Saturn's tropospheric composition and clouds from Cassini/VIMS 4.6-5.1μm nightside spectroscopy

Icarus

Volumn 214, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 510-533

  Fletcher, Leigh N ^a   Baines, Kevin H ^b   Momary, Thomas W ^c   Showman, Adam P ^d   Irwin, Patrick G J ^a   Orton, Glenn S ^c   Roos Serote, Maarten ^e   Merlet, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^e Tapada da Ajuda   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Atmospheres, Composition; Atmospheres, Structure; Saturn

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051473166     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Atreya S.K. Atmospheres and ionospheres of the outer planets and their satellites. Physics and Chemistry in Space 1986, vol. 15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
2. Atreya S.K., Wong M.H., Owen T.C., Mahaffy P.R., Niemann H.B., de Pater I., Drossart P., Encrenaz T. A comparison of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: Deep atmospheric composition, cloud structure, vertical mixing, and origin. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:1243-1262.
3. Baines K.H., Drossart P., Momary T.W., Formisano V., Griffith C., Bellucci G., Bibring J.P., Brown R.H., Buratti B.J., Capaccioni F., Cerroni P., Clark R.N., Coradini A., Combes M., Cruikshank D.P., Jaumann R., Langevin Y., Matson D.L., McCord T.B., Mennella V., Nelson R.M., Nicholson P.D., Sicardy B., Sotin C. The atmospheres of Saturn and Titan in the near-infrared: First results of Cassini/VIMS. Earth, Moon, Planets 2006, 1-29.
4. Baines K.H., Momary T.W., Roos-Serote M., The Cassini/VIMS Science Team North vs south on Saturn: Discovery of a pronounced hemispherical asymmetry in Saturn's 5-micron emission and associated deep cloud structure by Cassini/VIMS. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2006, 38:488.
5. Baines K.H., Momary T.W., Fletcher L.N., Showman A.P., Roos-Serote M., Brown R.H., Buratti B.J., Clark R.N., Nicholson P.D. Saturn's north polar cyclone and hexagon at depth revealed by Cassini/VIMS. Planet. Space Sci. 2009, 57:1671-1681.
6. Bevington P.R., Robinson D.K. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences 1992, WBC/McGraw-Hill, New York. second ed.
7. Bézard B., Baluteau J.P., Marten A. Study of the deep cloud structure in the equatorial region of Jupiter from Voyager infrared and visible data. Icarus 1983, 54:434-455.
8. Bézard B., Drossart P., Lellouch E., Tarrago G., Maillard J.P. Detection of arsine in Saturn. Astrophys. J. 1989, 346:509-513.
9. Borysow A. Modelling of collision-induced infrared-absorption spectra of H2-H2 pairs in the fundamental band at temperatures from 20K to 300K. Icarus 1991, 92:273-279.
10. Borysow A. Erratum: Modelling of collision-induced infrared-absorption spectra of H2-H2 pairs in the fundamental band at temperatures from 20 to 300K [Icarus, Vol. 92, No.2, p. 273-279 (Aug. 1991)]. Icarus 1993, 106:614.
11. Borysow A., Frommhold L. Theoretical collision-induced rototranslational absorption spectra for the outer planets: H2-CH4 pairs. Astrophys. J. 1986, 304:849-865.
12. Borysow A., Frommhold L. Collision-induced rototranslational absorption spectra of CH4-CH4 pairs at temperatures from 50 to 300K. Astrophys. J. 1987, 318:940-943.
13. Borysow J., Frommhold L., Birnbaum G. Collison-induced rototranslational absorption spectra of H2-He pairs at temperatures from 40 to 3000K. Astrophys. J. 1988, 326:509-515.
14. Briggs F.H., Sackett P.D. Radio observations of Saturn as a probe of its atmosphere and cloud structure. Icarus 1989, 80:77-103.
15. Brown L., Sams R., Kleiner I., Cottaz C., Sagui L. Line intensities of the phosphine dyad at 10μm. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 2002, 215(2):178-203.
16. Brown R.H., Baines K.H., Bellucci G., Bibring J.-P., Buratti B.J., Capaccioni F., Cerroni P., Clark R.N., Coradini A., Cruikshank D.P., Drossart P., Formisano V., Jaumann R., Langevin Y., Matson D.L., McCord T.B., Mennella V., Miller E., Nelson R.M., Nicholson P.D., Sicardy B., Sotin C. The Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 2004, 115:111-168.
