Neuronal and non-neuronal modulation of sympathetic neurovascular transmission

Acta Physiologica

Volumn 203, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 37-45

  Macarthur, H ^a   Wilken, G H ^a   Westfall, T C ^a   Kolo, L L ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenosine triphosphate; Endothelium; Hypertension; Neuropeptide Y; Nitric oxide; Noradrenaline

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ENDOTHELIN; N(G) METHYLARGININE; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR;

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING; ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NERVE CELL; NERVE ENDING; NERVE STIMULATION; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; SYMPATHETIC NERVE CELL; SYNAPSE; SYNAPSE VESICLE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASOCONSTRICTION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; NEURONS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; NITRIC OXIDE; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 80051663311     PISSN: 17481708     EISSN: 17481716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02242.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Abounader, R., Villemure, J.G. & Hamel, E. 1995. Characterization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors in human cerebral arteries with selective agonists and the new Y1 antagonist BIBP 3226. Br J Pharmacol 116, 2245-2250.
2. Allcorn, R.J., Cunnane, T.C. & Kirkpatrick, K. 1986. Actions of alpha, beta-methylene ATP and 6-hydroxydopamine on sympathetic neurotransmission in the vas deferens of the guinea-pig, rat and mouse: support for cotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 89, 647-659.
3. Anderson, E.A., Sinkey, C.A., Lawton, W.J. & Mark, A.L. 1989. Elevated sympathetic nerve activity in borderline hypertensive humans. Evidence from direct intraneural recordings. Hypertension 14, 177-183.
4. Berry, C., Brosnan, M.J., Fennell, J., Hamilton, C.A. & Dominiczak, A.F. 2001. Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10, 247-255.
5. Boehm, S. 1999. ATP stimulates sympathetic transmitter release via presynaptic P2X purinoceptors. J Neurosci 19, 737-746.
6. + channels by recombinant receptors. Br J Pharmacol 138, 1-3.
7. Breslow, M.J., Tobin, J.R., Bredt, D.S., Ferris, C.D., Snyder, S.H. & Traystman, R.J. 1992. Role of nitric oxide in adrenal medullary vasodilation during catecholamine secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 210, 105-106.
8. Bulloch, J.M. & Starke, K. 1990. Presynaptic alpha 2-autoinhibition in a vascular neuroeffector junction where ATP and noradrenaline act as co-transmitters. Br J Pharmacol 99, 279-284.
9. Burnstock, G. 1976. Do some nerve cells release more than one transmitter? Neuroscience 1, 239-248.
10. Burnstock, G. & Verkhratsky, A. 2010. Vas deferens - a model used to establish sympathetic cotransmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 31, 131-139.
11. Byku, M., Macarthur, H. & Westfall, T.C. 2008. Nerve stimulation induced overflow of neuropeptide Y and modulation by angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295, H2188-H2197.
12. Byku, M., Macarthur, H. & Westfall, T.C. 2010. Inhibitory effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the nerve stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y from the mesenteric arterial bed. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298, H457-H465.
13. Cederqvist, B. & Gustafsson, L.E. 1994. Modulation of neuroeffector transmission in guinea-pig pulmonary artery and vas deferens by exogenous nitric oxide. Acta Physiol Scand 150, 75-81.
14. Cederqvist, B., Wiklund, N.P., Persson, M.G. & Gustafsson, L.E. 1991. Modulation of neuroeffector transmission in the guinea pig pulmonary artery by endogenous nitric oxide. Neurosci Lett 127, 67-69.
15. Chen, X., DiMaggio, D.A., Han, S.P. & Westfall, T.C. 1997. Autoreceptor-induced inhibition of neuropeptide Y release from PC-12 cells is mediated by Y2 receptors. Am J Physiol 273, H1737-H1744.
16. Chiba, S. & Yang, X.P. 2002. Pharmacological analysis of functional neurovascular transmission in canine splenic arteries: role of neuropeptide Y. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 22, 187-197.
17. Cifuentes, M.E. & Pagano, P.J. 2006. Targeting reactive oxygen species in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15, 179-186.
18. Cunha, R.A. 2001. Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: different roles, different sources and different receptors. Neurochem Int 38, 107-125.
