Virulence factors in pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms and modes of regulation;Les facteurs de virulence de pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mécanismes et modes de régulations

Annales de Biologie Clinique

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 393-403

  Khalifa, Anis Ben Haj ^a   Moissenet, Didier ^b   Thien, Hoang Vu ^b   Khedher, Mohamed ^a  

^a Tahar Sfar University Hospital   (Tunisia)

^b ARMAND TROUSSEAU HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Acute infection; Chronic infection; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Regulation; Virulence factors

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TOXIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CROSS INFECTION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; QUORUM SENSING; RISK FACTOR; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIAL TOXINS; CROSS INFECTION; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS; QUORUM SENSING; RISK FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA;

EID: 80051631253     PISSN: 00033898     EISSN: 19506112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2011.0589     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Lazdunski A. Regulation of virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Med Mal Infect 1998 ; 2S: 109-18. (Pubitemid 28156998)
2. Kohler T, Curty LK, Barja F, Van Delden C, Pechere JC. Swarming of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is dependent on cell-to-cell signaling and requires flagella and pili. J Bacteriol 2000 ; 182: 5990-6.
3. Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF. Prokaryotic motility structures. Microbiology 2003 ; 149: 295-304. (Pubitemid 36285187)
4. Montie TC, Doyle-Huntzinger D, Craven RC, Holder IA. Loss of virulence associated with absence of flagellum in an isogenic mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the burned-mouse model. Infect Immun 1982 ; 38: 1296-8. (Pubitemid 13206286)
5. Feldman M, Bryan R, Rajan S, Scheffler L, Brunnert S, Tang H, et al. Role of flagella in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Infect Immun 1998 ; 66: 43-51.
6. Bryan R, Kube D, Perez A, Davis P, Prince A. Overproduction of the CFTR R domain leads to increased levels of asialo GM1 and increased Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding by epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998 ; 19: 269-77. (Pubitemid 128354190)
7. Adamo R, Sokol S, Soong G, Gomez MI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella activate airway epithelial cells through asialoGM1 and toll-like receptor 2 as well as toll-like receptor 5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004 ; 30: 627-34. (Pubitemid 38591213)
8. Di Mango E, Zar HJ, Bryan R, Prince A. Diverse Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene products stimulate respiratory epithelial cells to produce interleukin-8. J Clin Invest 1995 ; 96: 2204-10.
9. Mahenthiralingam E, Campbell ME, Speert DP. Non motility and phagocytic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from chronically colonized patients with cystic fibrosis. Infect Immun 1994 ; 62: 596-605. (Pubitemid 24033780)
10. O'Toole G, Kolter R. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Mol Microbiol 1998 ; 30: 295-304. (Pubitemid 28480181)
11. Hahn HP. The type-4 pilus is the major virulence-associated adhesin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gene 1997 ; 192: 99-108. (Pubitemid 27276891)
12. Wall D, Kaiser D. Type IV pili, cell motility. Mol Microbiol 1999 ; 32: 1-10.
13. Vallet I, Olson JW, Lory S, Lazdunski A, Filloux A. The chaperone/usher pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of fimbrial gene clusters (cup) and their involvement in biofilm formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 ; 98: 6911-6. (Pubitemid 32538316)
14. Hobbs M, Collie ES, Free PD, Livingston SP, Mattick JS. pilS and pilR, a two-component transcriptional regulatory system controlling expression of type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomoans aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 1993 ; 7: 669-82. (Pubitemid 23090349)
15. Lazdunski A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a model of choice for the study of opportunistic pathogen. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2003 ; 22: 523-6. (Pubitemid 37023075)
16. Rocchetta HL, Burrows LL, Lam JS. Genetics of O-antigen biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999 ; 63: 523-53. (Pubitemid 29422781)
