Toward understanding the ecological impact of transportation corridors

USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report PNW-GTR

Volumn , Issue 846, 2011, Pages 1-40

  Bennett, Victoria J ^a   Smith, Winston P ^b   Betts, Matthew G ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Comprehensive review; Direct effects; Ecosystem function; Evaluation; Functional connectivity; Habitat fragmentation; Indirect effects; Landscape permeability; Transportation corridors

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT TYPE; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; PERMEABILITY; POLICY MAKING; RESEARCH WORK; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAXONOMY; TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE; WILD POPULATION;

EID: 79961205330     PISSN: 08874840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (228)

1. Akite, P. 2008. Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the diversity and composition of the butterfly fauna of sites in the Sango Bay and Iriiri areas, Uganda: implications for conservation. African Journal of Ecology. 46: 3-13.
2. Alderman, J.; McCollin, D.; Hinsley, S.A. [et al.]. 2005. Modeling the effects of dispersal and landscape configuration on population distribution and viability in fragmented habitat. Landscape Ecology. 20: 857-870.
3. Alexander, S.M. 2008. Snow tracking and GIS: using multiple species-environment models to determine optimal wildlife crossing sites and evaluate highway mitigation plans on the Trans-Canada Highway. The Canadian Geographer. 52: 169-187.
4. Allen, R.E.; McCullough, D.R. 1976. Deer-car accidents in southern Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Management. 40: 317-325.
5. AMEC Americas Limited. 2005. Effects of noise on wildlife: Mackenzie Gas Project. Unpublished report. On file with: Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited, Mackenzie Gas Project 9925-10102 Avenue, Fort Simpson, NT X0E 0N0.
6. Ament, R.; Clevenger, A.P.; Yu, O.; Hardy, A. 2008. An assessment of road impacts on wildlife populations in U.S. national parks. Environmental Management. 42: 480-496.
7. Andreassen, H.P.; Hertzberg, K.; Ims, R.A. 1998. Space-use responses to habitat fragmentation and connectivity in the root vole Microtus oeconomus. Ecology. 79: 1223-1235.
8. Andrews, K.M.; Gibbons, J.W. 2005. How do highways infuence snake movement? Behavioral responses to roads and vehicles. Copeia. 4: 772-782.
9. Andrews, K.M.; Gibbons, J.W.; Jochimsen, D.M. 2006. Literature synthesis of the effects of roads and vehicles on amphibians and reptiles. Report No. FHWA-HEP-08-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 151 p.
10. Ashley, E.P.; Kosloski, A.; Petrie, S.A. 2007. Incidence of intentional vehicle-reptile collisions. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 12: 137-143.
11. Baker, P.J.; Dowding, C.V.; Molony, S.E.; White, P.C.L.; Harris, S. 2007. Activity patterns of urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce the risk of traffic-induced mortality. Behavioral Ecology. 18: 716-724.
12. Balam-Ballote, Y.D.; Leon-Cortes, J.L. 2010. Forest management and biodiversity: a study of an indicator insect group in southern Mexico. Interciencia. 35: 526-533.
13. Balkenhol, N.; Watts, L.P. 2009. Molecular road ecology: exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife. Molecular Ecology. 18: 4151-4164.
14. Bank, F.G.; Irwin, C.L.; Evink, G.L. [et al.]. 2002. Wildlife habitat connectivity across European highways. Publication No. FHWA-PL-02-011. Office of International Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 48 p.
15. Barnum, S.A. 2003. Identifying the best locations along highways to provide safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. A handbook for highway planners and designers. CDOT-DTD-UVD-2003-9; final report, 60 p. On file with: Colorado Department of Transportation. 4201 E. Arkansas Ave., Denver, CO 80222.
16. Barrass, A.N. 1986. The effects of highway traffic noise on the phonotactic and associated reproductive behavior of selected anurans. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University. 119 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
17. Barrientos, R.; Bolonio, L. 2009. The presence of rabbits adjacent to roads increases polecat road mortality. Biodiversity Conservation. 18: 405-418.
18. Barthelmess, E.L.; Brooks, M.S. 2010. The influence of body-size and diet on road-kill trends in mammals. Biodiversity Conservation. 19: 1611-1629.
19. Bascompte, J.; Jordano, P.; Melián, C.J.; Olesen, J.M. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. PNAS. 100: 9383-9387.
20. Bautista, L.M.; Garcia, J.T.; Calmaestr, R.G. [et al.]. 2004. Effect of weekend road traffic on the use of space by raptors. Conservation Biology. 18: 726-732.
21. Baxter, D.J.M.; Psyllakis, J.M.; Gillingham, M.P.; O'Brien, E.L. 2006. Behavioural response of bats to perceived predation risk while foraging. Ethology. 112: 977-983.
22. Beach, D. 2002. Coastal sprawl: the effects of urban design on aquatic ecosystems in the United States. 33 p. On file with: Pews Oceans Commissions, 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 550, Arlington, VA 22201.
23. Bélisle, M. 2005. Measuring landscape connectivity: the challenge of behavioral landscape ecology. Ecology. 86: 1988-1995
24. Bélisle, M.; Clair, C.C. 2001. Cumulative effects of barriers on the movement of forest birds. Conservation Ecology. 5: 9.
