25. Dai D., Tang J., Rose R., Hodgson E., Bienstock R.J., Mohrenweiser H.W., Goldstein J.A. Identification of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 299:825-831.
26. de Leon J. AmpliChip CYP450 test: personalized medicine has arrived in psychiatry. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2006, 6:277-286.
27. de Leon J., Susce M.T., Pan R.M., Fairchild M., Koch W.H., Wedlund P.J. The CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype may be associated with risperidone adverse drug reactions and discontinuation. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2005, 66:15-27.
28. de Leon J., Susce M.T., Pan R.M., Koch W.H., Wedlund P.J. Polymorphic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, PgP, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and their association with tardive dyskinesia in severe mental illness. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 2005, 25:448-456.
29. Delfs J.M., Ellison G.D., Mercugliano M., Chesselet M.F. Expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in striatum and pallidum in an animal model of tardive dyskinesia. Exp. Neurol. 1995, 133:175-188.
30. Deshpande S.N., Varma P.G., Semwal P., Rao A.R., Bhatia T., Nimgaonkar V.L., Lerer B., Thelma B.K. II. Serotonin receptor gene polymorphisms and their association with tardive dyskinesia among schizophrenia patients from North India. Psychiatr. Genet. 2005, 15:157-158.
31. Dixon L., Weiden P.J., Haas G., Sweeney J., Frances A.L. Increased tardive dyskinesia in alcohol-abusing schizophrenic patients. Compr. Psychiatry 1992, 33:121-122.
32. Eap C.B., Bender S., Jaquenoud Sirot E., Cucchia G., Jonzier-Perey M., Baumann P., Allorge D., Broly F. Nonresponse to clozapine and ultrarapid CYP1A2 activity: clinical data and analysis of CYP1A2 gene. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 24:214-219.
33. Ege M.J., Bieli C., Frei R., van Strien R.T., Riedler J., Ublagger E., Schram-Bijkerk D., Brunekreef B., van Hage M., Scheynius A., Pershagen G., Benz M.R., Lauener R., von Mutius E., Braun-Fahrländer C., Parsifal Study team. Prenatal farm exposure is related to the expression of receptors of the innate immunity and to atopic sensitization in school-age children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117:817-823.
34. Eiermann B., Engel G., Johansson I., Zanger U.M., Bertilsson L. The involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of clozapine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1997, 44:439-446.
35. Ellingrod V.L., Schultz S.K., Arndt S. Abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6. Pharmacotherapy 2002, 22(11):1416-1419.
36. Fang J., Gorrod J.W. Metabolism, pharmacogenetics, and metabolic drug-drug interactions of antipsychotic drugs. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 1999, 19:491-510.
37. Feinberg A.P. Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature 2007, 447:433-440.
38. Fleeman N., McLeod C., Bagust A., Beale S., Boland A., Dundar Y., Jorgensen A., Payne K., Pirmohamed M., Pushpakom S., Walley T., de Warren-Penny P., Dickson R. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of testing for cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. 2010, 14:1-157.
39. Flomen R., Knight J., Sham P., Kerwin R., Makoff A. Evidence that RNA editing modulates splice site selection in the 5-HT2C receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32:2113-2122.
40. Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1974, 41:35-97.
41. Fu Y., Fan C.H., Deng H.H., Hu S.H., Lv D.P., Li L.H., Wang J.J., Lu X.Q. Association of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 gene polymorphism with tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2006, 27:328-332.
42. Galecki P., Pietras T., Szemraj J. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene (MnSOD) polimorphism in schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia from central Poland. Psychiatr. Pol. 2006, 40:937-948.
43. Galecki P., Pietras T., Szemraj J., Florkowska K., Florkowski A., Zboralski K. Functional polymorphism of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene correlates with schizophrenia in Polish population. Pol. Merkuriusz Lek. 2006, 20:329-332.
44. Greenbaum L., Alkelai A., Rigbi A., Kohn Y., Lerer B. Evidence for association of the GLI2 gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25:2809-2817.
45. Gunne L.M., Haggstrom J.E., Sjoquist B. Association with persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia of regional changes in brain GABA synthesis. Nature 1984, 309:347-349.