17. Lynn WA, Golenbock DT. Lipopolysaccharide antagonists. Immunol Today 1992 ; 13: 271-6.
18. Lam MY, McGroarty EJ, Kropinski AM, MacDonald LA, Pedersen SS, Hoiby N, et al. Occurrence of a common lipopolysaccharide antigen in standard and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 1989 ; 27: 962-7. (Pubitemid 19115670)
19. Cryz SJ, Pitt TL, Furer E, Germanier R. Role of lipopolysaccharide in virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 1984 ; 44: 508-13. (Pubitemid 14139022)
20. Dasgupta T, de Kievit TR, Masoud H, Altman E, Richards JC, Sadovskaya I, et al. Characterization of lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived from serotypes O3, O5, and O6. Infect Immun 1994 ; 62: 809-17. (Pubitemid 24065559)
21. Lang AB, Horn MP, Imboden MA, Zuercher AW. Prophylaxis and therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients. Vaccine 2004 ; 22: S44-8. (Pubitemid 39575371)
22. Pier GB. Promises and pitfalls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide as a vaccine antigen. Carbohydr Res 2003 ; 338: 2549-56. (Pubitemid 37509953)
23. Parsek MR, Greenberg EP. Acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing in gram-negative bacteria: a signaling mechanism involved in associations with higher organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 ; 97: 8789-93. (Pubitemid 30626627)
24. Smith RS, Iglewski BH. P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing systems and virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol 2003 ; 6: 56-60. (Pubitemid 36258537)
25. Carpentier JP, Morillon M, Petrognani R, Cavallo JD. Infections à bacille pyocyanique. EMC 8-025-B-50, 2003, 23p.
26. Wagner VE, Frelinger JG, Barth RK, Iglewski BH. Quorum sensing: dynamic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to external signals. Trends Microbiol 2006 ; 14: 55-8. (Pubitemid 43190732)
27. MattmannME,Geske GD,Worzalla GA, Chandler JR, Sappington KJ, Greenberg EP, et al. Synthetic ligands that activate and inhibit a quorumsensing regulator in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008 ; 18: 3072-5.
28. Ruimy R, Andremont A. Quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: molecular mechanism, clinical impact, and inhibition. Réanimation 2004 ; 13: 176-84. (Pubitemid 38490623)
29. Van Delden C, Iglewski BH. Cell-to-cell signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Emerg Infect Dis 1998 ; 4: 551-60. (Pubitemid 28553680)
30. Calfee MW, Coleman JP, Pesci EC. Interference with Pseudomonas quinolone signal synthesis inhibits virulence factor expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 ; 98: 11633-7. (Pubitemid 32928780)
31. Pesci EC, Milbank JB, Pearson JP, McKnight S,Kende AS, Greenberg EP, et al. Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 ; 96: 11229-34. (Pubitemid 29487363)
32. Latifi A, Foglino M, Tanaka K, Williams P, Lazdunski A. A hierarchical quorum-sensing cascade in Pseudomonas aeruginosa links the transcriptional activators LasR and RhIR (VsmR) to expression of the stationary-phase sigma factor RpoS. Mol Microbiol 1990 ; 21: 1137-46.
33. Iglewski BH, Sadoff JC. Toxin inhibitors of protein synthesis: production, purification, and assay of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A. Methods Enzymol 1979 ; 60: 780-93.
34. D'Argenio DA, Gallagher LA, Berg CA, Manoil C. Drosophila as a model host for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Bacteriol 2001 ; 183: 1466-71. (Pubitemid 32107746)
35. Gallant CV, Raivio TL, Olson JC, Woods DE, Storey DG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis clinical isolates produce exotoxin A with altered ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and cytotoxicity. Microbiol 2000 ; 146: 1891-9. (Pubitemid 30639264)
36. Bell CE, Eisenberg D. Crystal structure of diphtheria toxin bound to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Biochemistry 1996 ; 35: 1137-49. (Pubitemid 26050775)
37. FitzGerald D, Morris RE, Saelinger CB. Receptor-mediated internalization of Pseudomonas toxin by mouse fibroblasts. Cell 1980 ; 21: 867-73. (Pubitemid 10022895)
38. Foley BT, Moehring JM, Moehring TJ. Mutations in the elongation factor 2 gene which confer resistance to diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Genetic and biochemical analyses. J Biol Chem 1995 ; 270: 23218-25.
39. Wick MJ, Frank DW, Storey DG, Iglewski BH. Structure, function, and regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Annu Rev Microbiol 1990 ; 44: 335-63.
