Next generation dengue vaccines: A review of candidates in preclinical development

Vaccine

Volumn 29, Issue 42, 2011, Pages 7276-7284

  Schmitz, Julia ^a   Roehrig, John ^b   Barrett, Alan ^c   Hombach, Joachim ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^c University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Dengue; Dengue vaccines; Dengue virus

Indexed keywords

DENGUE VACCINE; DNA VACCINE; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; PURIFIED INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; RECOMBINANT SUBUNIT VACCINE; SUBUNIT VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS LIKE PARTICLE VACCINE; VIRUS VECTOR; VIRUS VECTORED VACCINE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DENGUE; DENGUE VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROTYPE; VIREMIA; VIRUS STRAIN;

ANIMALS; DENGUE; DENGUE VACCINES; DENGUE VIRUS; DRUG DISCOVERY; HUMANS;

EID: 80052408375     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: 18732518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.017     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Gubler D.J. Epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends Microbiol 2002, 10:100-103.
2. Suaya J.A., Shepard D.S., Siqueira J.B., Martelli C.T., Lum L.C., Tan L.H., et al. Cost of dengue cases in eight countries in the Americas and Asia: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 80:846-855.
3. World Health Organization Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva, Available at:, [accessed 21 June 2011]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf.
4. Shepard D.S., Coudeville L., Halasa Y.A., Zambrano B., Dayan G.H. Economic impact of dengue illness in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 84:200-207.
5. Whitehorn J., Farrar J. Dengue. Br Med Bull 2010, 95:161-173.
6. Durbin A.P., Whitehead S.S. Dengue vaccine candidates in development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010, 338:129-143.
7. Swaminathan S., Batra G., Khanna N. Dengue vaccines: state of the art. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010, 20:819-835.
8. Guzman M.G. Dengue vaccines: new developments. Drugs Future 2011, 36:45-62.
9. Murphy B.R., Whitehead S.S. Immune response to dengue virus and prospects for a vaccine. Annu Rev Immunol 2011, 29:587-619.
10. Halstead S.B. Dengue. Lancet 2007, 370:1644-1652.
11. Hombach J., Cardosa M.J., Sabchareon A., Vaughn D.W., Barrett A.D. Scientific consultation on immunological correlates of protection induced by dengue vaccines. Vaccine 2007, 25:4130-4139.
12. Thomas S.J., Hombach J., Barrett A. Scientific consultation on cell mediated immunity (CMI) in dengue and dengue vaccine development. Vaccine 2009, 27:355-368.
13. Halstead S.B. Neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue viruses. Adv Virus Res 2003, 60:421-467.
14. Halstead S.B. Antibodies determine virulence in dengue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1171(Suppl. 1):E48-E56.
15. Pierson T.C., Fremont D.H., Kuhn R.J., Diamond M.S. Structural insights into the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of flavivirus infection: implications for vaccine development. Cell Host Microbe 2008, 4:229-238.
16. Dowd K.A., Pierson T.C. Antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses: a reductionist view. Virology 2011, 411:306-315.
17. Junjhon J., Edwards T.J., Utaipat U., Bowman V.D., Holdaway H.A., Zhang W., et al. Influence of pr-M cleavage on the heterogeneity of extracellular dengue virus particles. J Virol 2010, 84:8353-8358.
18. Perera R., Kuhn R.J. Structural proteomics of dengue virus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008, 11:369-377.
19. Beltramello M., Williams K.L., Simmons C.P., Macagno A., Simonelli L., Quyen N.T., et al. The human immune response to dengue virus is dominated by highly cross-reactive antibodies endowed with neutralizing and enhancing activity. Cell Host Microbe 2010, 8:271-283.
20. Crill W.D., Roehrig J.T. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to domain III of dengue virus E glycoprotein are the most efficient blockers of virus adsorption to Vero cells. J Virol 2001, 75:7769-7773.