17. Burgdorf M.J., Orton G.S., Encrenaz T., Davis G.R., Lellouch E., Sidher S.D., Swinyard B.M. Far-infrared spectroscopy of the giant planets: Measurements of ammonia and phosphine at Jupiter and Saturn and the continuum of Neptune. Adv. Space Res. 2004, 34:2247-2250.
18. Butler R., Sagui L., Kleiner I., Brown L. The absorption spectrum of phosphine (ph3) between 2.8 and 3.7μm: Line positions, intensities, and assignments. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 2006, 238(2):178-192.
19. Choi D.S., Showman A.P., Brown R.H. Cloud features and zonal wind measurements of Saturn's atmosphere as observed by Cassini/VIMS. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E04007. 10.1029/2008JE003254.
20. Clapp M.L., Miller R.E. Complex refractive indices of crystalline hydrazine from aerosol extinction spectra. Icarus 1996, 123:396-403.
21. Conrath B.J., Gautier D. Saturn helium abundance: A reanalysis of Voyager measurements. Icarus 2000, 144:124-134.
22. Conrath B.J., Pirraglia J.A. Thermal structure of Saturn from Voyager infrared measurements - Implications for atmospheric dynamics. Icarus 1983, 53:286-292.
23. Conrath B.J., Gierasch P.J., Leroy S.S. Temperature and circulation in the stratosphere of the outer planets. Icarus 1990, 83:255-281.
24. Courtin R., Gautier D., Marten A., Bézard B., Hanel R. The composition of Saturn's atmosphere at northern temperate latitudes from Voyager IRIS spectra - NH3, PH3, C2H2, C2H6, CH3D, CH4, and the saturnian D/H isotopic ratio. Astrophys. J. 1984, 287:899-916.
25. Cuzzi J.N., Clark R.N., Filacchione G., French R., Johnson R., Marouf E.A., Spilker L.J. Ring particle composition and size distribution. Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 2009, 459-509. Springer, (Chapter 15).
26. Dana V., Mandin J.-Y., Tarrago G.W.B.O., Drossart P. Absolute infrared intensities in the fundamentals ν1 and ν3 of arsine. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1993, 159(22):468-480.
27. de Graauw T., Feuchtgruber H., Bézard B., Drossart P., Encrenaz T., Beintema D.A., Griffin M., Heras A., Kessler M., Leech K., Lellouch E., Morris P., Roelfsema P.R., Roos-Serote M., Salama A., Vandenbussche B., Valentijn E.A., Davis G.R., Naylor D.A. First results of ISO-SWS observations of Saturn: Detection of CO2, CH3C2H, C4H2 and tropospheric H2O. Astron. Astrophys. 1997, 321:L13-L16.
28. Del Genio A.D., Barbara J.M., Ferrier J., Ingersoll A.P., West R.A., Vasavada A.R., Spitale J., Porco C.C. Saturn eddy momentum fluxes and convection: First estimates from Cassini images. Icarus 2007, 189:479-492.
29. Del Genio A.D., Achterberg R.K., Baines K.H., Flasar F.M., Read P.L., Sánchez-Lavega A., Showman A.P. Saturn atmospheric structure and dynamics. Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 2009, 113-159. Springer, (Chapter 6).
30. de Pater I., Massie S.T. Models of the millimeter-centimeter spectra of the giant planets. Icarus 1985, 62:143-171.
31. Fegley B., Lewis J.S. Thermodynamics of selected trace elements in the jovian atmosphere. Icarus 1979, 38:166-179.
32. Fegley B.J., Lodders K. Chemical models of the deep atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 1994, 110:117-154.
33. Ferraro J.R., Sill G., Fink U. Infrared intensity measurements of cryodeposited thin films of NH3, NH4HS, H2S, and assignments of absorption bands. Appl. Spectrosc. 1980, 34:525-533.
34. Fink U., Larson H.P. Deuterated methane observed on Saturn. Science 1978, 201:343-345.
35. Fink U., Larson H.P., Bjoraker G.L., Johnson J.R. The NH3 spectrum in Saturn's 5micron window. Astrophys. J. 1983, 268:880-888.
