Stigma-reducing components in direct-to-consumer prescription ads: Onset controllability, offset controllability, and recategorization

Health Communication

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 468-478

  An, Soontae ^a   Kang, Hannah ^b  

^a Ewha Womans University   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; PRESCRIPTION DRUG; TRANQUILIZER;

ADVERTIZING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSION; EPILEPSY; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLICATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VAGINA DISEASE;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EPILEPSY; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERIODICALS AS TOPIC; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; STEREOTYPING; VAGINAL DISEASES;

EID: 79961156973     PISSN: 10410236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2011.554169     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Advertising Age. (2006). Magazine circulation rankings. Retrieved from http://adage.com/datacenter/article?article_id=106355
2. Altindag, A., Yanik, M., Ucok, A., Alptekin, K., & Ozkan, M. (2006). Effects of an antistigma program on medical students' attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 283-288.
3. An, S. (2008). Antidepressant direct-to-consumer advertising and social perception on the prevalence of depression: Application of the availability heuristic. Health Communication, 23, 499-505.
4. An, S., Jin, H. S., & Brown, J. (2009). Direct-to-consumer antidepres-sant ads and young adults' beliefs about depression. Health Marketing Quarterly, 26, 259-278.
5. Anesbury, T., & Tiggemann, M. (2000). An attempt to reduce negative stereotyping of obesity in children by changing controllability beliefs. Health Education Research, 15, 145-152.
6. Arney, J., & Rafalovich, A. (2007). Incomplete syllogisms as techniques of medicalization: The case of direct-to-consumer advertising in popular magazines, 1997 to 2003. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 49-60.
7. Ball, J. G., Liang, A., & Lee, W. (2008). Reducing stigma through direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising: A content analysis of television commercials. Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication annual convention, Chicago, August 9, 2008.
8. Barth, K. R., Cook, R. L., Downs, J. S., Switzer, G. E., & Fischhoff, B. (2002). Social stigma and negative consequences: Factors that influence college students' decisions to seek testing for sexually transmitted infections. Journal of American College Health, 50, 153-159.
9. Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
10. Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
11. Brown, R. J. (1984). The effects of intergroup similarity and cooperative vs. competitive orientation on intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 21-33.
12. Brownfield, E. D., Bernhardt, J. M., Phan, J. L., Williams, M. V., & Parker, R. M. (2004). Direct-to-consumer drug advertisements on network television: An exploration of quantity, frequency, and placement. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 491-497.
13. Byrne, P. (1999). Psychiatric stigma. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 281-284.
14. Cappella, J. N., Fishbein, M., Hornik, R., Ahern, R. K., & Sayeed, S. (2001). Using theory to select message in antidrug media campaigns: Reasoned action and media priming. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (pp. 214-230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Genital HPV infection fact sheet. Atlanta, GA; CDC national prevention information network. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/stats_Trends/1999SurvRpt.htm
16. Cline, R. J. W., & Young, H. N. (2004). Marketing drugs, marketing health care relationship: A content analysis of visual cues in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising. Health Communication, 16, 131-157.
17. Corrigan, P. W. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 48-67.
18. Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., Kubiak, M. A. (2003). An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 162-179.
19. Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J., Sells, M., Niessen, N., & Watson, A. C. (2007). Will filmed presentations of education and contact diminish mental illness stigma? Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 171-181.
20. Corrigan, P. W., & O'Shaugnessy, J. R. (2007). Changing mental illness stigma as it exists in the real world. Australian Psychologist, 42, 90-97.
21. Corrigan, P.W., & Gelb, B. (2006). Three programs that use mass approaches to challenge the stigma of mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57, 393-397.
22. Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (1999). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54, 765-776.
23. Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 35-53.
24. Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
25. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.,pp. 504-553). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
26. Deshpande, A. D., Menon, A. M., Perri, M., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2004). Direct-to-consumer advertising and its utility in health care decision making: A consumer perceptive. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 499-513.
