메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 98, 2011, Pages

A computational model to predict the effects of class I anti-arrhythmic drugs on ventricular rhythms

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; FLECAINIDE; LIDOCAINE; SODIUM CHANNEL;

EID: 80052358982     PISSN: 19466234     EISSN: 19466242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002588     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (181)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0014708347 scopus 로고
    • Effect of lidocaine on the electrophysiological properties of ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers
    • J. T. Bigger Jr., W. J. Mandel, Effect of lidocaine on the electrophysiological properties of ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. J. Clin. Invest. 49, 63-77 (1970).
    • (1970) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.49 , pp. 63-77
    • Bigger Jr., J.T.1    Mandel, W.J.2
  • 2
    • 0015536214 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs
    • M. R. Rosen, B. F. Hoffman, Mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs. Circ. Res. 32, 1-8 (1973).
    • (1973) Circ. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 1-8
    • Rosen, M.R.1    Hoffman, B.F.2
  • 3
    • 0024321898 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators
    • Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 406-412 (1989).
    • (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.321 , pp. 406-412
  • 5
    • 77649091726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New developments in atrial antiarrhythmic drug therapy
    • A. Burashnikov, C. Antzelevitch, New developments in atrial antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 7, 139-148 (2010).
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Cardiol. , vol.7 , pp. 139-148
    • Burashnikov, A.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 6
    • 0033527032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
    • C. E. Clancy, Y. Rudy, Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia. Nature 400, 566-569 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 566-569
    • Clancy, C.E.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 7
    • 0036082392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of computational biology
    • D. Noble, The rise of computational biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 459-463 (2002).
    • (2002) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 459-463
    • Noble, D.1
  • 8
    • 77953811461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The systems biology approach to drug development: Application to toxicity assessment of cardiac drugs
    • B. Rodriguez, K. Burrage, D. Gavaghan, V. Grau, P. Kohl, D. Noble, The systems biology approach to drug development: Application to toxicity assessment of cardiac drugs. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88, 130-134 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.88 , pp. 130-134
    • Rodriguez, B.1    Burrage, K.2    Gavaghan, D.3    Grau, V.4    Kohl, P.5    Noble, D.6
  • 9
    • 0017726385 scopus 로고
    • Time- and voltage-dependent interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs with cardiac sodium channels
    • L. M. Hondeghem, B. G. Katzung, Time- and voltage-dependent interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs with cardiac sodium channels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 472, 373-398 (1977).
    • (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.472 , pp. 373-398
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Katzung, B.G.2
  • 10
    • 0017332486 scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction
    • B. Hille, Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction. J. Gen. Physiol. 69, 497-515 (1977).
    • (1977) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.69 , pp. 497-515
    • Hille, B.1
  • 11
    • 0025925153 scopus 로고
    • Proarrhythmic response to sodiumchannel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments
    • C. F. Starmer, A. A. Lastra, V. V. Nesterenko, A. O. Grant, Proarrhythmic response to sodiumchannel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments. Circulation 84, 1364-1377 (1991).
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1364-1377
    • Starmer, C.F.1    Lastra, A.A.2    Nesterenko, V.V.3    Grant, A.O.4
  • 12
    • 0021287507 scopus 로고
    • Antiarrhythmic agents: The modulated receptor mechanism of action of sodium and calcium channel-blocking drugs
    • L. M. Hondeghem, B. G. Katzung, Antiarrhythmic agents: The modulated receptor mechanism of action of sodium and calcium channel-blocking drugs. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24, 387-423 (1984).
    • (1984) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , vol.24 , pp. 387-423
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Katzung, B.G.2
  • 13
    • 0030465187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetics as effectors of allosteric gating. Lidocaine effects on inactivation-deficient rat skeletal muscle Na channels
    • J. R. Balser, H. B. Nuss, D. W. Orias, D. C. Johns, E. Marban, G. F. Tomaselli, J. H. Lawrence, Local anesthetics as effectors of allosteric gating. Lidocaine effects on inactivation-deficient rat skeletal muscle Na channels. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 2874-2886 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.98 , pp. 2874-2886
    • Balser, J.R.1    Nuss, H.B.2    Orias, D.W.3    Johns, D.C.4    Marban, E.5    Tomaselli, G.F.6    Lawrence, J.H.7
  • 15
    • 2942694522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to impose microscopic reversibility in complex reaction mechanisms
    • D. Colquhoun, K. A. Dowsland, M. Beato, A. J. Plested, How to impose microscopic reversibility in complex reaction mechanisms. Biophys. J. 86, 3510-3518 (2004).