46. Guy, W. (1976). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). In: ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. ed. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, MD, pp. 534-537.
47. Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction. Nutr. Rev. 1997, 55(1 Pt 2):S44-S52.
48. Herken H., Erdal M.E., Böke Ö., Savas H.A. Tardive dyskinesia is not associated with the polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene, serotonin transporter gene and catechol-o-methyltransferase gene. Eur. Psychiatry 2003, 18:77-81.
49. Hitzeroth A., Niehaus D.J., Koen L., Botes W.C., Deleuze J.F., Warnich L. Association between the MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism and development of schizophrenia and abnormal involuntary movements in the Xhosa population. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 31:664-672.
50. Hori H., Ohmori O., Shinkai T., Kojima H., Nakamura J. Association between three functional polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet 2001, 105:774-778.
51. Hori H., Ohmori O., Shinkai T., Kojima H., Okano C., Suzuki T., Nakamura J. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism and schizophrenia: relation to tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 23:170-177.
52. Hori H., Shinkai T., Matsumoto C., Ohmori O., Nakamura J. No association between a functional NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase gene polymorphism (Pro187Ser) and tardive dyskinesia. Neuromolecular Med. 2006, 8:375-380.
53. Hsieh C.J., Chen Y.C., Lai M.S., Hong C.J., Chien K.L. Genetic variability in serotonin receptor and transporter genes may influence risk for tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
54. Inada T., Koga M., Ishiguro H., Horiuchi Y., Syu A., Yoshio T., Takahashi N., Ozaki N., Arinami T. Pathway-based association analysis of genome-wide screening data suggest that genes associated with the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling pathway are involved in neuroleptic-induced, treatment-resistant tardive dyskinesia. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2008, 18:317-323.
55. Ingelman-Sundberg M. Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 and its applications in drug therapy: the past, present and future. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 25:193-200.
56. Ingelman-Sundberg M., Sim S.C., Gomez A., Rodriguez-Antona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007, 116:496-526.
57. Kakihara S., Yoshimura R., Shinkai K., Matsumoto C., Goto M., Kaji K., Yamada Y., Ueda N., Ohmori O., Nakamura J. Prediction of response to risperidone treatment with respect to plasma concencentrations of risperidone, catecholamine metabolites, and polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2D6. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2005, 20:71-78.
58. Kang S.G., Choi J.E., An H., Lim S.W., Lee H.J., Han C., Kim Y.K., Kim S.H., Cho S.N., Lee M.S., Joe S.H., Jung I.K., Kim L. No association between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32:1545-1548.
59. Kang S.G., Choi J.E., An H., Park Y.M., Lee H.J., Han C., Kim Y.K., Kim S.H., Cho S.N., Joe S.H., Jung I.K., Kim L., Lee M.S. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene Ala-9Val polymorphism might be related to the severity of abnormal involuntary movements in Korean schizophrenic patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32:1844-1847.
60. Kang S.G., Choi J.E., Park Y.M., Lee H.J., Han C., Kim Y.K., Kim S.H., Lee M.S., Joe S.H., Jung I.K., Kim L. Val158Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is not associated with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2008, 57:22-25.
61. Kang S.G., Lee H.J., Choi J.E., An H., Rhee M., Kim L. Association study between glutathione S-transferase GST-M1, GST-T1, and GST-P1 polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 24:55-60.
62. Kapitany T., Meszaros K., Lenzinger E., Schindler S.D., Barnas C., Fuchs K., Sieghart W., Aschauer H.N., Kasper S. Genetic polymorphisms for drug metabolism (CYP2D6) and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1998, 32:101-106.
63. Kapur S., Seeman P. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics? A new hypothesis. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:360-369.
64. King B.P., Khan T.I., Aithal G.P., Kamali F., Daly A.K. Upstream and coding region CYP2C9 polymorphisms: correlation with warfarin dose and metabolism. Pharmacogenetics 2004, 14:813-822.
65. Kirchheiner J., Nickchen K., Bauer M., Wong M.L., Licinio J., Roots I., Brockmoller J. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9:442-473.