27. Devine, P. G., & Hirt, E. R. (1989). Message strategies for information campaigns: A social psychological analysis. In C. T. Salmon (Ed.), Information campaigns: Balancing social values and social change (pp. 229-258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28. Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Harrison, K. (1999). The problem of us" versus "them" and AIDS stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1212-1228.
29. Donohue, J. M., & Berndt, E. R. (2004). Effects of direct-to-consumer advertising on medication choice: The case of antidepressants. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 23, 115-127.
30. Donohue, J. M., Berndt, E. R., Rosenthal, M., Epstein, A. M., & Frank, R. G. (2004). Effects of pharmaceutical promotion on adherence to the treatment guidelines for depression. Medical Care, 42, 1176-1185.
31. Donohue, J. M., Cevasco, M., & Rosenthal, M. B. (2007). A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 673-681.
32. Dooley, P. A. (1995). Perceptions of the onset controllability of AIDS and helping judgments: A attributional analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 858-869.
33. DTC Insights. (2008). Insights alert: Reported spending for DTC ads fall by almost $1 billion in 2008. Retrieved from http://www.dtcperspectives.com/article/INSIGHTS-ALERT+dots+-Reported-Spending-for-DTC-Ads-Falls-by-Almost-1-Billion-in-2008/138.html
34. Elliott, C. (2003). Better than well: American medicine meets the American dream. New York: W. W. Norton.
35. Findlay, S. D. (2001). Direct-to-consumer promotion of prescription drugs: Economic implications for patients, payers, and providers. PharmacoEconomics, 19, 109-119.
36. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia: Psychological Press/Taylor & Francis.
37. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. S. M. Hewstone (Ed.), European review of social psychology (vol. 4, pp. 1-26). New York:Wiley Chichester.
38. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes of the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39. Haverhals, L. M., & Lang, A. (2004). An empirical examination of the effect of DTC advertising on stigma towards mental illness. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans Sheraton, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112363_index.html
40. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1997). AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: Effects of direct and vicarious contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1-36.
41. Herzenstein, M., Misra, S., Posavac, S. (2005). How consumers' attitudes toward direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs influence ad effectiveness, and consumer and physician behavior. Marketing Letters, 15, 201-212.
42. Hewstone, M., Bond, M. H., & Wan, K. C. (1983). Social facts and social attributions: The explanation of intergroup differences in Hong Kong. Social Cognition, 2, 142-157.
43. Holmer, A. F. (1999). Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising builds bridges between patients and physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 380-382.
44. Holmer, A. F. (2002). Direct-to-consumer advertising-Strengthening our health care system. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 526-528.
45. Howard, J. W., & Rothbart, M. (1980). Social categorization and memory for in-group and out-group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301-310.
46. Huh, J., & Cude, B. J. (2004). Is the information "fair and balanced" in direct-to-consumer prescription drug websites? Journal of Health Communication, 9, 529-540.
47. Impotence Association. (1997). Factsheet: Key findings of the Impotence Association patient and partner erectile dysfunction survey. London: Taylor Nelson AGB Healthcare.
48. Kalichman, S. C., Russell, R. L., Hunter, T. L., & Sarwer, D. B. (1993). Earvin "Magic" Johnson's HIV serostatus disclosure: Effects on men's perceptions of AIDS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 887-891.
49. Kaphingst, K. A., & DeJong, W. (2004). The educational potential of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising. Health Affairs, 23, 143-150.
50. Kaphingst, K. A., DeJong, W., Rudd, R. E., & Daltroy, L. H. (2004). A content analysis of direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 515-528.
51. Karasawa, K. (1991). The effects of onset and offset responsibility on affects and helping judgments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 482-499.
52. Kelly, P. (2004). Perspective: DTC advertising's benefits far outweigh its imperfections. Health Affairs, 10, 246-248.
53. Kopp, S. W., & Bang, H. (2000). Benefit and risk information in prescription drug advertising: Review of empirical studies and marketing implications. Health Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 39-56.
54. Link, B. G., & Cullen, F. T. (1986). Contact with the mentally ill and perceptions of how dangerous they are. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 227, 289-302.
55. Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1461-1500.
56. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
57. Magazine Publishers of America. (2008). 2008 Paid & verified subscription circulation for top 100 ABC magazines. Retrieved from http:// www.magazine.org/CONSUMER_MARKETING/CIRC_TRENDS/2008-sub-circ-top-100-abc.aspx
58. Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421.