21. Roehrig J.T. Antigenic structure of flavivirus proteins. Adv Virus Res 2003, 59:141-175.
22. Brien J.D., Austin S.K., Sukupolvi-Petty S., O'Brien K.M., Johnson S., Fremont D.H., et al. Genotype-specific neutralization and protection by antibodies against dengue virus type 3. J Virol 2010, 84:10630-10643.
23. Dejnirattisai W., Jumnainsong A., Onsirisakul N., Fitton P., Vasanawathana S., Limpitikul W., et al. Cross-reacting antibodies enhance dengue virus infection in humans. Science 2010, 328:745-748.
24. Rodenhuis-Zybert I.A., van der Schaar H.M., da Silva Voorham J.M., van der Ende-Metselaar H., Lei H.Y., Wilschut J., et al. Immature dengue virus: a veiled pathogen?. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000718.
25. Shrestha B., Brien J.D., Sukupolvi-Petty S., Austin S.K., Edeling M.A., Kim T., et al. The development of therapeutic antibodies that neutralize homologous and heterologous genotypes of dengue virus type 1. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000823.
26. Sukupolvi-Petty S., Austin S.K., Engle M., Brien J.D., Dowd K.A., Williams K.L., et al. Structure and function analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus type 2. J Virol 2010, 84:9227-9239.
27. Wahala W.M., Donaldson E.F., de Alwis R., Accavitti-Loper M.A., Baric R.S., de Silva A.M. Natural strain variation and antibody neutralization of dengue serotype 3 viruses. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000821.
28. Cassetti M.C., Durbin A., Harris E., Rico-Hesse R., Roehrig J., Rothman A., et al. Report of an NIAID workshop on dengue animal models. Vaccine 2010, 28:4229-4234.
29. Williams K.L., Zompi S., Beatty P.R., Harris E. A mouse model for studying dengue virus pathogenesis and immune response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1171(Suppl. 1):E12-E23.
30. Balsitis S.J., Williams K.L., Lachica R., Flores D., Kyle J.L., Mehlhop E., et al. Lethal antibody enhancement of dengue disease in mice is prevented by Fc modification. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000790.
31. Zellweger R.M., Prestwood T.R., Shresta S. Enhanced infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a mouse model of antibody-induced severe dengue disease. Cell Host Microbe 2010, 7:128-139.
32. Kuruvilla J.G., Troyer R.M., Devi S., Akkina R. Dengue virus infection and immune response in humanized RAG2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) (RAG-hu) mice. Virology 2007, 369:143-152.
33. Mota J., Rico-Hesse R. Humanized mice show clinical signs of dengue fever according to infecting virus genotype. J Virol 2009, 83:8638-8645.
34. Lauring A.S., Jones J.O., Andino R. Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines. Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28:573-579.
35. Bhamarapravati N., Sutee Y. Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. Vaccine 2000, 18(Suppl. 2):44-47.
36. Huang C.Y., Butrapet S., Tsuchiya K.R., Bhamarapravati N., Gubler D.J., Kinney R.M. Dengue 2 PDK-53 virus as a chimeric carrier for tetravalent dengue vaccine development. J Virol 2003, 77:11436-11447.
37. Durbin A.P., Whitehead S.S., McArthur J., Perreault J.R., Blaney J.E., Thumar B., et al. rDEN4delta30, a live attenuated dengue virus type 4 vaccine candidate, is safe, immunogenic, and highly infectious in healthy adult volunteers. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:710-718.
38. Durbin A.P., McArthur J., Marron J.A., Blaney J.E., Thumar B., Wanionek K., et al. The live attenuated dengue serotype 1 vaccine rDEN1Delta30 is safe and highly immunogenic in healthy adult volunteers. Hum Vaccin 2006, 2:167-173.
39. Durbin A.P., McArthur J.H., Marron J.A., Blaney J.E., Thumar B., Wanionek K., et al. rDEN2/4Delta30(ME), a live attenuated chimeric dengue serotype 2 vaccine is safe and highly immunogenic in healthy dengue-naive adults. Hum Vaccin 2006, 2:255-260.
40. McArthur J.H., Durbin A.P., Marron J.A., Wanionek K.A., Thumar B., Pierro D.J., et al. Phase I clinical evaluation of rDEN4Delta30-200,201: a live attenuated dengue 4 vaccine candidate designed for decreased hepatotoxicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79:678-684.