66. Kobylecki C.J., Jakobsen K.D., Hansen T., Jakobsen I.V., Rasmussen H.B., Werge T. CYP2D6 genotype predicts antipsychotic side effects in schizophrenia inpatients: a retrospective matched case-control study. Neuropsychobiology 2009, 59:222-226.
67. Kootstra-Ros J.E., Smallegoor W., van der Weide J. The cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms *1F and *1D do not affect clozapine clearance in a group of schizophrenic patients. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2005, 42:216-219.
68. Kovoor A., Seyffarth P., Ebert J., Barghshoon S., Chen C.K., Schwarz S., Axelrod J.D., Cheyette B.N., Simon M.I., Lester H.A., Schwarz J. D2 dopamine receptors colocalize regulator of G-protein signaling 9-2(RGS9-2) via the RGS9 DEP domain, and RGS9 knock-out mice develop dyskinesias associated with dopamine pathways. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:2157-2165.
69. Kubota T., Yamaura Y., Ohkawa N., Hara H., Chiba K. Frequencies of CYP2D6 mutant alleles in a normal Japanese population and metabolic activity of dextromethorphan O-demethylation in different CYP2D6 genotypes. Br. J. Clin Pharmacol. 2000, 50:31-34.
70. Kulkarni S.K., Naidu P.S. Pathophysiology and drug therapy of tardive dyskinesia: current concepts and future perspectives. Drugs Today (Barc) 2003, 39:19-49.
71. Lai I.C., Chen M.L., Wang Y.C., Chen J.Y., Liao D.L., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Chen T.T., Liou Y.J. Analysis of genetic variations in the human melatonin receptor (MTNR1A, MTNR1B) genes and antipsychotics-induced tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
72. Lai I.C., Liao D.L., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Yu S.C., Chen J.Y., Wang Y.C. Association study of the estrogen receptor polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2002, 46:173-175.
73. Lai I.C., Wang Y.C., Lin C.C., Bai Y.M., Liao D.L., Yu S.C., Lin C.Y., Chen J.Y., Liou Y.J. Negative association between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene Val158Met polymorphism and persistent tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. J. Neural. Transm. 2005, 112:1107-1113.
74. Lam L.C., Garcia-Barcelo M.M., Ungvari G.S., Tang W.K., Lam V.K., Kwong S.L., Lau B.S., Kwong P.P., Waye M.M., Chiu H.F. Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotyping and association with tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001, 34:238-241.
75. Lattuada E., Cavallaro R., Serretti A., Lorenzi C., Smeraldi E. Tardive dyskinesia and DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, 5-HT2A variants in schizophrenia: an association study with repeated assessment. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol 2004, 7:489-493.
76. Lee H.J., Kang S.G., Choi J.E., Paik J.W., Kim Y.K., Kim S.H., Lee M.S., Joe S.H., Jung I.K., Kim L. No association between dopamine D4 receptor gene -521 C/T polymorphism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2007, 55:47-51.
77. Lee H.J., Kang S.G., Choi J.E., Park Y.M., Lim S.W., Kim L. No association between dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci. 2008, 6:71-74.
78. Lee H.J., Kang S.G., Choi J.E., Park Y.M., Lim S.W., Rhee M.K., Kim S.H., Kim L. No evidence for association between tyrosine hydroxylase gene Val81Met polymorphism and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig. 2009, 6:108-111.
79. Lee H.J., Kang S.G., Paik J.W., Lee M.S., Cho B.H., Park Y.M., Kim W., Choi J.E., Jung I.K., Kim L. No evidence for an association between G protein beta3 subunit gene C825T polymorphism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 22:501-504.
80. Lee, H.J., Yoon, H.K., Kang, S.G., Park, Y.M., Kim, L. (2011). Gamma aminobutyric acid receptor polymorphsms and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Presented at the 2nd Asian Congress on Schizophrenia Research. Seoul, South Korea; Feb. 11∼12, 2011.
81. Lee S.Y., Sohn K.M., Ryu J.Y., Yoon Y.R., Shin J.G., Kim J.W. Sequence-based CYP2D6 genotyping in the Korean population. Ther. Drug Monit. 2006, 28:382-387.