19. Daveu, C., Servy, C., Dendane, M., Marin, P. & Ducrocq, C. 1997. Oxidation and nitration of catecholamines by nitrogen oxides derived from nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 1, 234-243.
20. De Deyn, P.P., P., B.A., Verzwijvelen, A. & D'Hooge, R. 1989. Subcellular distribution and axonal transport of noradrenaline dopamine beta hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in dog splenic nerve. Neurochem Int 15, 3-5.
21. De la Breteche, M., S., C., Lenfant, M. & Ducrocq, C. 1994. Nitration of catecholamines with nitrogen oxides in mild conditions: a hypothesis for the reactivity of NO in physiological systems. Tetrahedron Lett 35, 7231-7232.
22. De Potter, W.P., Partoens, P., Schoups, A., Llona, I. & Coen, E.P. 1997. Noradrenergic neurons release both noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y from a single pool: the large dense cored vesicles. Synapse 25, 44-55.
23. DiMaggio, D.A., Chronwall, B.M., Buchanan, K. & O'Donohue, T.L. 1985. Pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity in rat brain is actually neuropeptide Y. Neuroscience 15, 1149-1157.
24. Docherty, J.R. & McGrath, J.C. 1980. A comparison of pre- and post-junctional potencies of several alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in the cardiovascular system and anococcygeus muscle of the rat. Evidence for two types of post-junctional alpha-adrenoceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 312, 107-116.
25. Driessen, B., von Kugelgen, I. & Starke, K. 1993. Neural ATP release and its alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation in guinea-pig vas deferens. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 348, 358-366.
26. Ekblad, E., Edvinsson, L., Wahlestedt, C., Uddman, R., Hakanson, R. & Sundler, F. 1984. Neuropeptide Y co-exists and co-operates with noradrenaline in perivascular nerve fibers. Regul Pept 8, 225-235.
27. Erlinge, D., Ekman, R., Thulin, T. & Edvinsson, L. 1992. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and hypertension. J Hypertens 10, 1221-1225.
28. Esler, M., Jennings, G., Lambert, G., Meredith, I., Horne, M. & Eisenhofer, G. 1990. Overflow of catecholamine neurotransmitters to the circulation: source, fate, and functions. Physiol Rev 70, 963-985.
29. Esler, M., Ferrier, C., Lambert, G., Eisenhofer, G., Cox, H. & Jennings, G. 1991. Biochemical evidence of sympathetic hyperactivity in human hypertension. Hypertension 17, III29-III35.
30. Esler, M.D., Lambert, E.A., Schlaich, M. & Navar, L.G. 2010. The dominant contributor to systemic hypertension: chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system vs activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. J Appl Physiol 109, 1996-1998.
31. Fedan, J.S., Hogaboom, G.K., O'Donnell, J.P., Colby, J. & Westfall, D.P. 1981. Contribution by purines to the neurogenic response of the vas deferens of the guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 69, 41-53.
32. Francis, G.S. 1988. Modulation of peripheral sympathetic nerve transmission. J Am Coll Cardiol 12, 250-254.
33. Gardner, A., Westfall, T.C. & Macarthur, H. 2005. Endothelin (ET)-1-induced inhibition of ATP release from PC-12 cells is mediated by the ETB receptor: differential response to ET-1 on ATP, neuropeptide Y, and dopamine levels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313, 1109-1117.
34. Goldstein, D.S. 1983. Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension. An analytical review. Hypertension 5, 86-99.
35. Greenberg, S., Diecke, F.P., Peevy, K. & Tanaka, T.P. 1989. The endothelium modulates adrenergic neurotransmission to canine pulmonary arteries and veins. Eur J Pharmacol 162, 67-80.
36. Griendling, K.K., Minieri, C.A., Ollerenshaw, J.D. & Alexander, R.W. 1994. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 74, 1141-1148.
37. Grisk, O., Kloting, I., Exner, J., Spiess, S., Schmidt, R., Junghans, D., Lorenz, G. & Rettig, R. 2002. Long-term arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats is set by the kidney. J Hypertens 20, 131-138.
38. Grundemar, L. & Hakanson, R. 1994. Neuropeptide Y effector systems: perspectives for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15, 153-159.
39. Haass, M., Cheng, B., Richardt, G., Lang, R.E. & Schomig, A. 1989a. Characterization and presynaptic modulation of stimulation-evoked exocytotic co-release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y in guinea pig heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 339, 71-78.