41. Simasathien S., Thomas S.J., Watanaveeradej V., Nisalak A., Barberousse C., Innis B.L., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine in flavivirus naive children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 78:426-433.
42. Sun W., Cunningham D., Wasserman S.S., Perry J., Putnak J.R., Eckels K.H., et al. Phase 2 clinical trial of three formulations of tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine in flavivirus-naive adults. Hum Vaccin 2009, 5:33-40.
43. Wright P.F., Durbin A.P., Whitehead S.S., Ikizler M.R., Henderson S., Blaney J.E., et al. Phase 1 trial of the dengue virus type 4 vaccine candidate rDEN4Delta30-4995 in healthy adult volunteers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 81:834-841.
44. Guy B., Guirakhoo F., Barban V., Higgs S., Monath T.P., Lang J. Preclinical and clinical development of YFV 17D-based chimeric vaccines against dengue, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Vaccine 2010, 28:632-649.
45. Morrison D., Legg T.J., Billings C.W., Forrat R., Yoksan S., Lang J. A novel tetravalent dengue vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic against all 4 serotypes in flavivirus-naive adults. J Infect Dis 2010, 201:370-377.
46. Guy B., Almond J., Lang J. Dengue vaccine prospects: a step forward. Lancet 2011, 377:381-382.
47. Poo J., Galan F., Forrat R., Zambrano B., Lang J., Dayan G.H. Live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine in dengue-naive children, adolescents, and adults in Mexico City: randomized controlled phase 1 trial of safety and immunogenicity. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30:E9-E17.
48. Galler R., Marchevsky R.S., Caride E., Almeida L.F., Yamamura A.M., Jabor A.V., et al. Attenuation and immunogenicity of recombinant yellow fever 17D-dengue type 2 virus for rhesus monkeys. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005, 38:1835-1846.
49. Mateu G.P., Marchevsky R.S., Liprandi F., Bonaldo M.C., Coutinho E.S., Dieudonne M., et al. Construction and biological properties of yellow fever 17D/dengue type 1 recombinant virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007, 101:289-298.
50. Trindade G.F., Marchevsky R.S., Fillipis A.M., Nogueira R.M., Bonaldo M.C., Acero P.C., et al. Limited replication of yellow fever 17DD and 17D-Dengue recombinant viruses in rhesus monkeys. An Acad Bras Cienc 2008, 80:311-321.
51. BioNet-Asia. BioNet-Asia to enter development of a dengue vaccine. Press release 2011. Available at: [accessed 21 June 2011]. http://www.bionet-asia.com/feb2111.html.
52. National Science and Technology Development Agency. Chimeric dengue vaccine licensing agreement. Press release 2011. Available at: [accessed 21 June 2011]. http://www.nstda.%20or.th/eng/index.php/research-themes/health-and-medicine/item/177-chimeric-dengue-vaccine-licensing-agreement.
53. Smith K.M., Nanda K., Spears C.J., Ribeiro M., Vancini R., Piper A., et al. Structural mutants of dengue virus 2 transmembrane domains exhibit host-range phenotype. Virol J 2011, 8:289.
54. Leroux-Roels G. Unmet needs in modern vaccinology: adjuvants to improve the immune response. Vaccine 2010, 28(Suppl. 3):C25-C36.
55. Putnak J.R., Coller B.A., Voss G., Vaughn D.W., Clements D., Peters I., et al. An evaluation of dengue type-2 inactivated, recombinant subunit, and live-attenuated vaccine candidates in the rhesus macaque model. Vaccine 2005, 23:4442-4452.
56. Maves R.C., Ore R.M., Porter K.R., Kochel T.J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a psoralen-inactivated dengue-1 virus vaccine candidate in Aotus nancymaae monkeys. Vaccine 2011, 29:2691-2696.
57. Simmons M., Murphy G.S., Hayes C.G. Short report: antibody responses of mice immunized with a tetravalent dengue recombinant protein subunit vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001, 65:159-161.