82. Lerer B., Segman R.H., Fangerau H., Daly A.K., Basile V.S., Cavallaro R., Aschauer H.N., McCreadie R.G., Ohlraun S., Ferrier N., Masellis M., Verga M., Scharfetter J., Rietschel M., Lovlie R., Levy U.H., Meltzer H.Y., Kennedy J.L., Steen V.M., Macciardi F. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia: combined analysis of 780 patients supports association with dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27:105-119.
83. Lerer B., Segman R.H., Tan E.C., Basile V.S., Cavallaro R., Aschauer H.N., Strous R., Chong S.A., Heresco-Levy U., Verga M., Scharfetter J., Meltzer H.Y., Kennedy J.L., Macciardi F. Combined analysis of 635 patients confirms an age-related association of the serotonin 2A receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia and specificity for the non-orofacial subtype. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 8:411-425.
84. Lewin G.R., Barde Y.A. Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1996, 19:289-317.
85. Li Y.F., Langholz B., Salam M.T., Gilliland F.D. Maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns are associated with early childhood asthma. Chest 2005, 127:1232-1241.
86. Liao D.L., Yeh Y.C., Chen H.M., Chen H., Hong C.J., Tsai S.J. Association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 2001, 44:95-98.
87. Lieberman J.A. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia: efficacy, safety and cost outcomes of CATIE and other trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007, 68:e04.
88. Liou Y.J., Chen M.L., Wang Y.C., Chen J.Y., Liao D.L., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Chen T.T., Mo G.H., Lai I.C. Analysis of genetic variations in the RGS9 gene and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2009, 150B:239-242.
89. Liou Y.J., Lai I.C., Liao D.L., Chen J.Y., Lin C.C., Lin C.Y., Chen C.M., Bai Y.M., Chen T.T., Wang Y.C. The human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene is associated with tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 86:323-325.
90. Liou Y.J., Lai I.C., Lin M.W., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Liao D.L., Chen J.Y., Lin C.Y., Wang Y.C. Haplotype analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) genetic variants and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2006, 16:151-157.
91. Liou Y.J., Liao D.L., Chen J.Y., Wang Y.C., Lin C.C., Bai Y.M., Yu S.C., Lin M.W., Lai I.C. Association analysis of the dopamine D3 receptor gene ser9gly and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene val66met polymorphisms with antipsychotic-induced persistent tardive dyskinesia and clinical expression in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neuromolecular Med. 2004, 5:243-251.
92. Liou Y.J., Wang Y.C., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Yu S.C., Liao D.L., Lin M.W., Chen J.Y., Lai I.C. Cytochrome P-450 2D6*10 C188T polymorphism is associated with antipsychotic-induced persistent tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 2004, 49:167-173.
93. Liou Y.J., Wang Y.C., Chen J.Y., Bai Y.M., Lin C.C., Liao D.L., Chen T.T., Chen M.L., Mo G.H., Lai I.C. Association analysis of polymorphisms in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (GRIN2B) gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 153:271-275.
94. Lohr J.B., Kuczenski R., Bracha H.S., Moir M., Jeste D.V. Increased indices of free radical activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 1990, 28:535-539.
95. Lohr J.B., Kuczenski R., Bracha H.S., Moir M., Jeste D.V. Increased indices of free radical activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 1990, 28:535-539.
96. Lohr J.B., Kuczenski R., Niculescu A.B. Oxidative mechanisms and tardive dyskinesia. CNS Drugs 2003, 17:47-62.
97. Marsh S. Pyrosequencing applications. Methods Mol. Biol. 2007, 373:15-24.
98. Matsumoto C., Shinkai T., Hori H., Ohmori O., Nakamura J. Polymorphisms of dopamine degradation enzyme (COMT and MAO) genes and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2004, 127:1-7.
99. McGeer E.G., McGeer P.L. Duplication of biochemical changes of Huntington's chorea by intrastriatal injections of glutamic and kainic acids. Nature 1976, 263:517-519.
100. Meltzer H.Y. An overview of the mechanism of action of clozapine. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1994, 55(Suppl B):47-52.