25. Bennett, A.F. 1991. Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. In: Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors. Saunders, D.A.; Hobbs, R.J. (eds.). Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons, NSW.
26. Betts, M.G. 2011. Personal communication. Assistant professor, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331.
27. Birdsall, C.W.; Grue, C.E.; Anderson, A. 1986. Lead concentrations in bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and green frog R. clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages. Environmental Pollution. 40: 233-247.
28. Bissonette, L. 2002. Scaling roads and wildlife: the Cinderella principle. Z. Jagdwiss. 48: 208-214.
29. Bissonette, J.A.; Rosa, S.A. 2009. Road zone effects in small-mammal communities. Ecology and Society. 14: 27-41.
30. Blake, D.; Hutson, A.M.; Racey, P.A.; Rydell, J.; Speakman, J.R. 1994. Use of lamplit roads by foraging bats in southern England. Journal of Zoology (London). 234: 453-462.
31. Blasius, B.J.; Merritt, R.W. 2002. Field and laboratory investigations on the effects of road salt (NaCl) on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Environmental Pollution. 120: 219-231.
32. Bond, A.R.; Jones, D.N. 2008. Temporal trends in use of fauna-friendly underpasses and overpasses. Wildlife Research. 35: 103-112.
33. Bonebrake, T.C.; Ponisio, L.C.; Boggs, C.L.; Ehrlich, P.R. 2010. More than just indicators: a review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation. Biological Conservation. 143: 1831-1841.
34. Botkin, D.B.; Saxe, H.; Araujo, M.B. [et al.]. 2007. Forecasting the effects of global warming on biodiversity. BioScience. 57: 227-236.
35. Bouchard, J.; Ford, A.T.; Eigenbrod, F.E.; Fahrig, L. 2009. Behavioural responses of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) to roads and traffic: implications for population persistence. Ecology and Society. 14: 23-32.
36. Breuer, W.; Bruecher, S.; Dalbeck, L. 2009. Bird road causalities-the question of significance, using the example of the eagle owl. Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung. 41: 41-46.
37. Brody, A. J.; Pelton, M.R. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 17: 5-10.
38. Cain, A.T.; Tuovila, V.R.; Hewitt, D.G.; Tewes, M.E. 2003. Effects of a highway and mitigation projects on bobcats in Southern Texas. Biological Conservation. 114: 189-197.
39. Černohlávková, J.; Hofman, J.; Bartoš, T.; Sáňka, M.; Anděl P. 2008. Effects of road deicing salts on soil microorganisms. Plant Soil Environment. 54: 479-485
40. Chen, Y.; Chen, W.W. 2009. Road densities and species abundance. 17 International Conference on Geoinformatics. 12: 1-6.
41. Chruszcz, B.; Clevenger, A.P.; Gunson, K.; Gibeau, M. 2003. Relationships among grizzly bears, highways, and habitat in the Banff-Bow Valley, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81: 1378-1391.
42. Clark, B.K.; Clark, B.S.; Johnson, L.A.; Hayne, M.T. 2001. Infuence of roads on movements of small mammals. The Southwestern Naturalist. 46: 338-344.
43. Clevenger, A.P. 2005. Conservation value of wildlife crossings: measures of performance and research directions. Schwerpunkt: Landschaftszerschneidung. 14: 124-129.
44. Clevenger, A.P.; Chruszcz, B.; Gunson, K.E. 2001a. Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 29: 646-653.
45. Clevenger, A.P.; Chruszcz, B.; Gunson, K. 2001b. Drainage culverts as habitat linkages and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology. 38: 1340-1349.
46. Clevenger, A.P.; Kociolek, A.V. 2006. Highways median impacts on wildlife movement and mortality. Unpublished report. On file with: State of California Department of Transportation. 1120 N Street-MS45, Room 1430, Sacramento, CA 95814-5605
47. Clevenger, A.P.; Waltho, N. 2005. Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological Conservation. 121: 453-464.
48. Coelho, I.P.; Kindel, A.; Coelho, A.V.P. 2008. Roadkills of vertebrate species on two highways through the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, southern Brazil. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54: 689-699.
49. Conover, M.R.; Pitt, W.C.; Kessler, K.K.; DuBow, T.J.; Sanborn, W.A. 1995. Review of human injuries, illnesses, and economic losses caused by wildlife in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 23: 407-414.
50. Cresswell, W.; Wray, S. 2005. Mitigation for dormice and their ancient woodland habitat alongside a motorway corridor. In: Irwin, C.L.; Garrett, P.; McDermott, K.P., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on ecology and transportation. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University: 250-259.
51. Cui, B.S.; Zhao, S.Q.; Zhang, K.J. [et al.]. 2009. Disturbance of Dabao highway construction on plant species and soil nutrients in Longitudinal Range Gorge Region (LRGR) of Southwestern China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 158(1- 4): 545-559.
52. Cuperus, R.; Kalsbeek, M.; Udo de Haes, H.A.; Canters, K.J. 2002. Preparation and implementation of seven ecological compensation plans for Dutch highways. Environmental Management. 29: 736-749.
53. D'Angelo, G.J.; D'Angelo, J.G.; Gallagher, G.R. [et al.]. 2006. Evaluation of wildlife warning reflectors for altering white-tailed deer behavior along roadways. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34: 1175-1183.