    • (2004) Biophys. J. , vol.86 , pp. 3510-3518
    • Colquhoun, D.1    Dowsland, K.A.2    Beato, M.3    Plested, A.J.4
  • 17
    • 0037336233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common molecular determinants of flecainide and lidocaine block of heart Na+ channels: Evidence from experiments with neutral and quaternary flecainide analogues
    • H. Liu, J. Atkins, R. S. Kass, Common molecular determinants of flecainide and lidocaine block of heart Na+ channels: Evidence from experiments with neutral and quaternary flecainide analogues. J. Gen. Physiol. 121, 199-214 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.121 , pp. 199-214
    • Liu, H.1    Atkins, J.2    Kass, R.S.3
  • 18
    • 33745726661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flecainide sensitivity of a Na channel long QT mutation shows an open-channel blocking mechanism for use-dependent block
    • Y. Zhu, J. W. Kyle, P. J. Lee, Flecainide sensitivity of a Na channel long QT mutation shows an open-channel blocking mechanism for use-dependent block. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291, H29-H37 (2006).
    • (2006) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. , vol.291
    • Zhu, Y.1    Kyle, J.W.2    Lee, P.J.3
  • 19
    • 0036020181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Channel openings are necessary but not sufficient for use-dependent block of cardiac Na+ channels by flecainide: Evidence from the analysis of disease-linked mutations
    • H. Liu, M. Tateyama, C. E. Clancy, H. Abriel, R. S. Kass, Channel openings are necessary but not sufficient for use-dependent block of cardiac Na+ channels by flecainide: Evidence from the analysis of disease-linked mutations. J. Gen. Physiol. 120, 39-51 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.120 , pp. 39-51
    • Liu, H.1    Tateyama, M.2    Clancy, C.E.3    Abriel, H.4    Kass, R.S.5
  • 20
    • 0034702931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular pharmacology of the sodium channel mutation D1790G linked to the long-QT syndrome
    • H. Abriel, X. H. Wehrens, J. Benhorin, B. Kerem, R. S. Kass, Molecular pharmacology of the sodium channel mutation D1790G linked to the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 102, 921-925 (2000).
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 921-925
    • Abriel, H.1    Wehrens, X.H.2    Benhorin, J.3    Kerem, B.4    Kass, R.S.5
  • 21
    • 0033982867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential block of late sodiumcurrent in the LQT3 DKPQ mutant by the class IC antiarrhythmic flecainide
    • T. Nagatomo, C. T. January, J. C. Makielski, Preferential block of late sodiumcurrent in the LQT3 DKPQ mutant by the class IC antiarrhythmic flecainide. Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 101-107 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.57 , pp. 101-107
    • Nagatomo, T.1    January, C.T.2    Makielski, J.C.3
  • 22
    • 0024516593 scopus 로고
    • Two molecular transitions influence cardiac sodium channel gating
    • D. T. Yue, J. H. Lawrence, E. Marban, Two molecular transitions influence cardiac sodium channel gating. Science 244, 349-352 (1989).
    • (1989) Science , vol.244 , pp. 349-352
    • Yue, D.T.1    Lawrence, J.H.2    Marban, E.3
  • 23
    • 0029133965 scopus 로고
    • + channels. Modification of block by alterations in the α-subunit III-IV interdomain
    • + channels. Modification of block by alterations in the α-subunit III-IV interdomain. Circ. Res. 77, 584-592 (1995).
    • (1995) Circ. Res. , vol.77 , pp. 584-592
    • Bennett, P.B.1    Valenzuela, C.2    Chen, L.Q.3    Kallen, R.G.4
  • 24
    • 0025361911 scopus 로고
    • Effects of flecainide and quinidine on human atrial action potentials. Role of rate-dependence and comparison with guinea pig, rabbit, and dog tissues
    • Z. G. Wang, L. C. Pelletier, M. Talajic, S. Nattel, Effects of flecainide and quinidine on human atrial action potentials. Role of rate-dependence and comparison with guinea pig, rabbit, and dog tissues. Circulation 82, 274-283 (1990).