58. Bernardo L., Izquierdo A., Alvarez M., Rosario D., Prado I., Lopez C., et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein containing the domain III of the dengue 1 envelope protein in non-human primates. Antiviral Res 2008, 80:194-199.
59. Etemad B., Batra G., Raut R., Dahiya S., Khanam S., Swaminathan S., et al. An envelope domain III-based chimeric antigen produced in Pichia pastoris elicits neutralizing antibodies against all four dengue virus serotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79:353-363.
60. Chen H.W., Liu S.J., Liu H.H., Kwok Y., Lin C.L., Lin L.H., et al. A novel technology for the production of a heterologous lipoprotein immunogen in high yield has implications for the field of vaccine design. Vaccine 2009, 27:1400-1409.
61. Leng C.H., Liu S.J., Tsai J.P., Li Y.S., Chen M.Y., Liu H.H., et al. A novel dengue vaccine candidate that induces cross-neutralizing antibodies and memory immunity. Microbes Infect 2009, 11:288-295.
62. Valdes I., Bernardo L., Gil L., Pavon A., Lazo L., Lopez C., et al. A novel fusion protein domain III-capsid from dengue-2, in a highly aggregated form, induces a functional immune response and protection in mice. Virology 2009, 394:249-258.
63. Valdes I., Hermida L., Martin J., Menendez T., Gil L., Lazo L., et al. Immunological evaluation in nonhuman primates of formulations based on the chimeric protein P64k-domain III of dengue 2 and two components of Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine 2009, 27:995-1001.
64. Valdes I., Gil L., Romero Y., Castro J., Puente P., Lazo L., et al. The chimeric protein domain III-capsid of dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2) successfully boosts neutralizing antibodies generated in monkeys upon infection with DEN-2. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011, 18:455-459.
65. Clements D.E., Coller B.A., Lieberman M.M., Ogata S., Wang G., Harada K.E., et al. Development of a recombinant tetravalent dengue virus vaccine: immunogenicity and efficacy studies in mice and monkeys. Vaccine 2010, 28:2705-2715.
66. Jennings G.T., Bachmann M.F. The coming of age of virus-like particle vaccines. Biol Chem 2008, 389:521-536.
67. Bisht H., Chugh D.A., Raje M., Swaminathan S.S., Khanna N. Recombinant dengue virus type 2 envelope/hepatitis B surface antigen hybrid protein expressed in Pichia pastoris can function as a bivalent immunogen. J Biotechnol 2002, 99:97-110.
68. Amexis G., Young N.S. Parvovirus B19 empty capsids as antigen carriers for presentation of antigenic determinants of dengue 2 virus. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:790-794.
69. Kuwahara M., Konishi E. Evaluation of extracellular subviral particles of dengue virus type 2 and Japanese encephalitis virus produced by Spodoptera frugiperda cells for use as vaccine and diagnostic antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17:1560-1566.
70. Liu W., Jiang H., Zhou J., Yang X., Tang Y., Fang D., et al. Recombinant dengue virus-like particles from Pichia pastoris: efficient production and immunological properties. Virus Genes 2010, 40:53-59.
71. Kutzler M.A., Weiner D.B. DNA vaccines: ready for prime time?. Nat Rev Genet 2008, 9:776-788.
72. Chang G.J., Hunt A.R., Holmes D.A., Springfield T., Chiueh T.S., Roehrig J.T., et al. Enhancing biosynthesis and secretion of premembrane and envelope proteins by the chimeric plasmid of dengue virus type 2 and Japanese encephalitis virus. Virology 2003, 306:170-180.
73. Wu S.F., Liao C.L., Lin Y.L., Yeh C.T., Chen L.K., Huang Y.F., et al. Evaluation of protective efficacy and immune mechanisms of using a non-structural protein NS1 in DNA vaccine against dengue 2 virus in mice. Vaccine 2003, 21:3919-3929.
74. Mota J., Acosta M., Argotte R., Figueroa R., Mendez A., Ramos C. Induction of protective antibodies against dengue virus by tetravalent DNA immunization of mice with domain III of the envelope protein. Vaccine 2005, 23:3469-3476.