54. Davison, A.W. 1971. The effect of de-icing salt on roadside verges 1, soil and plant analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology. 8: 555-561.
55. DeMaynadier, P.G.; Hunter, M.L. 2000. Road effects on movements by understory birds in mixed-species flocks in central Amazonian Brazil. Natural Areas Journal. 20: 56-65.
56. Demers, C.L. 1992. Effects of road de-icing salt on aquatic invertebrates in four Adirondack streams. In: D'Itri, F., ed. Chemical deicers and the environment. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers: 246-251.
57. Develey, P.F.; Stouffer, P.C. 2001. Effects of roads on movements of understory birds in mixed-species flocks in central Amazonian Brazil. Conservation Biology. 15: 1416-1422.
58. Dougherty, C.K.; Smith, G.S. 2006. Acute effects of road deicers on the tadpoles of three anurans. Applied Herpetology. 3: 87-93.
59. Dubois, J.P. 1994. Uptake of macroelements by the helophyte Phalaris arundinacea L. Journal of Aquatic Sciences-Research Across Boundaries. 56: 70-79.
60. Dunkin, S.W.; Guthery, F.S.; Demaso, S.J.; Peoples, A.D.; Parry, E.S. 2009. Influence of anthropogenic structures on northern bobwhite space use in western Oklahoma. Journal of Wildlife Management. 73: 253-259.
61. Dussault, C.; Poulin, M.; Courtois, R.; Ouellet, J-P. 2006. Temporal and spatial distribution of moose-vehicle accidents in the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, Quebec, Canada. Wildlife Biology. 12: 415-425.
62. Dwernychuk, L.W.; Boag, D.A. 1972. Ducks nesting in association with gulls-an ecological trap? Canadian Journal of Zoology. 50: 559-563.
63. Dyer, S.J.; O'Neill, J.P.; Wasel, S.M.; Boutin, S. 2002. Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movements of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80: 839-845.
64. Eigenbrod, F.; Hecnar, S.J.; Fahrig, L. 2009. Quantifying the road-effect zone: threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada. Ecology and Society. 14: 24-41.
65. Elzanowski, A.; Ciesiolkiewicz, J.; Kaczor, M. [et al.]. 2009. Amphibian road mortality in Europe: a meta-analysis with new data from Poland. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 55: 33-43.
66. Epps, C.W.; Palsboll, P.J.; Wehausen, J.D. [et al.]. 2005. Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep. Ecology Letters. 8: 1029-1038.
67. Evink, G. 2002. Interaction between roadways and wildlife ecology: a synthesis of highway practice. National Research Program Synthesis 305. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
68. Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics. 34: 487-515.
69. Fahrig, L.; Pedlar, J.; Pope, S.E.; Taylor, P.D.; Wegner, J.F. 1995. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological Conservation. 73: 177-182.
70. Fahrig, L.; Rytwinski, T. 2009. Effects of roads on animal abundance: an empirical review and synthesis. Ecology and Society. 14: 21-41.
71. Falk, N.W.; Graves, H.B.; Bellis, E.D. 1978. Highway right-of-way fences as deer deterrents. Journal of Wildlife Management. 42: 646-650.
72. Farmer, A.M. 1993. The effects of dust on vegetation-a review. Environmental Pollution. 79: 63-75.
73. Federal Highway Administration [FHA]. 2004. Synthesis of noise effects on wildlife populations. FHWA-HEP-06-016. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590: U.S. Department of Transportation.
74. Feldhamer, G.A.; Gates, J.E.; Harman, D.M., Loranger, A.J.; Dixon, K.R. 1986. Effects of interstate highway fencing on white-tailed deer activity. Journal of Wildlife Management. 50: 497-503.
75. Fleishman, E.; Thomson, J.R.; Mac Nally, R.; Murphy, D.D. 2005. Using indicator species to predict species richness of multiple taxonomic groups. Conservation Biology. 19: 1125-1137.
76. Flynn, R.W.; Lewis, S.B.; Beier, L.R.; Pendleton, G.W. 2008. Brown bear monitoring for the Juneau access improvements project. Wildlife research annual progress report. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. On file with: Southeast Regional Office, P.O. Box 110024, Douglas, AK 99811-0024.
77. Forman, R.T.T. 2004. Road ecology's promise: What's around the bend? Environment. 46: 8-21.
78. Forman, R.T.T. 1998. Road ecology: a solution for the giant embracing us. Landscape Ecology. 13: 3-5.
79. Forman, R.T.T.; Alexander, L.E. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecological Systems. 29: 207-231.
80. Forman, R.T.T.; Reineking, B.; Hersperger, A.M. 2002. Road traffic and nearby grassland bird patterns in a suburbanizing landscape. Environmental Management. 29: 782-800.
81. Forman, R.T.T.; Sperling, D.; Bissonette, J.A. [et al.]. 2003. Road ecology: science and solutions. [Place of publication unknown]: Island Press. 481 p.
82. Foster, M.L.; Humphrey, S.R. 1995. Use of highway underpasses by Florida panthers and other wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 23: 95-100.
83. Frair, J.L.; Merrill, E.H.; Hawthorne, L.B.; Morales, J.M. 2008. Thresholds in landscape connectivity and mortality risks in response to growing road networks. Journal of Applied Ecology. 45: 1504-1513.