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 274-283
    • Wang, Z.G.1    Pelletier, L.C.2    Talajic, M.3    Nattel, S.4
  • 25
    • 6444220669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State-dependent trapping of flecainide in the cardiac sodium channel
    • E. Ramos, M. E. O'Leary, State-dependent trapping of flecainide in the cardiac sodium channel. J. Physiol. 560, 37-49 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Physiol. , vol.560 , pp. 37-49
    • Ramos, E.1    O'Leary, M.E.2
  • 27
    • 77950929073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting drug-induced slowing of conduction and pro-arrhythmia: Identifying the 'bad' sodium current blockers
    • H. R. Lu, J. Rohrbacher, E. Vlaminckx, K. Van Ammel, G. X. Yan, D. J. Gallacher, Predicting drug-induced slowing of conduction and pro-arrhythmia: Identifying the 'bad' sodium current blockers. Br. J. Pharmacol. 160, 60-76 (2010).
    • (2010) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.160 , pp. 60-76
    • Lu, H.R.1    Rohrbacher, J.2    Vlaminckx, E.3    Van Ammel, K.4    Yan, G.X.5    Gallacher, D.J.6
  • 28
    • 0023142669 scopus 로고
    • Effects of flecainide on the cellular electrophysiology of neonatal and adult cardiac fibers
    • S. M. Yabek, R. Kato, N. Ikeda, B. N. Singh, Effects of flecainide on the cellular electrophysiology of neonatal and adult cardiac fibers. Am. Heart J. 113, 70-76 (1987).
    • (1987) Am. Heart J. , vol.113 , pp. 70-76
    • Yabek, S.M.1    Kato, R.2    Ikeda, N.3    Singh, B.N.4
  • 29
    • 0020080049 scopus 로고
    • Effect of flecainide on action potentials and alternating current-induced arrhythmias in mammalian myocardium
    • U. Borchard, M. Boisten, Effect of flecainide on action potentials and alternating current-induced arrhythmias in mammalian myocardium. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4, 205-212 (1982).
    • (1982) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.4 , pp. 205-212
    • Borchard, U.1    Boisten, M.2
  • 30
    • 0030665763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionic mechanisms of propagation in cardiac tissue. Roles of the sodium and L-type calcium currents during reduced excitability and decreased gap junction coupling
    • R. M. Shaw, Y. Rudy, Ionic mechanisms of propagation in cardiac tissue. Roles of the sodium and L-type calcium currents during reduced excitability and decreased gap junction coupling. Circ. Res. 81, 727-741 (1997).
    • (1997) Circ. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 727-741
    • Shaw, R.M.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 31
    • 0025925153 scopus 로고
    • Proarrhythmic response to sodium channel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments
    • C. F. Starmer, A. A. Lastra, V. V. Nesterenko, A. O. Grant, Proarrhythmic response to sodium channel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments. Circulation 84, 1364-1377 (1991).
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1364-1377
    • Starmer, C.F.1    Lastra, A.A.2    Nesterenko, V.V.3    Grant, A.O.4
  • 32
    • 22144477233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ventricular arrhythmia frequency in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators
    • C. Ermis, A. X. Zhu, L. Vanheel, M. J. Lemke, S. Sakaguchi, K. G. Lurie, F. Lu, J. Lin, D. G. Benditt, Comparison of ventricular arrhythmia frequency in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am. J. Cardiol. 96, 233-238 (2005).
    • (2005) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.96 , pp. 233-238
    • Ermis, C.1    Zhu, A.X.2    Vanheel, L.3    Lemke, M.J.4    Sakaguchi, S.5    Lurie, K.G.6    Lu, F.7    Lin, J.8    Benditt, D.G.9
  • 33
    • 0036755446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How antiarrhythmic drugs increase the rate of sudden cardiac death
    • C. F. Starmer, How antiarrhythmic drugs increase the rate of sudden cardiac death. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos 12, 1953-1968 (2002).
    • (2002) Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos , vol.12 , pp. 1953-1968
    • Starmer, C.F.1
  • 34
    • 0002969190 scopus 로고
    • On circulating excitations in heart muscles and their possible relation to tachycardia and fibrillation
    • G. R. Mines, On circulating excitations in heart muscles and their possible relation to tachycardia and fibrillation. Trans. R. Soc. Can. 4, 43-52 (1914).