101. Meltzer H.Y. The role of serotonin in antipsychotic drug action. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, 21(Suppl 2):106-115.
102. Meshul C.K., Stallbaumer R.K., Taylor B., Janowsky A. Haloperidol-induced morphological changes in striatum are associated with glutamate synapses. Brain Res. 1994, 648:181-195.
103. Murayama N., Soyama A., Saito Y., Nakajima Y., Komamura K., Ueno K., Kamakura S., Kitakaze M., Kimura H., Goto Y., Saitoh O., Katoh M., Ohnuma T., Kawai M., Sugai K., Ohtsuki T., Suzuki C., Minami N., Ozawa S., Sawada J. Six novel nonsynonymous CYP1A2 gene polymorphisms: catalytic activities of the naturally occurring variant enzymes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 308:300-306.
104. Nebert D.W., Zhang G., Vesell E.S. From human genetics and genomics to pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: past lessons, future directions. Drug Metab. Rev. 2008, 40:187-224.
105. Nikoloff D., Shim J.C., Fairchild M., Patten N., Fijal B.A., Koch W.H., MacPherson A., Flockhart D., Yoon Y.R., Yoon J.S., Kim Y.H., Shin J.G. Association between CYP2D6 genotype and tardive dyskinesia in Korean schizophrenics. Pharmacogenomics J. 2002, 2:400-407.
106. Ohmori O., Shinkai T., Hori H., Nakamura J. Genetic association analysis of 5-HT(6) receptor gene polymorphism (267C/T) with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 2002, 110:97-102.
107. Ohmori O., Shinkai T., Hori H., Kojima H., Nakamura J. Polymorphisms of mu and delta opioid receptor genes and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001, 52:137-138.
108. Ohmori O., Suzuki T., Kojima H., Shinkai T., Terao T., Mita T., Abe K. Tardive dyskinesia and debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) genotype in Japanese schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 1998, 32:107-113.
109. Ouahchi K., Lindeman N., Lee C. Copy number variants and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 2006, 7:25-29.
110. Ozdemir V., Aklillu E., Mee S., Bertilsson L., Albers L.J., Graham J.E., Caligiuri M., Lohr J.B., Reist C. Pharmacogenetics for off-patent antipsychotics: reframing the risk for tardive dyskinesia and access to essential medicines. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2006, 7:119-133.
111. Ozdemir V., Kalow W., Okey A.B., Lam M.S., Albers L.J., Reist C., Fourie J., Posner P., Collins E.J., Roy R. Treatment-resistance to clozapine in association with ultrarapid CYP1A2 activity and the C→A polymorphism in intron 1 of the CYP1A2 gene: effect of grapefruit juice and low-dose fluvoxamine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2001, 21:603-607.
112. Pae C.U., Kim T.S., Patkar A.A., Kim J.J., Lee C.U., Lee S.J., Jun T.Y., Lee C., Paik I.H. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD: Ala-9Val) gene polymorphism may not be associated with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 153:77-81.
113. Pae C.U., Yu H.S., Kim J.J., Kim W., Lee C.U., Lee S.J., Jun T.Y., Lee C., Paik I.H., Serretti A. Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism may contribute to schizophrenia in the Korean population. Psychiatr. Genet. 2004, 14:147-150.
114. Pae C.U., Yu H.S., Kim J.J., Lee C.U., Lee S.J., Jun T.Y., Lee C., Paik I.H. Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene polymorphism (609C/T) may be associated with tardive dyskinesia, but not with the development of schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004, 7:495-500.
115. Park S.W., Lee J.G., Kong B.G., Lee S.J., Lee C.H., Kim J.I., Kim Y.H. Genetic association of BDNF val66met and GSK-3beta-50T/C polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2009, 63:433-439.
116. Park, Y. M., Kang, S. G., Choi, J. E., Kim, Y. K., Kim, S. H., Park, J. Y., Kim, L., and Lee, H. J. (2011). No evidence for an association between dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia in Korean schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Investig 8, 49-54.
117. Patsopoulos N.A., Ntzani E.E., Zintzaras E., Ioannidis J.P. CYP2D6 polymorphisms and the risk of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2005, 15(3):151-158.