84. Frid, A.; Dill, L. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology. 6: 11-26.
85. Getz, L.L.; Verner, L.; Prather, M. 1977. Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environmental Pollution. 13: 151-157.
86. Gill, J.A.; Norris, K.; Sutherland, W.J. 2000. Why behavioral responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. Biological Conservation. 97: 265-268.
87. Glista, D.J.; DeVault, T.L. 2008. Road mortality of terrestrial vertebrates in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 7: 55-62.
88. Glista, D.J.; DeVault, T.L.; DeWoody, J.A. 2008. Vertebrate road mortality predominantly impacts amphibians. Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 3: 77-87.
89. Godwin, K.S.; Hafner, S.D.; Buff, M.F. 2003. Long-term trends in sodium and chloride in the Mohawk River, New York: the effect of fifty years of road-salt application. Environmental Pollution. 124: 273-281.
90. Gooley, A.C. 2010. Testing the behavioral responses of West Virginia turtles to roads and vehicles. Unpublished thesis. Submitted to Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705.
91. Goosem, M. 2001. Effects of tropical rainforest roads on small mammals: inhibition of crossing movements. Wildlife Research. 28: 351-364.
92. Greenaway, F. 2005. Advice for the management of fight lines and foraging habitats of the barbastelle bat Barbastella barbastellus. Peterborough, United Kingdom: English Nature Research Reports. 657.
93. Grilo, C.; Bissonette, J.A.; Santos-Reis, M. 2009. Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road causalities: consequences for mitigation. Biological Conservation. 142: 301-313.
94. Gunson, K.E.; Clevenger, A.P.; Ford, A.T.; Bissonette, J.A.; Hardy, A. 2009. A comparison of data sets varying in spatial accuracy used to predict the occurrence of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Environmental Management. 44: 268-277.
95. Guthrie, M.J. 1933. The reproductive cycles of some cave bats. Journal of Mammalogy. 14: 199-216.
96. Hanski, I. 1999. Metapopulation ecology. Oxford, N Y: Oxford University Press. 313 p.
97. Harrison, R.M.; Wilson, S.J. 1985. Chemical composition of highway drainage waters: I. Major ions and selected trace metals. Science of the Total Environment. 43: 63-77.
98. Hawlena, D.; Saltz, D.; Abramsky, Z.; Bouskila, A. 2010. Ecological trap for desert lizards caused by anthropogenic changes in habitat structure that favor predator activity. Conservation Biology. 24: 803-809.
99. Hayward, B.; Davis, R. 1964. Flight speeds in western bats. Journal of Mammalogy. 45: 236-242.
100. Hirano, T.; Kiyota, M.; Aiga, I. 1995. Physical effects of dust on leaf physiology of cucumber and kidney bean plants. Environmental Pollution. 89: 255-261.
101. Hobday, A.J.; Minstrell, M.L. 2008. Distribution and abundance of roadkill on Tasmanian highways: human management options. Wildlife Research. 35: 712-726.
102. Hostick, G.A.; Styskel, E.W. 2005. Completion report: Baker-to-Cottonwood road deer monitoring. ODOT PSC # 23928. On file with: Oregon Department of Transportation. 63055 N Highway 97, Bend, OR 97701.
103. Huang, Y.; Bird, R.; Bell, M.A. 2009. Comparative study of the emissions by road maintenance works and the disrupted traffic using life cycle assessment and micro-simulation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 14: 197-204.
104. Hubbard, M.W.; Danielson, B.J.; Schmitz, R.A. 2000. Factors infuencing the location of deer-vehicle accidents in Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management. 64: 707-713.
105. Ikuta, L.A.; Blumstein, D.T. 2003. Do fences protect birds from human disturbance? Biological Conservation. 112: 447-452.
106. Jaeger, J.A.G.; Bowman, J.; Brennan, J. [et al.]. 2005. Predicting when animal populations are at risk from roads: an interactive model of road avoidance behavior. Ecological Modeling. 185: 329-348.
107. Jantz, P.; Goetz, S. 2008. Using widely available geospatial data sets to assess the infuence of roads and buffers on habitat core areas and connectivity. Natural Areas Journal. 28: 261-274.
108. Jefferies, D.J.; French, M.C. 1972. Lead concentrations in small mammals trapped on roadside verges and field sites. Environmental Pollution. 3: 147-156.
109. Joyce, T.L.; Mahoney, S.P. 2001. Spatial and temporal distributions of moose-vehicle collisions in Newfoundland. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 29: 281-291.
110. Jones, J.A.; Swanson, F.J.; Wemple, B.C.; Snyder, K.U. 2000. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conservation Biology. 14: 76-85.
111. Kalavrouziotis, I.K.; Carter, J.; Mehra, A.; Varnavas, S.P.; Drakatos, P.A. 2007a. Towards an understanding of the effect of road pollution an adjacent food crops: Zea mays as an example. International Journal of Environmental and Pollution. 30: 576-592.
112. Kalavrouziotis, I.K.; Jones, P.W.; Carter, J.; Varnavas, S.P. 2007b. Uptake of trace metals of Lycopersicum esculendum (tomato) at a site adjacent to a major road, Lamias, Greece. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 16: 133-139.