40. Galloway DR. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and elastolysis revisited: recent developments. Mol Microbiol 1991 ; 5: 2315-21. (Pubitemid 21895961)
41. Heck LW, Alarcon PG, Kulhavy RM, Morihara K, Russell MW, Mestecky JF. Degradation of IgA proteins by Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. J Immunol 1990 ; 144: 2253-7. (Pubitemid 20106567)
42. Hong YQ, Ghebrehiwet B. Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and alkaline protease on serum complement and isolated components C1q and C3. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992 ; 62: 133-8.
43. Park PW, Biedermann K, Mecham L, Bissett DL, Mecham RP. Lysozyme binds to elastin and protects elastin from elastase-mediated degradation. J Invest Dermatol 1996 ; 106: 1075-80. (Pubitemid 26155100)
44. Chugani SA, Whiteley M, Lee KM, D'Argenio D, Manoil C, Greenberg EP. QscR, a modulator of quorum-sensing signal synthesis and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 ; 98: 2752-7. (Pubitemid 32209555)
45. Ledgham F, Ventre I, Soscia C, Foglino M, Sturgis JN, Lazdunski A. Interactions of the quorum sensing regulator QscR: interaction with itself and the other regulators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR and RhlR. Mol Microbiol 2003 ; 48: 199-210. (Pubitemid 36411477)
46. Zuckert WR, Marquis H, Goldfine H. Modulation of enzymatic activity and biological function of Listeria monocytogenes broad-range phospholipase C by amino acid substitutions and by replacement with the Bacillus cereus ortholog. Infect Immun 1998 ; 66: 4823-31. (Pubitemid 28453088)
47. Stonehouse MJ, Cota-Gomez A, Parker SK, Martin WE, Hankin JA, Murphy RC. A novel class of microbial phosphocholine specific phospholipases C. Mol Microbiol 2002 ; 46: 661-76. (Pubitemid 35365602)
48. Hauser G, Karnovsky ML. Rhamnose and rhamnolipide biosynthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 1957 ; 224: 91-105.
49. Liu PV. Extracellular toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 1974 ; 130(Suppl.): S94-9.
50. Read RC, Roberts P, Munro N, Rutman A, Hastie A, Shryock T, et al. Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids on mucociliary transport and ciliary beating. J Appl Physiol 1992 ; 72: 2271-7.
51. McClure CD, Schiller NL. Inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids in vitro and in vivo. Curr Microbiol 1996 ; 33: 109-17. (Pubitemid 26286240)
52. Kownatzki R, Tummler B, Doring G. Rhamnolipid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. Lancet 1987 ; 1: 1026-7. (Pubitemid 17057866)
53. Davey ME, Caiazza NC, O'Toole GA. Rhamnolipid surfactant production affects biofilm architecture in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Bacteriol 2003 ; 185: 1027-36. (Pubitemid 36139462)
54. Lau GW, Hassett DJ, Ran H, Kong F. The role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Trends Mol Med 2004 ; 10: 599-606. (Pubitemid 39573151)
55. Lau GW, Ran H, Kong F, Hassett DJ, Mavrodi D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin is critical for lung infection in mice. Infect Immun 2004 ; 72: 4275-8. (Pubitemid 38821943)
56. Allen L, Dockrell DH, Pattery T, Lee DG, Cornelis P, Hellewell PG, et al. Pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces neutrophilapoptosis and impairs neutrophil-mediated host defenses in vivo. J Immunol 2005 ; 174: 3643-9. (Pubitemid 40354074)
57. Kipnis E, Sawa T, Wiener-Kronish J. Targeting mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Med Mal Infect 2006 ; 36: 78-91. (Pubitemid 43294628)
58. Nikaido H. Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux. Science 1994 ; 264: 382-8. (Pubitemid 24178901)
59. O'Malley YQ, Reszka KJ, Spitz DR, Denning GM, Britigan BE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin directly oxidizes glutathione and de- creases its levels in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004 ; 287: L94-L103. (Pubitemid 38787655)
60. Lamont L, Beare PA, Ochsner U, Vasil AI, Vasil ML. Siderophoremediated signaling regulates virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 ; 99: 7072-7. (Pubitemid 34526257)
61. Meyer JM, Neely A, Stintzi A, Georges C, Holder IA. Pyoverdin is essential for virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 1996 ; 64: 518-23. (Pubitemid 26032823)
62. Takase H, Nitanai H, Hoshino K, Otani T. Impact of siderophore production on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in immunosuppressed mice. Infect Immun 2000 ; 68: 1834-9. (Pubitemid 30164806)
63. Guzzo J, Pages JM, Duong F, Lazdunski A, Murgier M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease: evidence for secretion genes and study of secretion mechanism. J Bacteriol 1991 ; 173: 5290-7.