118. Pembrey M.E. Time to take epigenetic inheritance seriously. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2002, 10:669-671.
119. Petronis A. Epigenetics and twins: three variations on the theme. Trends Genet. 2006, 22:347-350.
120. Rahman Z., Schwarz J., Gold S.J., Zachariou V., Wein M.N., Choi K.H., Kovoor A., Chen C.K., DiLeone R.J., Schwarz S.C., Selley D.E., Sim-Selley L.J., Barrot M., Luedtke R.R., Self D., Neve R.L., Lester H.A., Simon M.I., Nestler E.J. RGS9 modulates dopamine signaling in the basal ganglia. Neuron 2003, 38:941-952.
121. Rao A.V., Balachandran B. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr. Neurosci. 2002, 5:291-309.
122. Redon R., Ishikawa S., Fitch K.R., Feuk L., Perry G.H., Andrews T.D., Fiegler H., Shapero M.H., Carson A.R., Chen W., Cho E.K., Dallaire S., Freeman J.L., González J.R., Gratacòs M., Huang J., Kalaitzopoulos D., Komura D., MacDonald J.R., Marshall C.R., Mei R., Montgomery L., Nishimura K., Okamura K., Shen F., Somerville M.J., Tchinda J., Valsesia A., Woodwark C., Yang F., Zhang J., Zerjal T., Zhang J., Armengol L., Conrad D.F., Estivill X., Tyler-Smith C., Carter N.P., Aburatani H., Lee C., Jones K.W., Scherer S.W., Hurles M.E. Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 2006, 444:444-454.
123. Riedel M., Schwarz M.J., Strassnig M., Spellmann I., Muller-Arends A., Weber K., Zach J., Muller N., Moller H.J. Risperidone plasma levels, clinical response and side-effects. Eur Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2005, 255:261-268.
124. Rietschel M., Krauss H., Muller D.J., Schulze T.G., Knapp M., Marwinski K., Maroldt A.O., Paus S., Grunhage F., Propping P., Maier W., Held T., Nothen M.M. Dopamine D3 receptor variant and tardive dyskinesia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000, 250:31-35.
125. Rietschel M., Naber D., Fimmers R., Moller H.J., Propping P., Nothen M.M. Efficacy and side-effects of clozapine not associated with variation in the 5-HT2C receptor. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1999-2003.
126. Ring B.J., Catlow J., Lindsay T.J., Gillespie T., Roskos L.K., Cerimele B.J., Swanson S.P., Hamman M.A., Wrighton S.A. Identification of the human cytochromes P450 responsible for the in vitro formation of the major oxidative metabolites of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 276:658-666.
127. Rizos E.N., Siafakas N., Katsantoni E., Lazou V., Sakellaropoulos K., Kastania A., Kossida S., Chatzigeorgiou K.S., Arsenis G., Zerva L., Katsafouros K., Lykouras L. Association of the dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly and of the serotonin 2C receptor gene polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in Greeks with chronic schizophrenic disorder. Psychiatr. Genetics 2009, 19:106-107.
128. Robinson B.H. The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in health and disease. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 1998, 21:598-603.
129. Sachse C., Brockmoller J., Bauer S., Roots I. Functional significance of a C→A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999, 47(4):445-449.
130. Sagara Y. Induction of reactive oxygen species in neurons by haloperidol. J. Neurochem. 1998, 71:1002-1012.
131. Sasaki T., Kennedy J.M., Nobrega J.N. Autoradiographic mapping of μ opioid receptor changes in rat brain after long-term haloperidol treatment: relationship to the development of vacuous chewing movements. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 128:97-104.
132. Schooler N.R., Kane J.M. Research diagnosis for tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982, 39:486-487.
133. Sebat J., Lakshmi B., Troge J., Alexander J., Young J., Lundin P., Månér S., Massa H., Walker M., Chi M., Navin N., Lucito R., Healy J., Hicks J., Ye K., Reiner A., Gilliam T.C., Trask B., Patterson N., Zetterberg A., Wigler M. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science 2007, 316:445-449.