113. Kalwij, J.M.; Milton, S.J.; McGeoch, M.A. 2008. Road verges as invasion corridors? A spatial hierarchical test in an arid ecosystem. Landscape Ecology. 23: 439-451.
114. Karraker, N.E. 2007. Are embryonic and larval green frogs (Rana clamitans) insensitive to road deicing salt? Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 2: 35-41.
115. Karraker, N.E.; Gibbs, J.P.; Vonesh, J.R. 2008. Impacts of road deicing salt on the demography of vernal pool-breeding amphibians. Ecological Applications. 18: 724-734.
116. Keller, I.; Lagiarder, C.R. 2003. Recent habitat fragmentation caused by major roads leads to reduction of gene flow and loss of genetic variability in ground beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270: 417-423.
117. Kennedy, M.L.; Best, T.L. 1972. Flight speed of the gray bat, Myotis grisescens. The American Midland Naturalist. 88: 254-555.
118. Kerth, G.; Melber, M. 2009. Species-specific barrier effects of a motorway on the habitat use of two threatened forest-living bat species. Biological Conservation. 142: 270-279.
119. Kharouba, H.M.; Kerr, J.T. 2010. Just passing through: global change and the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas. Biological Conservation. 143: 1094-1101.
120. Knapp, K.; Yi, X.; Oakasa, T.; Thimm, W.; Hudson, E.; Rathmann, C. 2004. Deer-vehicle crash countermeasure toolbox: a decision and choice resource. Midwest Regional University Transportation Center.
121. Kolowski, J.M.; Nielsen, C.K. 2008. Using Penrose distance to identify potential risk of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Biological Conservation. 141: 1119-1128.
122. Kramer-Schadt, S.; Revilla, E.; Wiegand, T.; Breitenmoser, U. 2004. Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modelling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx. Journal of Applied Ecology. 41: 711-723.
123. Kriska, G.; Horváth, G.; Andrikovics, S. 1998. Why do mayfieslay their eggs en masse on dry asphalt roads? Water-imitating polarized light reflected from asphalt attracts Ephemeroptera. Journal of Experimental Biology. 201: 2273-2286.
124. Kuitunen, M.; Rossi, E.; Stenroos, A. 1998. Do highways influence density of land birds? Environmental Management. 22: 297-302.
125. Kuitunen, M.T.; Viljanen, J.; Rossi, E.; Stenroos, A. 2003. Impact of busy roads on breeding success in pied fycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. Environmental Management. 31: 79-85.
126. Kusak, J.; Huberr, D.; Gomercic, T. [et al.]. 2009. The permeability of highway in Gorski kotar (Croatia) for large mammals. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 55: 7-21.
127. Lang, A.B.; Kalko, E.K.V.; Römer, H. [et al.]. 2006. Activity levels of bats and katydids in relation to the lunar cycle. Oecologia. 146: 659-666.
128. Langen, T.A.; Ogden, K.M.; Schwarting, L.L. 2009. Predicting hot spots of herpetofauna road mortality along highway networks. Journal of Wildlife Management. 73: 104-114.
129. Laurance, S.G.W.; Stouffer, P.C.; Laurance, W.F. 2004. Effects of road clearings on movement patterns of understory rainforest birds in central Amazonia. Conservation Biology. 18: 1099-1108.
130. Laurance, W.F.; Croes, B.M.; Guissouegou, N. [et al.]. 2008. Impacts of roads, hunting, and habitat alteration on nocturnal mammals in African rainforests. Conservation Biology. 22: 721-732.
131. Lee, E.; Croft, D.B. 2006. The effects of arid-zone road on vertebrates: What are the priorities for management? In: Lunney, D.; Munn, A.; Meikle, W., eds. Too close for comfort: contentious issues in human-wildlife encounters. Mosman, New South Wales: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: 105-117.
132. Lee, E.; Klocker, U.; Croft, D.B.; Ramp, D. 2004. Kangaroo-vehicle collisions in Australia's sheep rangelands, during and following drought periods. Australian Mammalogy. 26: 215-226.
133. Lesinski, G. 2007. Bat road causalities and factors determining their number. Mammalia. 71: 138-142.
134. Lesinski, G. 2008. Linear landscape elements and bat casualties on roads-an example. Annales Zoologici Fennici. 45: 277-280.
135. Lima, S.L.; Zollner, P.A. 1996. Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 11: 131-135.
136. Litvaitis, J.A.; Tash, J.P. 2008. An approach toward understanding wildlife-vehicle collisions. Environmental Management. 42: 688-697.
137. Lovallo, M.J.; Anderson, E.M. 1996. Bobcat movements and home ranges relative to roads in Wisconsin. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 24: 71-76.
138. Mac Nally, R.; Fleishman, E. 2002. Using "indicator" species to model species richness: model development and predictions. Ecological Applications. 12: 79-92.
139. Maki, S.; Kalliola, R.; Vuorinen, K. 2001. Road construction in the Peruvian Amazon: process, causes and consequences. Environmental Conservation. 28: 199-214.
140. Malo, J.E.; Suarez, F.; Diez, A. 2004. Can we mitigate animal-vehicle accidents using predictive models? Journal of Applied Ecology. 41: 701-710.