40. Haass, M., Hock, M., Richardt, G. & Schomig, A. 1989b. Neuropeptide Y differentiates between exocytotic and nonexocytotic noradrenaline release in guinea-pig heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 340, 509-515.
41. Hammond, J.R., MacDonald, W.F. & White, T.D. 1988. Evoked secretion of [3H]noradrenaline and ATP from nerve varicosities isolated from the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 66, 369-375.
42. Han, S., Chen, X., Cox, B., Yang, C.L., Wu, Y.M., Naes, L. & Westfall, T. 1998a. Role of neuropeptide Y in cold stress-induced hypertension. Peptides 19, 351-358.
43. Han, S., Yang, C.L., Chen, X., Naes, L., Cox, B.F. & Westfall, T. 1998b. Direct evidence for the role of neuropeptide Y in sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol 274, H290-H294.
44. Hegde, S.S., Bonhaus, D.W., Stanley, W., Eglen, R.M., Moy, T.M., Loeb, M., Shetty, S.G., DeSouza, A. & Krstenansky, J. 1995. Pharmacological evaluation of 1229U91, a novel high-affinity and selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275, 1261-1266.
45. Hoang, D., Macarthur, H., Gardner, A. & Westfall, T.C. 2002. Endothelin-induced modulation of neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine release from the rat mesenteric bed. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283, H1523-H1530.
46. Hoang, D., Macarthur, H., Gardner, A., Yang, C.L. & Westfall, T.C. 2003. Prostanoid-induced modulation of neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline release from the rat mesenteric bed. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 23, 141-147.
47. Hoyle, C.H.V. 1992. Transmission: purines. In: G. Burnstock & C.H.V. Hoyle (eds) Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanisms, pp. 367-407. Harwood Academic Publishers, Reading, UK.
48. Huidobro-Toro, J.P. & Veronica Donoso, M. 2004. Sympathetic co-transmission: the coordinated action of ATP and noradrenaline and their modulation by neuropeptide Y in human vascular neuroeffector junctions. Eur J Pharmacol 500, 27-35.
49. Ishikawa, S. 1985. Actions of ATP and alpha, beta-methylene ATP on neuromuscular transmission and smooth muscle membrane of the rabbit and guinea-pig mesenteric arteries. Br J Pharmacol 86, 777-787.
50. Karagiannis, A., Douma, S., Vogiatzis, K., Petidis, K., Doumas, M., Vyzantiadis, A., Efremidis, S. & Zamboulis, C. 1994. The relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system in renovascular hypertension. Acta Cardiol 49, 425-434.
51. Kasakov, L. & Burnstock, G. 1982. The use of the slowly degradable analog, alpha, beta-methylene ATP, to produce desensitisation of the P2-purinoceptor: effect on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. Eur J Pharmacol 86, 291-294.
52. Kennedy, C., McLaren, G.J., Westfall, T.D. & Sneddon, P. 1996. ATP as a co-transmitter with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves - function and fate. Ciba Found Symp 198, 223-235; discussion 235-238.
53. Kennedy, B., Shen, G.H. & Ziegler, M.G. 1997. Neuropeptide Y-mediated pressor responses following high-frequency stimulation of the rat sympathetic nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281, 291-296.
54. Kirby, D.A., Koerber, S.C., May, J.M., Hagaman, C., Cullen, M.J., Pelleymounter, M.A. & Rivier, J.E. 1995. Y1 and Y2 receptor selective neuropeptide Y analogues: evidence for a Y1 receptor subclass. J Med Chem 38, 4579-4586.
55. Kirkpatrick, K. & Burnstock, G. 1987. Sympathetic nerve-mediated release of ATP from the guinea-pig vas deferens is unaffected by reserpine. Eur J Pharmacol 138, 207-214.
56. Kolo, L.L., Westfall, T.C. & Macarthur, H. 2004a. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by NO is altered in mesenteric arterial bed of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287, H1842-H1847.
57. Kolo, L.L., Westfall, T.C. & Macarthur, H. 2004b. Nitric oxide decreases the biological activity of norepinephrine resulting in altered vascular tone in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286, H296-H303.