134. Segman R.H., Goltser T., Heresco-Levy U., Finkel B., Shalem R., Schlafman M., Yakir A., Greenberg D., Strous R., Lerner A., Shelevoy A., Lerer B. Association of dopaminergic and serotonergic genes with tardive dyskinesia in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics J. 2003, 3:277-283.
135. Segman R.H., Heresco-Levy U., Finkel B., Goltser T., Shalem R., Schlafman M., Dorevitch A., Yakir A., Greenberg D., Lerner A., Lerer B. Association between the serotonin 2A receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:225-229.
136. Segman R.H., Heresco-Levy U., Finkel B., Inbar R., Neeman T., Schlafman M., Dorevitch A., Yakir A., Lerner A., Goltser T., Shelevoy A., Lerer B. Association between the serotonin 2C receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia: additive contribution of 5-HT2Cser and DRD3gly alleles to susceptibility. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 152:408-413.
137. Segman R., Neeman T., Heresco-Levy U., Finkel B., Karagichev L., Schlafman M., Dorevitch A., Yakir A., Lerner A., Shelevoy A., Lerer B. Genotypic association between the dopamine D3 receptor and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:247-253.
138. Sharma R.P., Rosen C., Kartan S., Guidotti A., Costa E., Grayson D.R., Chase K. Valproic acid and chromatin remodeling in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: preliminary results from a clinical population. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 88:227-231.
139. Shinkai T., Muller D.J., De Luca V., Shaikh S., Matsumoto C., Hwang R., King N., Trakalo J., Potapova N., Zai G., Hori H., Ohmori O., Meltzer H.Y., Nakamura J., Kennedy J.L. Genetic association analysis of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) gene polymorphism (Pro197Leu) with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 2006, 141:123-128.
140. Shinkai T., Ohmori O., Matsumoto C., Hori H., Kennedy J.L., Nakamura J. Genetic association analysis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with tardive dyskinesia. Neuromolecular Med. 2004, 5(2):163-170.
141. Sim S.C., Risinger C., Dahl M.L., Aklillu E., Christensen M., Bertilsson L., Ingelman-Sundberg M. A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006, 79:103-113.
142. Srivastava V., Varma P.G., Prasad S., Semwal P., Nimgaonkar V.L., Lerer B., Deshpande S.N., Bk T. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia among schizophrenia subjects: IV. Role of dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2006, 16:111-117.
143. Steen V.M., Lovlie R., MacEwan T., McCreadie R.G. Dopamine D3-receptor gene variant and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Mol. Psychiatry 1997, 2:139-145.
144. Syu A., Ishiguro H., Inada T., Horiuchi Y., Tanaka S., Ishikawa M., Arai M., Itokawa M., Niizato K., Iritani S., Ozaki N., Takahashi M., Kakita A., Takahashi H., Nawa H., Keino-Masu K., Arikawa-Hirasawa E., Arinami T. Association of the HSPG2 gene with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:1155-1164.
145. Tamminga C.A., Dale J.M., Goodman L., Kaneda H., Kaneda N. Neuroleptic-induced vacuous chewing movements as an animal model of tardive dyskinesia: a study in three rat strains. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990, 102:474-478.
146. Tan E.C., Chong S.A., Mahendran R., Dong F., Tan C.H. Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and the T102C polymorphism in the serotonin type 2A receptor. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, 50:144-147.
147. Tan Y.L., Zhou D.F., Zhang X.Y. Decreased plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: association with dyskinetic movements. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 74:263-270.
148. Tarsy D., Baldessarini R.J. The pathophysiologic basis of tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 1977, 12:431-450.
149. Thelma B.K., Tiwari A.K., Deshpande S.N., Lerer B., Nimgaonkar V.L. Genetic susceptibility to Tardive Dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia subjects: role of oxidative stress pathway genes. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 92:278-279.
150. Tiwari A.K., Deshpande S.N., Rao A.R., Bhatia T., Lerer B., Nimgaonkar V.L., Thelma B.K. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia subjects: III. Lack of association of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 75:21-26.
151. Tiwari A.K., Deshpande S.N., Rao A.R., Bhatia T., Mukit S.R., Shriharsh V., Lerer B., Nimagaonkar V.L., Thelma B.K. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia subjects: I. Association of CYP1A2 gene polymorphism. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005, 5:60-69.