36. Fletcher L.N., Irwin P.G.J., Teanby N.A., Orton G.S., Parrish P.D., Calcutt S.B., Bowles N., de Kok R., Howett C., Taylor F.W. The meridional phosphine distribution in Saturn's upper troposphere from Cassini/CIRS observations. Icarus 2007, 188:72-88.
37. Fletcher L.N., Irwin P.G.J., Teanby N.A., Orton G.S., Parrish P.D., Calcutt S.B., de Kok R., Howett C., Bowles N., Taylor F.W. Characterising Saturn's vertical temperature structure from Cassini/CIRS. Icarus 2007, 189:457-478.
38. Fletcher L.N., Orton G.S., Teanby N.A., Irwin P.G.J. Phosphine on Jupiter and Saturn from Cassini/CIRS. Icarus 2009, 202:543-564.
39. Fletcher L.N., Orton G.S., Teanby N.A., Irwin P.G.J., Bjoraker G.L. Methane and its isotopologues on Saturn from Cassini/CIRS observations. Icarus 2009, 199:351-367.
40. Fletcher L.N., Achterberg R.K., Greathouse T.K., Orton G.S., Conrath B.J., Simon-Miller A.A., Teanby N., Guerlet S., Irwin P.G.J., Flasar F.M. Seasonal change on Saturn from Cassini/CIRS observations, 2004-2009. Icarus 2010, 208:337-352.
41. Fusina L., Di Lonardo G. The ν2 and ν4 bending fundamentals of phosphine (ph3). J. Mol. Struct. 2000, 517:67-78.
42. Gaddis L., Anderson J., Becker K., Becker T., Cook D., Edwards K., Eliason E., Hare T., Kieffer H., Lee E.M., Mathews J., Soderblom L., Sucharski T., Torson J., McEwen A., Robinson M. An overview of the integrated software for imaging spectrometers (ISIS). Lunar Planet. Sci. 1997, 28. 387-+.
43. Garci{dotless}́a-Melendo E., Sánchez-Lavega A., Legarreta J., Perez-Hoyos S., Hueso R. A strong high altitude narrow jet detected at Saturn's equator. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L22204.
44. Gierasch P.J., Magalhaes J.A., Conrath B.J. Zonal mean properties of Jupiter's upper troposphere from Voyager infrared observations. Icarus 1986, 67:456-483.
45. Gierasch P.J., Ingersoll A.P., Banfield D., Ewald S.P., Helfenstein P., Simon-Miller A., Vasavada A., Breneman H.H., Senske D.A., Galileo Imaging Team Observation of moist convection in Jupiter's atmosphere. Nature 2000, 403:628-630.
46. Godfrey D.A., Moore V. The saturnian ribbon feature - A baroclinically unstable model. Icarus 1986, 68:313-343.
47. Goody R., West R., Chen L., Crisp D. The correlated-k method for radiation calculations in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 1989, 42:539-550.
48. Grevesse N., Asplund M., Sauval A. The solar chemical composition. Space Sci. Rev. 2007, 130(1):105-114.
49. Grossman A.W., Muhleman D.O., Berge G.L. High-resolution microwave images of Saturn. Science 1989, 245:1211-1215.
50. Hansen J.E., Travis L.D. Light scattering in planetary atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 1974, 16:527-610.
51. Hess S.L., Panofsky H.A. The atmospheres of the other planets. Compendium of Meteorology 1951, 391-398. American Meteorological Society, Boston.
52. Howett C.J.A., Carlson R.W., Irwin P.G.J., Calcutt S.B. Optical constants of ammonium hydrosulfide ice and ammonia ice. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Opt. Phys. 2007, 24:126-136.
53. Husson N., Bonnet B., Scott N., Chedin A. Management and study of spectroscopic information - the GEISA program. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 1992, 48:509-518.
54. Ingersoll A., Beebe R., Mitchell J., Garneau G., Yagi G., Muller J. Interaction of eddies and mean zonal flow on Jupiter as inferred from Voyager 1 and 2 images. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:8733-8743.
55. Ingersoll A.P., Gierasch P.J., Banfield D., Vasavada A.R., Galileo Imaging Team Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter's atmosphere. Nature 2000, 403:630-632.