75. Purdy D.E., Chang G.J. Secretion of noninfectious dengue virus-like particles and identification of amino acids in the stem region involved in intracellular retention of envelope protein. Virology 2005, 333:239-250.
76. Raviprakash K., Apt D., Brinkman A., Skinner C., Yang S., Dawes G., et al. A chimeric tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody to all four virus serotypes in rhesus macaques. Virology 2006, 353:166-173.
77. Costa S.M., Azevedo A.S., Paes M.V., Sarges F.S., Freire M.S., Alves A.M. DNA vaccines against dengue virus based on the ns1 gene: the influence of different signal sequences on the protein expression and its correlation to the immune response elicited in mice. Virology 2007, 358:413-423.
78. Imoto J., Konishi E. Dengue tetravalent DNA vaccine increases its immunogenicity in mice when mixed with a dengue type 2 subunit vaccine or an inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Vaccine 2007, 25:1076-1084.
79. De Paula S.O., Lima D.M., de Oliveira Franca R.F., Gomes-Ruiz A.C., da Fonseca B.A. A DNA vaccine candidate expressing dengue-3 virus prM and E proteins elicits neutralizing antibodies and protects mice against lethal challenge. Arch Virol 2008, 153:2215-2223.
80. Ramanathan M.P., Kuo Y.C., Selling B.H., Li Q., Sardesai N.Y., Kim J.J., et al. Development of a novel DNA SynCon tetravalent dengue vaccine that elicits immune responses against four serotypes. Vaccine 2009, 27:6444-6453.
81. Lima D.M., de Paula S.O., Franca R.F., Palma P.V., Morais F.R., Gomes-Ruiz A.C., et al. A DNA vaccine candidate encoding the structural prM/E proteins elicits a strong immune response and protects mice against dengue-4 virus infection. Vaccine 2011, 29:831-838.
82. Beckett C.G., Tjaden J., Burgess T., Danko J.R., Tamminga C., Simmons M., et al. Evaluation of a prototype dengue-1 DNA vaccine in a Phase 1 clinical trial. Vaccine 2011, 29:960-968.
83. Liniger M., Zuniga A., Naim H.Y. Use of viral vectors for the development of vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007, 6:255-266.
84. Raviprakash K., Wang D., Ewing D., Holman D.H., Block K., Woraratanadharm J., et al. A tetravalent dengue vaccine based on a complex adenovirus vector provides significant protection in rhesus monkeys against all four serotypes of dengue virus. J Virol 2008, 82:6927-6934.
85. Khanam S., Pilankatta R., Khanna N., Swaminathan S. An adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) vector encoding an envelope domain III-based tetravalent antigen elicits immune responses against all four dengue viruses in the presence of prior AdV5 immunity. Vaccine 2009, 27:6011-6021.
86. White L.J., Parsons M.M., Whitmore A.C., Williams B.M., de Silva A., Johnston R.E. An immunogenic and protective alphavirus replicon particle-based dengue vaccine overcomes maternal antibody interference in weanling mice. J Virol 2007, 81:10329-10339.
87. Suzuki R., Winkelmann E.R., Mason P.W. Construction and characterization of a single-cycle chimeric flavivirus vaccine candidate that protects mice against lethal challenge with dengue virus type 2. J Virol 2009, 83:1870-1880.
88. Brandler S., Ruffie C., Najburg V., Frenkiel M.P., Bedouelle H., Despres P., et al. Pediatric measles vaccine expressing a dengue tetravalent antigen elicits neutralizing antibodies against all four dengue viruses. Vaccine 2010, 28:6730-6739.
89. Chen L., Ewing D., Subramanian H., Block K., Rayner J., Alterson K.D., et al. A heterologous DNA prime-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particle boost dengue vaccine regimen affords complete protection from virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 2007, 81:11634-11639.
90. Simmons M., Burgess T., Lynch J., Putnak R. Protection against dengue virus by non-replicating and live attenuated vaccines used together in a prime boost vaccination strategy. Virology 2010, 396:280-288.