152. Tsai G., Goff D.C., Chang R.W., Flood J., Baer L., Coyle J.T. Markers of glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress associated with tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:1207-1213.
153. Tsai H.T., Caroff S.N., Miller del D., McEvoy J., Lieberman J.A., North K.E., Stroup T.S., Sullivan P.F. A candidate gene study of Tardive dyskinesia in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2010, 153B:336-340.
154. Tsai H.T., North K.E., West S.L., Poole C. The DRD3 rs6280 polymorphism and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2010, 153B:57-66.
155. Walsh T., McClellan J.M., McCarthy S.E., Addington A.M., Pierce S.B., Cooper G.M., Nord A.S., Kusenda M., Malhotra D., Bhandari A., Stray S.M., Rippey C.F., Roccanova P., Makarov V., Lakshmi B., Findling R.L., Sikich L., Stromberg T., Merriman B., Gogtay N., Butler P., Eckstrand K., Noory L., Gochman P., Long R., Chen Z., Davis S., Baker C., Eichler E.E., Meltzer P.S., Nelson S.F., Singleton A.B., Lee M.K., Rapoport J.L., King M.C., Sebat J. Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 2008, 320:539-543.
156. Wang Y., Krishnan H.R., Ghezzi A., Yin J.C.P., Atkinson N.S. Drug-induced epigenetic changes produce drug tolerance. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5:e265.
157. Wang Y., Wang J.D., Wu H.R., Zhang B.S., Fang H., Ma Q.M., Liu H., Chen da C., Xiu M.H., Hail C.N., Kosten T.R., Zhang X.Y. The Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene is not associated with risk for schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia in Han Chinese population. Schizophr. Res. 2010, 120:240-242.
158. Wilffert B., Al Hadithy A.F., Sing V.J., Matroos G., Hoek H.W., van Os J., Bruggeman R., Brouwers J.R., van Harten P.N. The role of dopamine D3, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor variants as pharmacogenetic determinants in tardive dyskinesia in African-Caribbean patients under chronic antipsychotic treatment: Curacao extrapyramidal syndromes study IX. J. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 23:652-659.
159. Woo S.I., Kim J.W., Rha E., Han S.H., Hahn K.H., Park C.S., Sohn J.W. Association of the Ser9Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in Korean schizophrenics. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002, 56:469-474.
160. Yamamoto B.K., Davy S. Dopaminergic modulation of glutamate release in striatum as measured by microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 1992, 58:1736-1742.
161. Yassa R., Ananth J. Familial tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1981, 138:1618-1619.
162. Yassa R., Jeste D.V. Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature. Schizophr. Bull. 1992, 18:701-715.
163. Zai C.C., De Luca V., Hwang R.W., Voineskos A., Muller D.J., Remington G., Kennedy J.L. Meta-analysis of two dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12:794-795.
164. Zai C.C., Hwang R.W., De Luca V., Muller D.J., King N., Zai G.C., Remington G., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Kennedy J.L. Association study of tardive dyskinesia and twelve DRD2 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 10:639-651.
165. Zai C.C., Tiwari A.K., Basile V., De Luca V., Muller D.J., King N., Voineskos A.N., Remington G., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Kennedy J.L. Association study of tardive dyskinesia and five DRD4 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009, 9:168-174.
166. Zai C.C., Tiwari A.K., Basile V., de Luca V., Muller D.J., Voineskos A.N., Remington G., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Kennedy J.L. Oxidative stress in tardive dyskinesia: genetic association study and meta-analysis of NADPH quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2, MnSOD) genes. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 34:50-56.
167. Zai C.C., Tiwari A.K., De Luca V., Muller D.J., Bulgin N., Hwang R., Zai G.C., King N., Voineskos A.N., Meltzer H.Y., Lieberman J.A., Potkin S.G., Remington G., Kennedy J.L. Genetic study of BDNF, DRD3, and their interaction in tardive dyskinesia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 19:317-328.
168. Zhang Z.J., Zhang X.B., Sha W.W., Reynolds G.P. Association of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2002, 7:670-671.