58. von Kugelgen, I. & Starke, K. 1985. Noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphate as co-transmitters of neurogenic vasoconstriction in rabbit mesenteric artery. J Physiol 367, 435-455.
59. von Kugelgen, I., Kurz, K., Bultmann, R., Driessen, B. & Starke, K. 1994. Presynaptic modulation of the release of the co-transmitters noradrenaline and ATP. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 8, 207-213.
60. Langer, S.Z. & Arbilla, S. 1990. Presynaptic receptors on peripheral noradrenergic neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 604, 7-16.
61. Leban, J.J., Heyer, D., Landavazo, A., Matthews, J., Aulabaugh, A. & Daniels, A.J. 1995. Novel modified carboxy terminal fragments of neuropeptide Y with high affinity for Y2-type receptors and potent functional antagonism at a Y1-type receptor. J Med Chem 38, 1150-1157.
62. Levitt, B. & Westfall, D.P. 1982. Factors influencing the release of purines and norepinephrine in the rabbit portal vein. Blood Vessels 19, 30-40.
63. Lew, M.J. & White, T.D. 1987. Release of endogenous ATP during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 92, 349-355.
64. Lundberg, J.M. & Hokfelt, T. 1986. Multiple co-existence of peptides and classical transmitters in peripheral autonomic and sensory neurons - functional and pharmacological implications. Prog Brain Res 68, 241-262.
65. Lundberg, J.M. & Modin, A. 1995. Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in pigs in vivo by the neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226. Br J Pharmacol 116, 2971-2982.
66. Lundberg, J.M., Terenius, L., Hokfelt, T., Martling, C.R., Tatemoto, K., Mutt, V., Polak, J., Bloom, S. & Goldstein, M. 1982. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in peripheral noradrenergic neurons and effects of NPY on sympathetic function. Acta Physiol Scand 116, 477-480.
67. Lundberg, J.M., Rudehill, A., Sollevi, A., Theodorsson-Norheim, E. & Hamberger, B. 1986. Frequency- and reserpine-dependent chemical coding of sympathetic transmission: differential release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y from pig spleen. Neurosci Lett 63, 96-100.
68. Lundberg, J.M., Pernow, J., Franco-Cereceda, A. & Rudehill, A. 1987. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on sympathetic vascular control in relation to neuropeptide Y. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 12), S51-S68.
69. Macarthur, H., Mattammal, M.B. & Westfall, T.C. 1995. A new perspective on the inhibitory role of nitric oxide in sympathetic neurotransmission. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 216, 686-692.
70. Macarthur, H., Westfall, T.C. & Wilken, G.H. 2008. Oxidative stress attenuates NO-induced modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission in the mesenteric arterial bed of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294, H183-H189.
71. Maffei, A., Poulet, R., Vecchione, C., Colella, S., Fratta, L., Frati, G., Trimarco, V., Trimarco, B. & Lembo, G. 2002. Increased basal nitric oxide release despite enhanced free radical production in hypertension. J Hypertens 20, 1135-1142.
72. Malmstrom, R.E. & Lundberg, J.M. 1995. Neuropeptide Y accounts for sympathetic vasoconstriction in guinea-pig vena cava: evidence using BIBP 3226 and 3435. Eur J Pharmacol 294, 661-668.
73. Malmstrom, R.E., Lundberg, J.N. & Weitzberg, E. 2002. Effects of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 on sympathetic transmitter release in the pig in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 365, 106-111.
74. McLean, K.J., Jarrott, B. & Lawrence, A.J. 1999. Hypotension activates neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the rat medulla oblongata. Neuroscience 92, 1377-1387.
75. Michel, M.C. & Rascher, W. 1995. Neuropeptide Y: a possible role in hypertension? J Hypertens 13, 385-395.
76. Morris, J.L. & Gibbins, I.L. 1992. Co-transmission and neuromodulation. In: G. Burnstock & C.H.V. Hoyle (eds) Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanisms, pp. 33-119. Harwood Academic Publisher, Reading, UK.
77. Moylan, R.D. & Westfall, T.C. 1979. Effect of adenosine on adrenergic neurotransmission in the superfused rat portal vein. Blood Vessels 16, 302-310.
78. Myers, R.D., Wooten, M.H., Ames, C.D. & Nyce, J.W. 1995. Anorexic action of a new potential neuropeptide Y antagonist [D-Tyr27, 36, D-Thr32]-NPY (27-36) infused into the hypothalamus of the rat. Brain Res Bull 37, 237-245.