64. Kipnis E, Guery BP, Tournoys A, Leroyt X, Robrique L, Fialdes P, et al. Massive alveolar thrombin activation in Pseudomonas aeruginosainduced acute lung injury. Shock 2004 ; 21: 444-51.
65. Matsumoto K. Role of bacterial proteases in pseudomonal and serratial keratitis. Biol Chem 2004 ; 385: 1007-16. (Pubitemid 39600308)
66. Malloy JL, Veldhuizen RA, Thibodeaux BA, O'Callaghan RJ, Wright JR. Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease IV degrades surfactant proteins and inhibits surfactant host defense and biophysical functions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005 ; 288: L409-L418. (Pubitemid 40105381)
67. Berthelot P, Attree I, Plésiat P, Chabert J, de Bentzmann S, Pozzetto B, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of type III secretion system in a cohort of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia isolates: evidence for a possible association between O serotypes and exo genes. J Infect Dis 2003 ; 188: 512-8. (Pubitemid 37011802)
68. Dacheux D, Attree I, Schneider C, Toussaint B. Cell death of humanpolymorphonuclear neutrophils induced by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosisisolate requires a functional type III secretion system. Infect Immun 1999 ; 67: 6164-7. (Pubitemid 29508152)
69. Epaulard O, Toussaint B. Transcriptionnal regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system: consequences of pyruvate dehydrogenase gene mutations. Med Mal Infect 2003 ; 33: 114-8. (Pubitemid 36343123)
70. Dacheux D, Goure J, Chabert J, Usson Y, Attree I. Pore-forming activity of type III system-secreted proteins leads to oncosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2001 ; 40: 76-85. (Pubitemid 32322863)
71. Holder IA, Neely AN, Frank DW. Type III secretion/intoxication system important in virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burns. Burns 2001 ; 27: 129-30. (Pubitemid 32156984)
72. Barbieri JT. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S, a bifunctional type-III secreted cytotoxin. Int J Med Microbiol 2000 ; 290: 381-7.
73. Goehring UM, Schmidt G, Pederson KJ, Aktories K, Barbieri JT. The N-terminal domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a GTPase-activating protein for Rho GTPases. J Biol Chem 1999 ; 274: 369-72.
74. Krall R, Sun J, Pederson KJ, Barbieri JT. In vivo rhoGTPase-activating protein activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin ExoS. Infect Immun 2002 ; 70: 360-7. (Pubitemid 34028636)
75. Hall A, Nobes CD. Rho GTPases: molecular switches that control the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2000 ; 355: 965-70. (Pubitemid 30613321)
76. Ganesan AK, Frank DW, Misra RP, Schmidt G, Barbieri J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S ADP-ribosylates Ras at multiple sites. J Biol Chem 1998 ; 273: 7332-7. (Pubitemid 28152752)
77. Shaver CM, Hauser AR. Relative contributions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoU, exoS, and exoT to virulence in the lung. Infect Immun 2004 ; 72: 6969-77. (Pubitemid 39552365)
78. Epelman S, Stack D, Bell C,Wong E, Neely GG, Krutzik S, et al. Different domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme s activate distinct TLRs. J Immunol 2004 ; 173: 2031-40. (Pubitemid 38971640)
79. Sun J, Barbieri JT. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT ADP-ribosylates CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) proteins. J Biol Chem 2003 ; 278: 32794-800. (Pubitemid 37055720)
80. Sato H, Frank DW, Hillard CJ, Feix JB, Pankhaniya RR, Moriyama K, et al. The mechanism of action of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-encoded type III cytotoxin, ExoU. EMBO J 2003 ; 22: 2959-69. (Pubitemid 36758617)
81. Allewelt M, Coleman FT, Grout M, Priebe GP, Pier GB. Acquisition of expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exou cytotoxin leads to increased bacterial virulence in a murine model of acute pneumonia and systemic spread. Infect Immun 2000 ; 68: 3998-4004. (Pubitemid 30434552)
82. Sato H, Feix JB, Hillard CJ, Frank DW. Characterization of phospholipase activity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III cytotoxin, ExoU. J Bacteriol 2005 ; 187: 1192-5. (Pubitemid 40189790)
83. Lee VT, Smith RS, Tummler B, Lory S. Activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectors secreted by the Type III secretion system in vitro and during infection. Infect Immun 2005 ; 73: 1695-705. (Pubitemid 40470758)
84. Finck-Barbancon V, Goranson J, Zhu L, Sawa T, Wiener-Kronish JP, Fleiszig SM, et al. ExoU expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with acute cytotoxicity and epithelial injury. Mol Microbiol 1997 ; 25: 547-57. (Pubitemid 27373583)
85. Rabin SD, Hauser AR. Functional regions of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin ExoU. Infect Immun 2005 ; 1: 573-82. (Pubitemid 40041152)
86. Yahr TL, Vallis AJ, Hancock MK, Barbieri JT, Frank DW. ExoY, an adenylate cyclase secreted by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 ; 95: 899-904.