56. Irwin P.G.J., Dyudina U. The retrieval of cloud structure maps in the equatorial region of Jupiter using a principal component analysis of Galileo/NIMS data. Icarus 2002, 156:52-63.
57. Irwin P.J.G., Calcutt S.B., Taylor F.W. Radiative transfer models for Galileo NIMS studies of the atmosphere of Jupiter. Adv. Space Res. 1997, 19:1149-1158.
58. Irwin P.G.J., Weir A.L., Smith S.E., Taylor F.W., Lambert A.L., Calcutt S.B., Cameron-Smith P.J., Carlson R.W., Baines K., Orton G.S., Drossart P., Encrenaz T., Roos-Serote M. Cloud structure and atmospheric composition of Jupiter retrieved from Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer real-time spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 12:23001-23022.
59. Irwin P.G.J., Weir A.L., Taylor F.W., Calcutt S.B., Carlson R.W. The origin of belt/zone contrasts in the atmosphere of Jupiter and their correlation with 5-μm opacity. Icarus 2001, 149:397-415.
60. Irwin P., Teanby N., de Kok R., Fletcher L., Howett C., Tsang C., Wilson C., Calcutt S., Nixon C., Parrish P. The NEMESIS planetary atmosphere radiative transfer and retrieval tool. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2008, 109(6):1136-1150.
61. Jacquinet-Husson N., Scott N.A., Chedin A., Garceran K., Armante R., Chursin A.A., Barbe A., Birk M., Brown L.R., Camy-Peyret C., Claveau C., Clerbaux C., Coheur P.F., Dana V., Daumont L., Debacker-Barilly M.R., Flaud J.M., Goldman A., Hamdouni A., Hess M., Jacquemart D., Kopke P., Mandin J.Y., Massie S., Mikhailenko S., Nemtchinov V., Nikitin A., Newnham D., Perrin A., Perevalov V.I., Regalia-Jarlot L., Rublev A., Schreier F., Schult I., Smith K.M., Tashkun S.A., Teffo J.L., Toth R.A., Tyuterev V.G., Vander Auwera J., Varanasi P., Wagner G. The 2003 edition of the GEISA/IASI spectroscopic database. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2005, 95:429-467.
62. Karkoschka E., Tomasko M.G. Saturn's upper troposphere 1986-1989. Icarus 1992, 97:161-181.
63. Karkoschka E., Tomasko M.G. Saturn's upper atmospheric hazes observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Icarus 1993, 106:428-441.
64. Karkoschka E., Tomasko M. Saturn's vertical and latitudinal cloud structure 1991-2004 from HST imaging in 30 filters. Icarus 2005, 179:195-221.
65. Kerola D.X., Larson H.P., Tomasko M.G. Analysis of the near-IR spectrum of Saturn: A comprehensive radiative transfer model of its middle and upper troposphere. Icarus 1997, 127:190-212.
66. Kim J.H., Kim S.J., Geballe T.R., Kim S.S., Brown L.R. High-resolution spectroscopy of Saturn at 3microns: CH4, CH3D, C2H2, C2H6, PH3, clouds, and haze. Icarus 2006, 185:476-486.
67. Kleiner I., Tarrago G., Cottaz C., Sagui L., Brown L.R., Poynter R.L., Pickett H.M., Chen P., Pearson J.C., Sams R.L., Blake G.A., Matsuura S., Nemtchinov V., Varanasi P., Fusina L., Di Lonardo G. NH3 and PH3 line parameters: The 2000 HITRAN update and new results. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2003, 82:293-312.
68. Lacis A.A., Oinas V. A description of the correlated-k distribution method for modelling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96(15):9027-9064.
69. Larson H.P. Infrared spectroscopic observations of the outer planets, their satellites, and the asteroids. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1980, 18:43-75.
70. Lellouch E., Bézard B., Fouchet T., Feuchtgruber H., Encrenaz T., de Graauw T. The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations. Astron. Astrophys. 2001, 370:610-622.