141. Mata, C.; Hervás, I.; Herranz, J.; Suárez, F.; Malo, J.E. 2008. Are motorway wildlife passages worth building? Vertebrate use of road-crossing structures on a Spanish motorway. Journal of Environmental Management. 88: 407-415.
142. Mazerolle, M.J. 2004. Amphibian road mortality in response to nightly variations in traffic intensity. Herpetologica. 60: 45-53.
143. McDonald, W.; Clair, C.C. 2004. Elements that promote highway crossing structure use by small mammals in Banff National Park. Journal of Applied Ecology. 41: 82-93.
144. McGregor, R.L.; Bender, D.J.; Fahrig, L. 2008. Do small mammals avoid roads because of the traffic? Journal of Applied Ecology. 45: 117-123.
145. McGuire, T.M.; Morrall, J.F. 2000. Strategic highway improvements to minimize environmental impacts within the Canadian Rocky Mountain national parks. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 27: 523-532.
146. Mech, L.D. 1989. Wolf populations survival in an area of high road density. American Midland Naturalist. 12: 387-389.
147. Mech, L.D.; Fritts, S.H.; Radde, G.L.; Paul, W.J. 1988. Wolf distribution and road density in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 16: 85-87.
148. Munguira, M.L.; Thomas, J.A. 1992. Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations and the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology. 29: 316-329.
149. Nanos, G.D.; Ilias, I.F. 2007. Effects of inert dust on olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf physiological parameters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 14:212-214.
150. Ndibalema, V.G.; Mduma, S.; Stokke, S.; Røskaft, E. 2008. Relationship between road dust and ungulate density in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology. 46: 547-555.
151. Nielsen, C.K.; Anderson, R.G.; Grund, M.D. 2003. Landscape infuences on deer-vehicle accident areas in an urban environment. Journal of Wildlife Management. 67: 46-51.
152. Nowicki, P.; Bonelli, S.; Barbero, F.; Balletto, E. 2009. Relative importance of density-dependent regulation and environmental stochasticity for butterfly population dynamics. Oecologia. 161: 227-239.
153. Oberts, G.L. 1986. Pollutants associated with sand and silt applied to roads in Minnesota. Water Resources Bulletin. 22: 479-483.
154. Ollerton, J.; Winfree, R.; Tarrant, S. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 120: 321-326
155. Orlowski, G. 2008. Roadside hedgerows and trees as factors increasing road mortality of birds: implications of management of roadside vegetation in rural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 86: 153-162.
156. Orlowski, G.; Ciesiolkiewicz, J.; Kaczor, M. [et al.]. 2008. Species composition and habitat correlates of amphibian roadkills in different landscapes of southwestern Poland. Polish Journal of Ecology. 56: 659-671.
157. Park, D.; Sullivan, M.; Bayne, E.; Scrimgeour, G. 2008. Landscape-level stream fragmentation caused by hanging culverts along roads in Alberta's boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38: 566-575.
158. Parmesan, C.; Ryrholm, N.; Steanescu, C. [et al.]. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature. 399: 579-583.
159. Parmesan, C.; Yohe, G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature. 421: 37-42.
160. Peterson, A.T.; Ortega-Huerta, M.A.; Bartley, J. [et al.]. 2002. Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. Nature. 416: 626-629.
161. Plaska, S.A.; Yarovenko, Y.A. 2008. Influence of traffic on wild animals in Daghestans. Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obschestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii. 113: 79-83.
162. Puglisi, M.J.; Lindzey, J.S.; Bellis, E.D. 1974. Factors associated with highway mortality of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management. 38: 799-807.
163. Putman, R.J. 1997. Deer and road traffic accidents: options for management. Journal of Environmental Management. 51: 43-57.
164. Ramp, D.; Ben-Ami, D. 2006. The effect of road-based fatalities on the viability of a Peri-urban swamp wallaby population. Journal of Wildlife Management. 70: 1615-1624.
165. Ramp, D.; Caldwell, J.; Edwards, K.A. [et al.]. 2005. Modeling of wildlife fatality hotspots along the Snowy Mountain highway in New Souht Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation. 126: 474-490.
166. Ramp, D.; Croft, D.B. 2006. Do wildlife warning reflectors elicit aversion in captive macropods? Wildlife Research. 33: 583-590.
167. Rao, R.S.P.; Girish, M.K.S. 2007. Road kills: assessing insect casualties using flagship taxon. Current Science. 92: 830-837.
168. Reeves, M.K.; Dolph, C.L.; Zimmer, H. [et al.]. 2008. Road proximity increases risk of skeletal abnormalities in wood frogs from National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska. Environmental Health Perceptives. 116: 1009-1014.
169. Reshetylo, O.S.; Mykitchak, T.I. 2008. Road mortality of amphibians (Amphibia) in Lviv region: problem status and estimating criteria. Vestnik Zoologica. 42: 315-323.
170. Richardson, J.H.; Shore, R.F.; Treweek, J.R.; Larkin, S.B.C. 1997. Are major roads a barrier to small mammals? Journal of Zoology London. 243: 840-846.
171. Richburg, J.A.; Patterson, W.A.; Lowenstein, F. 2001. Effects of road salt and Phragmites australis invasion on the vegetation of a western Massachusetts calcareous lake-basin fen. Wetlands. 21: 247-255.