87. Vallis AJ, Finck-Barbancon V,Yahr TL, Frank DW. Biological effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III-secreted proteins on CHO cells. Infect Immun 1999 ; 67: 2040-4. (Pubitemid 29144436)
88. Sayner SL, Frank DW, King J, Chen H, VandeWaa J, Stevens T. Paradoxical cAMP-induced lung endothelial hyperpermeability revealed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY. Circ Res 2004 ; 95: 196-203. (Pubitemid 38988686)
89. Gilboa-Garber N. Lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: properties, biological effects and applications. In: Mirelman, D, ed. Microbial lectins and agglutinins: properties and biological activity. NewYork: JohnWiley &Sons, 1986: 255-69.
90. Imberty A,Wimmerová M, Mitchell EP, Gilboa-Garber N. Structures of the lectins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: insight into the molecular basis for host glycan recognition. Microbes Infect 2004 ; 6: 221-8. (Pubitemid 38293301)
91. Tielker D, Hacker S, Loris R, Strathmann M, Wingender J, Wilhelm S, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecB is located in the outer membrane and is involved in biofilm formation. Microbiology 2005 ; 151: 1313-23. (Pubitemid 40711779)
92. Schuster M, Lostroh CP, Ogi T, Greenberg EP. Identification, timing, and signal specificity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorumcontrolled genes: a transcriptome analysis. J Bacteriol 2003 ; 185: 2066-79. (Pubitemid 36363167)
93. Wagner VE, Bushnell D, Passador L, Brooks AI, Iglewski BH. Microarray analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing regulons: effects of growth phase and environment. J Bacteriol 2003 ; 185: 2080-95. (Pubitemid 36363168)
94. Adam EC, Mitchell BS, Schumacher DU, Grant G, Schumacher U. Pseudomonas aeruginosa II lectin stops human ciliary beating: therapeutic implications of fucose. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 ; 155: 2102-4. (Pubitemid 27256143)
95. Chemani C, Imberty A, de Bentzmann S, Pierre M, Wimmerová M, Guery BP, et al. Role of LecA and LecB lectins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung injury and effect of carbohydrate ligands. Infect Immun 2009 ; 77: 2065-75.
96. Pierre M, Le Berre R, Tiesset H, Faure K, Guery B, Desseyn JL, et al. Kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence gene expression during chronic lung infection in the murine model. Med Mal Infect 2008 ; 38: 318-23.