59. Mastin, T., Andsager, J.L., Choi, J., & Lee, K. (2007). Health disparities and direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: A content analysis of targeted magazine genres, 1992-2002. Health Communication, 22, 49-58.
60. Medical Marketing & Media. (2008). Pharma report 2008. Retrieved from http://www.mmm-online.com
61. Mehta, S., & Farina, A. (1997). Is being "sick" really better? Effect of the disease view of mental disorder on stigma. Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 16, 405-419.
62. Menec, V. H., & Perry, R. P. (1998). Reactions to stigmas among Canadian students: Testing attribution-affect-help judgment model. Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 443-453.
63. Miller, C. T., & Kaiser, C. R. (2001). A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 73-92.
64. Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
65. Nier, J. A., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Ward, C. M., & Rust, M. C. (2001). Changing interracial evaluations and behavior: The effects of a common group identity. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 4, 299-316.
66. Pettus, A. (2006, July-August). Psychiatry by prescription: Do psy-chotropic drugs blur the boundaries between illness and health? Harvard Magazine, pp. 38-91.
67. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 93-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
68. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of inter-group contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.
69. Popping, R. (1988). On agreement indices for nominal data. In W. E. Saris & I. N. Gallhoter (Eds.), Sociometric research: Volume 1, Data collection & scaling (pp. 90-105), New York: St. Martin's.
70. Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: Toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obesity Reviews, 4, 213-227.
71. Read, J., & Harre, N. (2001). The role of biological and genetic causal beliefs in the stigmatization of 'mental patients.' Journal of Mental Health, 10, 223-235.
72. Read, J., & Law, A. (1999). The relationship of causal beliefs and contact with users of mental health services to attitudes to the 'mentally ill.' International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45, 216-229.
73. Ritsher, J. B., & Phelan, J. C. (2004). Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric out-patients. Psychiatry Research, 129, 257-265.
74. Rusch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 20, 529-539.
75. Schmidt, G., & Weiner, B. (1988). An attribution-affect-action theory of behavior: Replications of judgments of help-giving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 610-621.
76. Schwarzer, R., & Weiner, B. (1991). Stigma controllability and coping as predictors of emotions and social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 133-140.
77. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The robbers cave experiment. Norman, OK: University Book Exchange.
78. Sirey, J., Bruce, M. L., Alexopoulos, G. S., Perlick, D. A., Friedman, S. J., & Meyers, B. S. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: Perceived stigma and patient-rated severity of illness as predictors of antidepressant drug adherence. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1615-1620.
79. Stafford, M. C., & Scott, R. R. (1986). Stigma deviance and social control: Some conceptual issues. In S. C. Ainlay, L.M. Becker, & L. M. Coleman (Eds.), The dilemma of difference (pp. 77-91). New York: Plenum.
80. Stephenson, M. T. (2002). Anti-drug public service announcements targeting parents: An analysis and evaluation. Southern Communication Journal, 67, 335-350.
81. Stephenson, M. T., & Quick, B. L. (2005). Parent ads in the national youth anti-drug media campaign. Journal of Health Communication, 10, 701-710.
82. Stevenson, R. W. (1991, November 8). Magic Johnson ends his career, saying he has the AIDS virus. New York Times, Section A, p. 1.
83. Tarango, D. (2007). Two case reports: Treating common nail diseases and injuries. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 3, 503-505.
84. Tomlinson, J. M., & Wright, D. (2004). Impact of erectile dysfunction and its subsequent treatment with sildenafil: Qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 328, 1037-1039.
85. U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. (2002). Primary care physician spend an average of 16 minutes per visit with their adults patients. Retrieved from http://www.ahcpr.gov/research/jul99/ 799ra5.html
86. Walker, I., & Read, J. (2002). The differential effectiveness of psychosocial and biogenic causal explanations in reducing negative attitudes toward "mental illness." Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65, 313-325.
87. Weiner, B. (1980). A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgments of helping-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 186-200.
88. Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
89. Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 738-748.
90. Wiese, H. J., Wilson, J. F., Jones, R. A., & Neises, M. (1992). Obesity stigma reduction in medical students. International Journal of Obesity, 16, 859-868.
91. Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., Tremmel, J., & Welch, H. G. (2001). Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: What are Americans being sold? Lancet, 358, 1141.
92. Zucker, G. S., & Weiner, B. (1993). Conservatism and perceptions of poverty: An attributional analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 925-943