172. Rico, A.; Kindlmann, P.; Sedlacek, F. 2007. Road crossing in bank voles and yellow-necked mice. Acta Theriologica. 52: 85-94.
173. Roedenbeck, I.A.; Fahrig, L.; Findlay, C.S. [et al.]. 2007. The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology. Ecology and Society. 12: 11-31.
174. Roedenbeck, I.A.; Voser, P. 2008. Effects of roads on spatial distribution, abundance and mortality of brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Switzerland. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54: 425-437.
175. Rondinini, C.; Doncaster, C.P. 2002. Roads as barriers to movement for hedgehogs. Functional Ecology. 16: 504-509.
176. Rosenberry, D.O.; Bukaveckas, P.A.; Buso, D.C.; Likens, G.E.; Shapiro, A.M.; Winter, T.C. 1999. Movement of road salt to a small New Hampshire Lake. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 109: 179-206.
177. Rossi, E.; Kitunen, M. 1996. Ranking habitats for the assessment of ecological impact in land use planning. Biological Conservation. 77: 227-234.
178. Russell, A.L.; Butchkoski, C.M.; Saidak, L.; McCraken, G.F. 2009. Road-killed bats, highway design and the commuting ecology of bats. Inter-Research. 8: 49-60.
179. Rydell, J. 1992. Exploitation of insects around streetlamps by bats in Sweden. Functional Ecology. 6: 744-750.
180. Sanzo, D.; Hecnar, S.J. 2006. Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environmental Pollution. 140: 247-256.
181. Schaub, A.; Ostwald, J.; Siemers, B.M. 2008. Foraging bats avoid noise. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 211: 3174-3180.
182. Schmitt, T.; Seitz, A. 2002. Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): implications for conservation. Biological Conservation. 107: 291-297.
183. Servheen, C.; Waller, J.; Kasworm, W. 1998. Fragmentation effects of highspeed highways on grizzly bear populations shared between the United States and Canada. In: Evink, G.L.; Garrett, P.; Ziegler, D.; Berry, J., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on wildlife ecology and transportation. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Transportation: 97-103.
184. Severns, P.M. 2008. Road crossing behavior of an endangered grassland butterfly, Icaricia icarioides fenderi macy (Lycaenidae), between a subdivided population. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society. 62: 53-56.
185. Sharifi, M.R.; Gibson, A.C.; Rundel, P.W. 1997. Surface dust impacts on gas exchange in Mojave Desert shrubs. Journal of Applied Ecology. 34: 837-846.
186. Shepard, D.B.; Dreslik, M.J.; Jellen, B.C.; Phillips, C.A. 2008a. Reptile road mortality around an oasis in the Illinois Corn Desert with emphasis on the endangered eastern massasauga. Copeia. 2008: 350-359.
187. Shepard, D.B.; Kuhns, A.R.; Dreslik, M.L.; Phillips, C.A. 2008b. Roads as barriers to animal movement in fragmented landscapes. Animal Conservation. 11: 288-296.
188. Sillero, N. 2008. Amphibian mortality levels on Spanish country roads: descriptive and spatial analysis. Amphibia-Reptilia. 29: 337-347.
189. Singkran, N.; Meixler, M.S. 2008. Influences of habitat and land cover on fish distributions along a tributary to Lake Ontario, New York. Landscape Ecology. 23: 539-551.
190. Singleton, P.H.; Gaines, W.L.; Lehmkuhl, J.F. 2002. Landscape permeability for large carnivores in Washington: a geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-549. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 89 p.
191. Smith, W.P.; Person, D.K. 2007. Estimated persistence of northern flying squirrel populations in old-growth rain forest fragments. Biological Conservation. 137: 626-636.
192. Söderström, B.; Hedblom, M. 2007. Comparing movement of four butterfly species in experimental grassland strips. Journal of Insect Conservation. 11: 333-342.
193. Clair, C.C. 2003. Comparative permeability of roads, rivers, and meadows to songbirds in Banff National Park. Conservation Biology. 17: 1151-1160.
194. Clair, C.C.; Forrest, A. 2009. Impacts of vehicle traffic on the distribution and behaviour of rutting elk, Cervus elaphus. Behavior. 146: 393-413.
195. Steen, D.A.; Aresco, M.J.; Beilke, S.G. [et al.]. 2006. Relative vulnerability of female turtles to road mortality. Animal Conservation. 9: 269-273.
196. Stone, E.L.; Jones, G.; Harris, S. 2009. Street lighting disturbs commuting bats. Current Biology. 19: 1123-1127.
197. Strasburg, J.L. 2006. Roads and genetic connectivity. Nature. 440: 875-876.
198. Swihart, R.K.; Slade, N.A. 1984. Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. Journal of Mammalogy. 65: 357-360.
199. Thamm, S.; Kalko, E.K.V.; Wells, K. 2009. Ectoparasite infestations of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are associated with small-scale landscape structures in an urban-suburban environment. EcoHealth. 6: 404-413.
200. Thiel, R.P. 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist. 113: 404-407.
201. Thomas, C.D.; Cameron, A; Green, R.E. [et al.]. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature. 399: 213.
202. Thompson, J.R.; Mueller, P.W.; Fluckiger, W.; Rutter, A.J. 1984. The effect of dust on photosynthesis and its significance for roadside plants. Environmental Pollution Series A-Ecological and Biological. 34: 171-190.
