How diversification rates and diversity limits combine to create large-scale species-area relationships

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 366, Issue 1577, 2011, Pages 2514-2525

  Kisel, Yael ^a   Mcinnes, Lynsey ^a   Toomey, Nicola H ^a   Orme, C David L ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Ecological limits; Extinction; Macroevolution; Mammals; Speciation

Indexed keywords

AGE CLASS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLADISTICS; COEXISTENCE; DIVERSITY INDEX; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; EXTINCTION; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; IMMIGRATION; MAMMAL; POPULATION SIZE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; MAMMAL; TIME;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; GENETIC VARIATION; MAMMALS; TIME FACTORS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 79961086830     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0022     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Pagel, M. D., May, R. M. & Collie, A. R. 1991 Ecological aspects of the geographical distribution and diversity of mammalian species. Am. Nat. 137, 791-815.(doi:10.1086/285194)
2. Arrhenius, O. 1921 Species and area. J. Ecol. 9, 95-99. (doi:10.2307/2255763)
3. Preston, F.W. 1960 Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology 41, 612-627. (doi:10.2307/1931793)
4. MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. 1967 The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress.
5. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1998 Preston's ergodic conjecture: the accumulation of species in space and time. In Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa and communities (eds M. L. McKinney & J. A. Drake), pp. 311-348. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
6. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995 Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Losos, J. B. & Schluter, D. 2000 Analysis of an evolutionary species-area relationship. Nature 408, 847-850. (doi:10.1038/35048558)
8. Jones, K. E. et al. 2009 PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology 90, 2648-2648. (doi:10.1890/08-1494.1)
9. Palmer, M. W. & White, P. S. 1994 Scale dependence and the species-area relationship. Am. Nat. 144, 717-740. (doi:10.1086/285704)
10. Kisel, Y. & Barraclough, T. G. 2010 Speciation has a spatial scale that depends on levels of gene flow. Am. Nat. 175, 316-334. (doi:10.1086/650369)
11. Brummit, R. K. 2001 World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, 2nd edn. Pittsburgh, PA: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Mellon University (for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases for Plant Sciences).
12. Linder, H. P., Lovett, J. C., Mutke, J., Barthlott, W., Jürgens, N., Rebelo, T. & Kü per, W. 2005 A numerical re-evaluation of the sub-Saharan phytochoria of mainland Africa. Biol. Skrifter 55, 229-252.
13. Kreft, H. & Jetz, W. 2010 A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions. J. Biogeogr. 37, 2029-2053. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02375.x)
14. Lomolino, M. V. 2000 Ecology's most general, yet protean pattern: the species-area relationship. J. Biogeogr. 27, 17-26. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00377.x)
15. Scheiner, S. M. 2003 Six types of species-area curves. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 12, 441-447. (doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00061.x)
16. Los, S. O. et al. 2000 A global 9-year biophysical landsurface data set from NOAA AVHRR data. J. Hydrometerol. 1, 183-199. (doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001,0183:AGYBLS.2.0.CO;2)
17. Schielzeth, H. 2010 Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1, 103-113. (doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00012.x)
18. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. et al. 2007 The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Correction. Nature 456, 274. (doi:10.1038/nature05634)
19. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. et al. 2007 The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446, 507-512. (doi:10.1038/nature07347)
20. Rabosky, D. L. 2009 Ecological limits on clade diversification in higher taxa. Am. Nat. 173, 662-674.(doi:10.1086/597378)
21. Phillimore, A. B. 2010 Subspecies origination and extinction in birds. Ornithol. Monogr. 67, 42-53. (doi:10.1525/om.2010.67.1.42)
22. Bokma, F. 2003 Testing for equal rates of cladogenesis in diverse taxa. Evolution 57, 2469-2474.
23. Ricklefs, R. E. 2009 Speciation, extinction and diversity. In Speciation and patterns of diversity (eds R. Butlin, J. R. Bridle & D. Schluter), pp. 257-278. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24. Sepkoski, J. J. 1978 Kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity: I. Analysis of marine orders. Paleobiology 4, 223-251.
25. Alroy, J. 1998 Equilibrial diversity dynamics in North American mammals. In Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa and communities (eds M. L. McKinney & J. A. Drake), pp. 232-288. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
26. Nee, S., Mooers, A. & Harvey, P. 1992 Tempo and mode of evolution revealed from molecular phylogenies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8322-8326. (doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.8322)
27. Rabosky, D. L. 2009 Ecological limits and diversification rate: alternative paradigms to explain the variation in species richness among clades and regions. Ecol. Lett. 12, 735-743. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01333.x)
28. Purvis, A., Fritz, S. A., Rodrígues, J., Harvey, P. H. & Grenyer, R. 2011 The shape of mammalian phylogeny: patterns, processes and scales. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2462-2477. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0025)