79. Nakamura, K., Okada, S. & Yokotani, K. 2003. Endothelin ET A- and ET B-receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release from isolated rat stomach. J Pharmacol Sci 91, 34-40.
80. Nap, A., Balt, J.C., Mathy, M.J. & Van Zwieten, P.A. 2003. AT(1)-receptor blockade and sympathetic neurotransmission in cardiovascular disease. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 23, 285-296.
81. Nava, E., Farre, A.L., Moreno, C., Casado, S., Moreau, P., Cosentino, F. & Luscher, T.F. 1998. Alterations to the nitric oxide pathway in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens 16, 609-615.
82. Navarro, J., Sanchez, A., Saiz, J., Ruilope, L.M., Garcia-Estan, J., Romero, J.C., Moncada, S. & Lahera, V. 1994. Hormonal, renal, and metabolic alterations during hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of NO in rats. Am J Physiol 267, R1516-R1521.
83. Pernow, J. & Lundberg, J.M. 1989. Release and vasoconstrictor effects of neuropeptide Y in relation to non-adrenergic sympathetic control of renal blood flow in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand 136, 507-517.
84. Ponnuchamy, B. & Khalil, R.A. 2009. Cellular mediators of renal vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296, R1001-R1018.
85. Ralevic, V. 2009. Purines as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in blood vessels. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 7, 3-14.
86. Ramagopal, M.V. & Leighton, H.J. 1989. Analysis of the presence of postjunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the rat anococcygeus muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 250, 492-499.
87. Sedaa, K.O., Bjur, R.A., Shinozuka, K. & Westfall, D.P. 1990. Nerve and drug-induced release of adenine nucleosides and nucleotides from rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252, 1060-1067.
88. Sneddon, P. & Burnstock, G. 1984. ATP as a co-transmitter in rat tail artery. Eur J Pharmacol 106, 149-152.
89. Sneddon, P. & Westfall, D.P. 1984. Pharmacological evidence that adenosine triphosphate and noradrenaline are co-transmitters in the guinea-pig vas deferens. J Physiol 347, 561-580.
90. Starke, K., Gothert, M. & Kilbinger, H. 1989. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic autoreceptors. Physiol Rev 69, 864-989.
91. Stegbauer, J., Kuczka, Y., Vonend, O., Quack, I., Sellin, L., Patzak, A., Steege, A., Langnaese, K. & Rump, L.C. 2008. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is predominantly involved in angiotensin II modulation of renal vascular resistance and norepinephrine release. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294, R421-R428.
92. Stjarne, L. 1999. Catecholaminergic neurotransmission: flagship of all neurobiology. Acta Physiol Scand 166, 251-259.
93. Taddei, S., Virdis, A., Mattei, P., Duranti, P., Favilla, S. & Salvetti, A. 1994. Vascular renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system activity in human hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 23(Suppl 1), S9-S14.
94. Tanioka, H., Nakamura, K., Fujimura, S., Yoshida, M., Suzuki-Kusaba, M., Hisa, H. & Satoh, S. 2002. Facilitatory role of NO in neural norepinephrine release in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282, R1436-R1442.
95. Todorov, L.D., Mihaylova-Todorova, S., Craviso, G.L., Bjur, R.A. & Westfall, D.P. 1996. Evidence for the differential release of the cotransmitters ATP and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves of the guinea-pig vas deferens. J Physiol 496 (Pt 3), 731-748.
96. Uddman, R., Ekblad, E., Edvinsson, L., Hakanson, R. & Sundler, F. 1985. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in perivascular nerve fibres of the guinea-pig. Regul Pept 10, 243-257.
97. Vaziri, N.D., Ni, Z. & Oveisi, F. 1998. Upregulation of renal and vascular nitric oxide synthase in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 31, 1248-1254.
98. Vizi, E.S. & Burnstock, G. 1988. Origin of ATP release in the rat vas deferens: concomitant measurement of [3H]noradrenaline and [14C]ATP. Eur J Pharmacol 158, 69-77.
99. Vo, P.A., Reid, J.J. & Rand, M.J. 1991. Endothelial nitric oxide attenuates vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline in the rat tail artery. Eur J Pharmacol 199, 123-125.