203. Thorne, J.H.; Girvetz, E.H.; McCoy, M.C. 2009. Evaluating aggregate terrestrial impacts of road construction projects for advanced regional mitigation. Environmental Management. 43: 936-948.
204. Tikka, P.M.; Hogmander, H.; Koski, P.S. 2001. Road and railway verges serve as dispersal corridors for grassland plants. Landscape Ecology. 16: 659-666.
205. Tremblay, M.A.; Clair, C.C. 2009. Factors affecting the permeability of transportation and riparian corridors to the movements of songbirds in an urban landscape. Journal of Applied Ecology. 46: 1314-1322.
206. Trombulak, S.C.; Frissell, C.A. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology. 14: 18-30.
207. Turtle, S.L. 2000. Embryonic survivorship of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire. Journal of Herpetology. 34: 60-67.
208. Usher, M.B.; Crawford, T.J.; Banwell, J.L. 2003. An American invasion of Great Britain: the case of the native and alien squirrel (Sciurus) species. Conservation Biology. 6: 108-115.
209. van Bohemen, H.D.; Janssen van de Laak, W.H. 2003. The influence of road infrastructure and traffic on soil, water, and air quality. Environmental Management. 31: 50-68.
210. van der Ree, R. 2006. Road upgrade in Victoria a filter to the movement of the endangered squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis): results of a pilot study. Ecological Management and Restoration. 7: 226-228.
211. van Langevelde, F.; Jaarsma, C.F. 2004. Using traffic fow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals. Landscape Ecology. 19: 895-907.
212. van Langevelde, F.; van Dooremalen, C.; Jaarsma, C.F. 2009. Traffic mortality and the role of minor roads. Journal of Environmental Management. 90: 660-667.
213. Vissikirsky, V.A.; Stepashko, V.S.; Kalavrouziotis, I.K.; Varnavas, S.P. 2008. The road pollution impact on Zea mays: inductive modeling and qualitative assessment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 195: 301-310.
214. Walter, W.D.; VerCauteren, K.C.; Campa, H. [et al.]. 2009. Regional assessment on influence of landscape configuration and connectivity on range size of white-tailed deer. Landscape Ecology. 24: 1405-1420.
215. Washington State Department of Transportation [WDOT]. 2008. Wildlife on bridges. Olympia, WA. 27 p.
216. Weiermans, J.; van Aarde, R.J. 2003. Roads as ecological edges for rehabilitating coastal dune assemblages in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Restoration Ecology. 11: 43-49.
217. Westwood, A.R.; Blair, D. 2010. Effect of regional climate warming on the phenology of butterflies in boreal forests in Monitoba, Canada. Environmental Entomology. 39: 1122-1133.
218. Whitaker, D.M.; Stauffer, D.F.; Norman, G.W. [et al.]. 2006. Factors affecting habitat use by Appalachian ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management. 70: 460-471.
219. White, K.S.; Barten, N.L. 2009a. Moose assessment and monitoring along the Juneau access road corridor, southeast Alaska. Wildlife research annual progress report. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. On file with: Southeast Regional Office, P.O. Box 110024, Douglas, AK 99811-0024.
220. White, K.S.; Barten, N.L. 2009b. Mountain goat assessment and monitoring along the Juneau access road corridor and near the Kensington Mine, southeast Alaska. Wildlife Research Annual Progress Report. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. On file with: Southeast Regional Office, P.O. Box 110024, Douglas, AK 99811-0024.
221. Wilcox, D.A. 1986. The effects of deicing salts on vegetation in Pinhook Bog, Indiana. Canadian. Journal of Botany. 64: 865-874.
222. Williams, D.D.; Williams, N.E.; Cao, Y. 2000. Road salt contamination of groundwater in a major metropolitan area and development of a biological index to monitor its impact. Water Research. 1: 127-138.
223. Woess, M.; Grillmayer, R.; Wien, F.H.V. 2002. Green bridges and wildlife corridors in Austria. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaf. 48: Supplement 25-32.
224. Wray, S.; Reason, P.; Wells, D.; Cresswell, W.; Walker, H. 2005. Design, installation and monitoring of safe crossing points for bats on a new highway scheme in Wales. In: Irwin, C.L.; Garrett, P.; McDermott, K.P., eds. Proceedings of the 2005 international conference of ecology and transportation. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University: 369-379.
225. Yale Conrey, R.C.; Mills, L.S. 2001. Do highways fragment small mammal populations? In: Irwin, C.L.; Garrett, P.; McDermott, K.P., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on ecology and transportation. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University: 448-457.
226. Yamada, Y.; Sasaki, H.; Harauchi, Y. 2009. Effects of narrow roads on the movement of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Nopporo Forest Park, Hokkaido. Journal of Insect Conservation. 14: 151-157.
227. Zhang, L.; Liang, B.; Parsons, S.; Wei, L. [et al.]. 2007. Morphology, echolocation and foraging behaviour in two sympatric sibling species of bat (Tylonycteris pachypus and Tylonycteris robustula) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Zoology. 271: 344-351.
228. Zurcher, A.A.; Sparks, D.W.; Bennett, V.J. 2010. Why the bat did not cross the road. Acta Chiropterologica. 12: 337-340.