    • (1914) Trans. R. Soc. Can. , vol.4 , pp. 43-52
    • Mines, G.R.1
  • 35
    • 0015894753 scopus 로고
    • Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of trachycardia
    • M. A. Allessie, F. I. Bonke, F. J. Schopman, Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of trachycardia. Circ. Res. 33, 54-62 (1973).
    • (1973) Circ. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 54-62
    • Allessie, M.A.1    Bonke, F.I.2    Schopman, F.J.3
  • 36
    • 0027363517 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability in an excitable medium: Analytical and numerical studies of initiating unidirectional propagation
    • C. F. Starmer, V. N. Biktashev, D. N. Romashko, M. R. Stepanov, O. N. Makarova, V. I. Krinsky, Vulnerability in an excitable medium: Analytical and numerical studies of initiating unidirectional propagation. Biophys. J. 65, 1775-1787 (1993).
    • (1993) Biophys. J. , vol.65 , pp. 1775-1787
    • Starmer, C.F.1    Biktashev, V.N.2    Romashko, D.N.3    Stepanov, M.R.4    Makarova, O.N.5    Krinsky, V.I.6
  • 37
    • 85035296261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Considerations in phase plane analysis for nonstationary reentrant cardiac behavior
    • M. A. Bray, J. P. Wikswo, Considerations in phase plane analysis for nonstationary reentrant cardiac behavior. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 65, 051902 (2002).
    • (2002) Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. , vol.65 , pp. 051902
    • Bray, M.A.1    Wikswo, J.P.2
  • 38
    • 33745512965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is heart size a factor in ventricular fibrillation? Or how close are rabbit and human hearts?
    • A. V. Panfilov, Is heart size a factor in ventricular fibrillation? Or how close are rabbit and human hearts? Heart Rhythm 3, 862-864 (2006).
    • (2006) Heart Rhythm , vol.3 , pp. 862-864
    • Panfilov, A.V.1
  • 39
    • 0032526920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation study of cellular electric properties in heart failure
    • L. Priebe, D. J. Beuckelmann, Simulation study of cellular electric properties in heart failure. Circ. Res. 82, 1206-1223 (1998).
    • (1998) Circ. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 1206-1223
    • Priebe, L.1    Beuckelmann, D.J.2
  • 40
    • 0027237887 scopus 로고
    • + currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure
    • + currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ. Res. 73, 379-385 (1993).
    • (1993) Circ. Res. , vol.73 , pp. 379-385
    • Beuckelmann, D.J.1    Näbauer, M.2    Erdmann, E.3
  • 42
    • 85027934254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmural heterogeneity and remodeling of ventricular excitation-contraction coupling in human heart failure
    • Q. Lou, V. V. Fedorov, A. V. Glukhov, N. Moazami, V. G. Fast, I. R. Efimov, Transmural heterogeneity and remodeling of ventricular excitation-contraction coupling in human heart failure. Circulation 123, 1881-1890 (2011).
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , pp. 1881-1890
    • Lou, Q.1    Fedorov, V.V.2    Glukhov, A.V.3    Moazami, N.4    Fast, V.G.5    Efimov, I.R.6
  • 43
    • 0032547804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow conduction in cardiac tissue, I: Effects of a reduction of excitability versus a reduction of electrical coupling on microconduction
    • S. Rohr, J. P. Kucera, A. G. Kléber, Slow conduction in cardiac tissue, I: Effects of a reduction of excitability versus a reduction of electrical coupling on microconduction. Circ. Res. 83, 781-794 (1998).
    • (1998) Circ. Res. , vol.83 , pp. 781-794
    • Rohr, S.1    Kucera, J.P.2    Kléber, A.G.3
  • 44
    • 0034051941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Action potential propagation in inhomogeneous cardiac tissue: Safety factor considerations and ionic mechanism
    • Y. Wang, Y. Rudy, Action potential propagation in inhomogeneous cardiac tissue: Safety factor considerations and ionic mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278, H1019-H1029 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. , vol.278
    • Wang, Y.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 45
    • 58149175662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale modelling of drug-induced effects on cardiac electrophysiological activity
    • T. Brennan, M. Fink, B. Rodriguez, Multiscale modelling of drug-induced effects on cardiac electrophysiological activity. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 36, 62-77 (2009).