71. Lewis J.S. The clouds of Jupiter and the NH3-H2O and NH3-H2S systems. Icarus 1969, 10:365-378.
72. Lian Y., Showman A.P. Deep jets on gas-giant planets. Icarus 2008, 194:597-615.
73. Lian Y., Showman A.P. Generation of equatorial jets by large-scale latent heating on the giant planets. Icarus 2010, 207:373-393.
74. Mandin J. Line positions and intensities in the vibrational system 2ν2/ν2+ν4/2ν4/ν1/ν3 of arsine. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1995, 172:319-329.
75. Marten A., Rouan D., Baluteau J.P., Gautier D., Conrath B.J., Hanel R.A., Kunde V., Samuelson R., Chedin A., Scott N. Study of the ammonia ice cloud layer in the equatorial region of Jupiter from the infrared interferometric experiment on Voyager. Icarus 1981, 46:233-248.
76. Martonchik J.V., Orton G.S., Appleby J.F. Optical properties of NH3 ice from the far infrared to the near ultraviolet. Appl. Opt. 1984, 23:541-547.
77. McCord T.B., Coradini A., Hibbitts C.A., Capaccioni F., Hansen G.B., Filacchione G., Clark R.N., Cerroni P., Brown R.H., Baines K.H., Bellucci G., Bibring J.-P., Buratti B.J., Bussoletti E., Combes M., Cruikshank D.P., Drossart P., Formisano V., Jaumann R., Langevin Y., Matson D.L., Nelson R.M., Nicholson P.D., Sicardy B., Sotin C. Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure. Icarus. 2004, 172:101-126.
78. Nixon C.A., Irwin P.G.J., Calcutt S.B., Taylor F.W., Carlson R.W. Atmospheric composition and cloud structure in jovian 5-μm hotspots from analysis of Galileo NIMS measurements. Icarus 2001, 150:48-68.
79. Noll K.S., Larson H.P. The spectrum of Saturn from 1990-2230cm-1: Abundances of AsH3, CH3D, CO, GeH4, and PH3. Icarus 1990, 89:168-189.
80. Noll K.S., Knacke R.F., Geballe T.R., Tokunaga A.T. Detection of carbon monoxide in Saturn. Astrophys. J. 1986, 309:L91-L94.
81. Noll K.S., Knacke R.F., Geballe T.R., Tokunaga A.T. Evidence for germane in Saturn. Icarus 1988, 75:409-422.
82. Noll K.S., Geballe T.R., Knacke R.F. Arsine in Saturn and Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1989, 338:L71-L74.
83. Noll K.S., Larson H.P., Geballe T.R. The abundance of AsH3 in Jupiter. Icarus 1990, 83:494-499.
84. Orton G.S., Serabyn E., Lee Y.T. Vertical distribution of PH3 in Saturn from observations of its 1-0 and 3-2 rotational lines. Icarus 2000, 146:48-59.
85. Orton G.S., Baines K.H., Cruikshank D., Cuzzi J.N., Krimigis S.M., Miller S., Lellouch E. Review of knowledge prior to the Cassini-Huygens Mission and Concurrent Research. Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 2009, 9-54. Springer, (Chapter 2).
86. Pérez-Hoyos S., Sánchez-Lavega A., French R.G., Rojas J.F. Saturn's cloud structure and temporal evolution from ten years of Hubble Space Telescope images (1994-2003). Icarus 2005, 176:155-174.
87. Plass G.N., Kattawar G.W., Catchings F.E. Matrix operator theory of radiative transfer. 1: Rayleigh scattering. Appl. Opt. 1973, 12:314-329.
88. Porco C.C., Baker E., Barbara J., Beurle K., Brahic A., Burns J.A., Charnoz S., Cooper N., Dawson D.D., Del Genio A.D., Denk T., Dones L., Dyudina U., Evans M.W., Giese B., Grazier K., Helfenstein P., Ingersoll A.P., Jacobson R.A., Johnson T.V., McEwen A., Murray C.D., Neukum G., Owen W.M., Perry J., Roatsch T., Spitale J., Squyres S., Thomas P., Tiscareno M., Turtle E., Vasavada A.R., Veverka J., Wagner R., West R. Cassini imaging science: Initial results on Saturn's atmosphere. Science 2005, 307:1243-1247.
89. Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T. Numerical Recipes 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. second ed.