97. Ratledge C, Dover LG. Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 2000 ; 54: 881-941.
98. Guerinot ML. Microbial iron transport. Ann Rev Microbiol 1994 ; 48: 743-72. (Pubitemid 24334115)
99. Beare PA, For RJ, Martin LW, Lamont IL. Siderophore-mediated cell signalling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: divergent pathways regulate virulence factor production and siderophore receptor synthesis. Mol Microbiol 2003 ; 47: 195-207. (Pubitemid 36051334)
100. Cobb LM, Mychaleckyj JC,Wozniak DJ, Lopez-Boado YS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin and alginate elicit very distinct gene expression patterns in airway epithelial cells: Implications for cystic fibrosis disease. J Immunol 2004 ; 173: 5659-70. (Pubitemid 39392154)
101. Hentzer M, Teitzel GM, Balzer GJ, Heydorn A, Molin S, Givskov M, et al. Alginate overproduction affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm structure and function. J Bacteriol 2001 ; 183: 5395-401. (Pubitemid 32802613)
102. O'Toole GA, Kolter R. Initiation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 proceeds via multiple, convergent signalling pathways: a genetic analysis. Mol Microbiol 1998 ; 28: 449-61. (Pubitemid 28218392)
103. Caiazza NC, O'Toole GA. SadB is required for the transition from reversible to irreversible attachment during biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. J Bacteriol 2004 ; 186: 4476-85. (Pubitemid 38891010)
104. Toutain CM, Caiazza NC, O'Toole GA. Molecular basis of biofilm development by pseudomonas. In: Ghannoum M, O'Toole GA, eds. Microbial biofilms. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2004: 43-63.
105. Evans LR, Linker A. Production and characterization of the slime polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 1973 ; 116: 915-24.
106. Remminghorst U, Rehm BH. Bacterial alginates: from biosynthesis to applications. Biotechnol Lett 2006 ; 28: 1701-12. (Pubitemid 44454893)
107. Mattick JS. Type IV pili and twitching motility. Annu Rev Microbiol 2002 ; 56: 289-314. (Pubitemid 35217457)
108. Sharma M, Anand SK. Swarming: a coordinated bacterial activity. Curr Scie 2002 ; 83: 707-18.
109. Rashid MH, Kornberg A. Inorganic polyphosphate is needed for swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 ; 97: 4885-90. (Pubitemid 30238652)
110. Klausen M, Heydorn A, Ragas P, Lambertsen L, Aes-Jorgensen A, et al. Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type, flagella and type IV pili mutants. Mol Microbiol 2003 ; 48: 1511-24. (Pubitemid 36751058)
111. De Bentzmann S, Aurouze M, Ball G, Filloux A. FppA, a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa prepilin peptidase involved in assembly of type IVb pili. J Bacteriol 2006 ; 188: 4851-60. (Pubitemid 43956083)
112. Roychoudhury S, Sakari K, ChakrabartyAM.AlgR2 is anATP/GTPdependent protein kinase involved in alginate synthesis by Pseudomoans aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992 ; 89: 2659-63.
113. Wingender J, Neu TR, Flemming HC. In: Wingender J, Neu TR, et al., eds. Microbial extracellular polymericsubstances - Characterization, structure and function. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg Berlin: Springer, 1999.
114. Stapper AP, Narasimhan G, Ohman DE, Barakat J, Hentzer M, Molin S, et al. Alginate production affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and architecture, but is not essential for biofilm formation. J Med Microbiol 2004 ; 53: 679-90. (Pubitemid 38932368)
115. Gilbert P, Collier PJ, Brown MR. Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: biofilms, cell cycle, dormancy, and stringent response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990 ; 34: 1865-8. (Pubitemid 20290280)
116. Filloux A, Vallet I. Biofilm: set-up and organization of a bacterial community. Med Sci (Paris) 2003 ; 19: 77-83.
117. Wozniak DJ, Wyckoff TJ, Starkey M, Keyser R, Azadi P, O'Toole GA, et al. Alginate is not a significant component of the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of PA14 and PAO1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 ; 100: 7907-12. (Pubitemid 36760068)
118. Friedman L, Kolter R. Two genetic loci produce distinct carbohydrate-rich structural components of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix. J Bacteriol 2004 ; 186: 4457-65. (Pubitemid 38891008)
119. Jackson KD, Starkey M, Kremer S, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ. Identification of psl, a locus encoding a potential exopolysaccharide that is essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 2004 ; 186: 4466-75.
120. Matsukawa M, Greenberg EP. Putative exopolysaccharide synthesis genes influence Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. J Bacteriol 2004 ; 186: 4449-56. (Pubitemid 38891007)
121. Vasseur P, Vallet-Gely I, Soscia C, Genin S, Filloux A. The pel genes of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK strain are involved at early and late stages of biofilm formation. Microbiology 2005 ; 151: 985-97. (Pubitemid 40425032)