    • (2009) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 62-77
    • Brennan, T.1    Fink, M.2    Rodriguez, B.3
  • 46
    • 84964743420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tachyarrhythmias
    • A. S. Fauci, E. Braunwald, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo, J. L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo, Eds. McGraw-Hill, New York, ed. 17
    • F. Marchlinski, The tachyarrhythmias, in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, A. S. Fauci, E. Braunwald, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo, J. L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo, Eds. (McGraw-Hill, New York, ed. 17, 2008).
    • (2008) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
    • Marchlinski, F.1
  • 48
    • 0028325440 scopus 로고
    • K+ channel blocking actions of flecainide compared with those of propafenone and quinidine in adult rat ventricular myocytes
    • M. T. Slawsky, N. A. Castle, K+ channel blocking actions of flecainide compared with those of propafenone and quinidine in adult rat ventricular myocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 66-74 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.269 , pp. 66-74
    • Slawsky, M.T.1    Castle, N.A.2
  • 50
    • 0024599010 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of ICa in single frog cardiac cells by quinidine, flecainide, ethmozin, and ethacizin
    • F. Scamps, A. Undrovinas, G. Vassort, Inhibition of ICa in single frog cardiac cells by quinidine, flecainide, ethmozin, and ethacizin. Am. J. Physiol. 256, C549-C559 (1989).
    • (1989) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.256
    • Scamps, F.1    Undrovinas, A.2    Vassort, G.3
  • 51
    • 0027485971 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of flecainide's rate-dependent actions on action potential duration in canine atrial tissue
    • Z. Wang, B. Fermini, S. Nattel, Mechanism of flecainide's rate-dependent actions on action potential duration in canine atrial tissue. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 575-581 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.267 , pp. 575-581
    • Wang, Z.1    Fermini, B.2    Nattel, S.3
  • 52
    • 0029010307 scopus 로고
    • Flecainide inhibits the transient outward current in atrial myocytes isolated from the rabbit heart
    • T. Yamashita, T. Nakajima, E. Hamada, H. Hazama, M. Omata, Y. Kurachi, Flecainide inhibits the transient outward current in atrial myocytes isolated from the rabbit heart. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274, 315-321 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.274 , pp. 315-321
    • Yamashita, T.1    Nakajima, T.2    Hamada, E.3    Hazama, H.4    Omata, M.5    Kurachi, Y.6
  • 53
    • 85047680159 scopus 로고
    • Differential block of cardiac delayed rectifier current by class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs: Evidence for open channel block and unblock
    • C. H. Follmer, C. A. Cullinan, T. J. Colatsky, Differential block of cardiac delayed rectifier current by class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs: Evidence for open channel block and unblock. Cardiovasc. Res. 26, 1121-1130 (1992).
    • (1992) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1121-1130
    • Follmer, C.H.1    Cullinan, C.A.2    Colatsky, T.J.3
  • 54
    • 73249138872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificities of atrial electrophysiology: Clues to a better understanding of cardiac function and the mechanisms of arrhythmias
    • S. N. Hatem, A. Coulombe, E. Balse, Specificities of atrial electrophysiology: Clues to a better understanding of cardiac function and the mechanisms of arrhythmias. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 48, 90-95 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , vol.48 , pp. 90-95
    • Hatem, S.N.1    Coulombe, A.2    Balse, E.3
  • 55
    • 80052354941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Funding: Supported by the American Heart Association (AHA) (grant-in-aid, Western States Affiliate), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) RO1-HL-085592-05 and RO1-HL-085592-S2 (to C.E.C.); NHLBI RO1-HL-56810-16 (to R.S.K.); NHLBI R01-HL-082729 and R01-HL-103428 and National Science Foundation grant CBET- 0933029 (to N.A.T.); NIH P30: HL101280-01 (to C.M.R.); Medical Scientist Training Programgrant 5 T 32 GM 07739 (to J.D.M.); and AHA 10PRE3650037 (to J.D.B.). Author contributions: J.D.M. designed and performed simulations, optimizations, and experiments, and prepared themanuscript; Z.I.Z. designed simulations; P.-C.Y. and M.-T.J. performed optimizations and analysis; J.R.B. and R.S.K. designed and performed experiments; C.K., L.W., and C.M.R. designed, performed, and analyzed optical mapping experiments; J.D.B. and N.A.T. designed and performed 3D modeling; D.J.C. assisted in manuscript preparation; C.E.C. designed simulations and experiments and prepared the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.