90. Read P.L., Conrath B.J., Fletcher L.N., Gierasch P.J., Simon-Miller A.A., Zuchowski L.C. Mapping potential vorticity dynamics on Saturn: Zonal mean circulation from Cassini and Voyager data. Planet. Space Sci. 2009, 57:1682-1698.
91. Rodgers C.D. Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Remote Sounding: Theory and Practice 2000, World Scientific.
92. Roos-Serote M., Drossart P., Encrenaz T., Lellouch E., Carlson R.W., Baines K.H., Kamp L., Mehlman R., Orton G.S., Calcutt S., Irwin P., Taylor F., Weir A. Analysis of Jupiter North Equatorial Belt hot spots in the 4-5-μm range from Galileo/near-infrared mapping spectrometer observations: Measurements of cloud opacity, water, and ammonia. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:23023-23042.
93. Rothman L.S., Jacquemart D., Barbe A., Benner D.C., Birk M., Brown L.R., Carleer M.R., Chackerian C., Chance K., Coudert L.H., Dana V., Devi V.M., Flaud J.M., Gamache R.R., Goldman A., Hartmann J.M., Jucks K.W., Maki A.G., Mandin J.Y., Massie S.T., Orphal J., Perrin A., Rinsland C.P., Smith M.A.H., Tennyson J., Tolchenov R.N., Toth R.A., Vander Auwera J., Varanasi P., Wagner G. The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2005, 96:139-204.
94. Salyk C., Ingersoll A., Lorre J., Vasavada A., Del Genio A. Interaction between eddies and mean flow in Jupiter's atmosphere: Analysis of Cassini imaging data. Icarus 2006, 185(2):430-442.
95. Showman A.P., de Pater I. Dynamical implications of Jupiter's tropospheric ammonia abundance. Icarus 2005, 174:192-204.
96. Showman A.P., Ingersoll A.P. Interpretation of Galileo probe data and implications for Jupiter's dry downdrafts. Icarus 1998, 132:205-220.
97. Sromovsky L.A., Fry P.M. The source of 3-μm absorption in Jupiter's clouds: Reanalysis of ISO observations using new NH3 absorption models. Icarus 2010, 210:211-229.
98. Sromovsky L.A., Fry P.M. The source of widespread 3-μm absorption in Jupiter's clouds: Constraints from 2000 Cassini VIMS observations. Icarus 2010, 210:230-257.
99. Stam D.M., Banfield D., Gierasch P.J., Nicholson P.D., Matthews K. Near-IR spectrophotometry of saturnian aerosols - Meridional and vertical distribution. Icarus 2001, 152:407-422.
100. Tarrago G., Lacome, Levy A., Guelachvili G., Bezard B., Drossart P. Phosphine spectrum at 4-5μm: Analysis and line-by-line simulation of 2v2, v2+v4, v1, and v3 bands. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1992, 154(1):30-42.
101. Temma T., Chanover N.J., Simon-Miller A.A., Glenar D.A., Hillman J.J., Kuehn D.M. Vertical structure modeling of Saturn's equatorial region using high spectral resolution imaging. Icarus 2005, 175:464-489.
102. Terrile R.J., Westphal J.A. The vertical cloud structure of Jupiter from 5micron measurements. Icarus 1977, 30:274-281.
103. Vasavada A.R., Hörst S.M., Kennedy M.R., Ingersoll A.P., Porco C.C., Del Genio A.D., West R.A. Cassini imaging of Saturn: Southern hemisphere winds and vortices. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2006, 111(E10):5004.
104. Weidenschilling S.J., Lewis J.S. Atmospheric and cloud structures of the jovian planets. Icarus 1973, 20:465-476.
105. Weisstein E.W., Serabyn E. Submillimeter line search in Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 1996, 123:23-36.
106. West R.A., Baines K.H., Karkoschka E., Sánchez-Lavega A. Clouds and aerosols in Saturn's atmosphere. Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 2009, 161-179. Springer, (Chapter 7).
107. Westphal J.A., Matthews K., Terrile R.J. Five-micron pictures of Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1974, 188:L111-L112.
108. Yanamandra-Fisher P.A., Orton G.S., Fisher B.M., Sanchez-Lavega A. Note: Saturn's 5.2-μm cold spots: Unexpected cloud variability. Icarus 2001, 150:189-193.