100. Wahlestedt, C. & Reis, D.J. 1993. Neuropeptide Y-related peptides and their receptors - are the receptors potential therapeutic drug targets? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33, 309-352.
101. Ward, L.E., Hunter, L.W., Grabau, C.E., Tyce, G.M. & Rorie, D.K. 1996. Nitric oxide reduces basal efflux of catecholamines from perfused dog adrenal glands. J Auton Nerv Syst 61, 235-242.
102. Westfall, T.C. 2004. Prejunctional Effects of neuropeptide Y and its role as a cotransmitter. In: M. Michel (ed.) Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides, pp. 137-183. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg.
103. Westfall, D.P., Sedaa, K. & Bjur, R.A. 1987a. Release of endogenous ATP from rat caudal artery. Blood Vessels 24, 125-127.
104. Westfall, T.C., Carpentier, S., Chen, X., Beinfeld, M.C., Naes, L. & Meldrum, M.J. 1987b. Prejunctional and postjunctional effects of neuropeptide Y at the noradrenergic neuroeffector junction of the perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10, 716-722.
105. Westfall, T.C., Meldrum, M.J., Carpentier, S., Naes, L. & Zhang, S.Q. 1987c. Alterations in the release of norepinephrine at the vascular neuroeffector junction in hypertension. Blood Vessels 24, 94-99.
106. Westfall, T.C., Martin, J., Chen, X.L., Ciarleglio, A., Carpentier, S., Henderson, K., Knuepfer, M., Beinfeld, M. & Naes, L. 1988. Cardiovascular effects and modulation of noradrenergic neurotransmission following central and peripheral administration of neuropeptide Y. Synapse 2, 299-307.
107. Westfall, D.P., Shinozuka, K., Forsyth, K.M. & Bjur, R.A. 1990a. Presynaptic purine receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 604, 130-135.
108. Westfall, T.C., Chen, X.L., Ciarleglio, A., Henderson, K., Del Valle, K., Curfman-Falvey, M. & Naes, L. 1990b. In vitro effects of neuropeptide Y at the vascular neuroeffector junction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 611, 145-155.
109. Westfall, T.D., Menzies, J.R., Liberman, R., Waterston, S., Ramphir, N., Westfall, D.P., Sneddon, P. & Kennedy, C. 2000a. Release of a soluble ATPase from the rabbit isolated vas deferens during nerve stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 131, 909-914.
110. Westfall, T.D., Sarkar, S., Ramphir, N., Westfall, D.P., Sneddon, P. & Kennedy, C. 2000b. Characterization of the ATPase released during sympathetic nerve stimulation of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 129, 1684-1688.
111. Wiklund, N.P., Ohlen, A., Wiklund, C.U., Hedqvist, P. & Gustafsson, L.E. 1990. Endothelin modulation of neuroeffector transmission in rat and guinea pig vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 185, 25-33.
112. Woodman, O.L. & Pannangpetch, P. 1994. Enhancement of noradrenergic constriction of large coronary arteries by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol 112, 443-448.
113. Yamamoto, R., Wada, A., Asada, Y., Niina, H. & Sumiyoshi, A. 1993. N omega-nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, decreases noradrenaline outflow in rat isolated perfused mesenteric vasculature. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 347, 238-240.
114. Yamamoto, R., Wada, A., Asada, Y., Yuhi, T., Yanagita, T., Niina, H. & Sumiyoshi, A. 1994. Functional relation between nitric oxide and noradrenaline for the modulation of vascular tone in rat mesenteric vasculature. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 349, 362-366.
115. Zalba, G., Beaumont, F.J., San Jose, G., Fortuno, A., Fortuno, M.A., Etayo, J.C. & Diez, J. 2000. Vascular NADH/NADPH oxidase is involved in enhanced superoxide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 35, 1055-1061.
116. Zukowska-Grojec, Z. 1995. Neuropeptide Y. A novel sympathetic stress hormone and more. Ann N Y Acad Sci 771, 219-233.
117. Zukowska-Grojec, Z., Dayao, E.K., Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E., Hauser, G.J. & Doods, H.N. 1996. Stress-induced mesenteric vasoconstriction in rats is mediated by neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors. Am J Physiol 270, H796-H800.