91. Hermida L., Bernardo L., Martin J., Alvarez M., Prado I., Lopez C., et al. A recombinant fusion protein containing the domain III of the dengue-2 envelope protein is immunogenic and protective in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2006, 24:3165-3171.
92. Valdes I., Hermida L., Gil L., Lazo L., Castro J., Martin J., et al. Heterologous prime-boost strategy in non-human primates combining the infective dengue virus and a recombinant protein in a formulation suitable for human use. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14:e377-e383.
93. McDonald W.F., Huleatt J.W., Foellmer H.G., Hewitt D., Tang J., Desai P., et al. A West Nile virus recombinant protein vaccine that coactivates innate and adaptive immunity. J Infect Dis 2007, 195:1607-1617.
94. Leng C.H., Chen H.W., Chang L.S., Liu H.H., Liu H.Y., Sher Y.P., et al. A recombinant lipoprotein containing an unsaturated fatty acid activates NF-kappaB through the TLR2 signaling pathway and induces a differential gene profile from a synthetic lipopeptide. Mol Immunol 2010, 47:2015-2021.
95. Konishi E., Kosugi S., Imoto J. Dengue tetravalent DNA vaccine inducing neutralizing antibody and anamnestic responses to four serotypes in mice. Vaccine 2006, 24:2200-2207.
96. Crill W.D., Hughes H.R., Delorey M.J., Chang G.J. Humoral immune responses of dengue fever patients using epitope-specific serotype-2 virus-like particle antigens. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4991.
97. Johnson A.J., Roehrig J.T. New mouse model for dengue virus vaccine testing. J Virol 1999, 73:783-786.
98. Spohn G., Keller I., Beck M., Grest P., Jennings G.T., Bachmann M.F. Active immunization with IL-1 displayed on virus-like particles protects from autoimmune arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2008, 38:877-887.
99. Spohn G., Jennings G.T., Martina B.E., Keller I., Beck M., Pumpens P., et al. A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice. Virol J 2010, 7:146.
100. Jegerlehner A., Maurer P., Bessa J., Hinton H.J., Kopf M., Bachmann M.F. TLR9 signaling in B cells determines class switch recombination to IgG2a. J Immunol 2007, 178:2415-2420.
101. Bessa J., Jegerlehner A., Hinton H.J., Pumpens P., Saudan P., Schneider P., et al. Alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells sense RNA and drive mucosal IgA responses. J Immunol 2009, 183:3788-3799.
102. Gurramkonda C., Adnan A., Gabel T., Lunsdorf H., Ross A., Nemani S.K., et al. Simple high-cell density fed-batch technique for high-level recombinant protein production with Pichia pastoris: application to intracellular production of Hepatitis B surface antigen. Microb Cell Fact 2009, 8:13.
103. Konishi E., Fujii A. Dengue type 2 virus subviral extracellular particles produced by a stably transfected mammalian cell line and their evaluation for a subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2002, 20:1058-1067.
104. Leopold P.L., Wendland R.L., Vincent T., Crystal R.G. Neutralized adenovirus-immune complexes can mediate effective gene transfer via an Fc receptor-dependent infection pathway. J Virol 2006, 80:10237-10247.
105. Widman D.G., Frolov I., Mason P.W. Third-generation flavivirus vaccines based on single-cycle, encapsidation-defective viruses. Adv Virus Res 2008, 72:77-126.
106. Caufour P.S., Motta M.C., Yamamura A.M., Vazquez S., Ferreira I.I., Jabor A.V., et al. Construction, characterization and immunogenicity of recombinant yellow fever 17D-dengue type 2 viruses. Virus Res 2001, 79:1-14.
107. Guirakhoo F., Weltzin R., Chambers T.J., Zhang Z.X., Soike K., Ratterree M., et al. Recombinant chimeric yellow fever-dengue type 2 virus is immunogenic and protective in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2000, 74:5477-5485.
108. Zlatkovic J., Stiasny K., Heinz F.X. Immunodominance and functional activities of antibody responses to inactivated West Nile virus and recombinant subunit vaccines in mice. J Virol 2011, 85:1994-2003.