29. Sepkoski Jr, J. J. 1976 Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: species-area effects. Paleobiology 2, 298-303.
30. Rabosky, D. L. & Lovette, I. J. 2008 Density-dependent diversification in North American wood warblers. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 2363-2371. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0630)
31. Vamosi, J. C. & Vamosi, S. M. 2010 Key innovations within a geographical context in flowering plants: towards resolving Darwin's abominable mystery. Ecol.Lett. 13, 1270-1279. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01521.x)
32. Cardillo, M. 2011 Phylogenetic structure of mammal assemblages at large geographic scales: linking phylogenetic community ecology with macroecology. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2545-2553. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0021)
33. McKinney, M. L. 1998 Biodiversity dynamics: niche preemption and saturation in diversity equilibria. In Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa and communities (eds M. L. McKinney & J. A. Drake), pp. 1-18. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
34. Pigot, A. L., Phillimore, A. B., Owens, I. P. F. & Orme, C. D. L. 2010 The shape and temporal dynamics of phylogenetic trees arising from geographic speciation. Syst. Biol. 59, 615-618. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq058)
35. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1975 On continental steady states of species diversity. In The ecology and evolution of communities (eds M. Cody & J. Diamond), pp. 121-140. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36. Mallet, J. Submitted. The 'struggle for existence:' why the mismatch of theory in ecology and evolution. Am. Nat.
37. Drakare, S., Lennon, J. J. & Hillebrand, H. 2006 The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships. Ecol. Lett. 9, 215-227. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00848.x)
38. Cardillo, M., Orme, C. D. L. & Owens, I. P. F. 2005 Testing for latitudinal bias in diversification rates: an example using New World birds. Ecology 86, 2278-2287. (doi:10.1890/05-0112)
39. Linder, H. P. 2008 Plant species radiations: where, when, why? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 3097-3105. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0075)
40. Hubbell, S. P. 2001 The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
41. Triantis, K. A., Mylonas, M., Lika, K. & Vardinoyannis, K. 2003 A model for the species-area-habitat relationship. J. Biogeogr. 30, 19-27. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00805.x)
42. Kallimanis, A. S., Mazaris, A. D., Tzanopoulos, J., Halley, J. M., Pantis, J. D. & Sgardelis, S. P. 2008 How does habitat diversity affect the species-area relationship? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17, 532-538. (doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00393.x)
43. Ricklefs, R. E. & Lovette, I. J. 1999 The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. J. Anim. Ecol. 68, 1142-1160. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00358.x)
44. Wiley, J. W. & Wunderle, J. M. 1994 The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands. Bird Conserv. Int. 3, 319-349. (doi:10.1017/S0959270900002598)
45. Coyne, J. A. & Orr, H. A. 2004 Speciation. Sunderland. MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
46. Slatkin, M. 1987 Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236, 787-792. (doi:10.1126/science.3576198)
47. Slatkin, M. 1973 Gene flow and selection in a cline. Genetics 75, 733-756.
48. Slatkin, M. 1985 Gene flow in natural populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16, 393-430. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.16.1.393)
49. Brown, J. H. 1995 Macroecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
50. Lande, R. 1993 Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. Am. Nat. 142, 911-927.(doi:10.1086/285580)
51. Willi, Y., Van Buskirk, J. & Hoffmann, A. A. 2006 Limits to the adaptive potential of small populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 433-458. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110145)
52. Schluter, D. 2009 Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative. Science 323, 737-741. (doi:10.1126/science.1160006)
53. Frankham, R. 1996 Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conserv. Biol. 10, 1500- 1508. (doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10061500.x)
54. Leimu, R., Mutikainen, P., Koricheva, J. & Fischer, M. 2006 How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation? J. Ecol. 94, 942-952. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x)
55. Weber, K. E. 1990 Increased selection response in larger populations. I. Selection for wing-tip height in Drosophila melanogaster at 3 population sizes. Genetics 125, 579-584.
56. Schluter, D. & Conte, G. L. 2009 Genetics and ecological speciation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 9955-9962. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0901264106)
57. Chown, S. L. & Gaston, K. J. 2000 Areas, cradles and museums: the latitudinal gradient in species richness. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 311-315. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01910-8)
58. Gilpin, M. E. & Soule, M. E. 1986 Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. In Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity (ed. M. E. Soule), pp. 19-34. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associate, Inc.
59. Baldi, A. 2008 Habitat heterogeneity overrides the species-area relationship. J. Biogeogr. 35, 675-681. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01825.x)
60. Losos, J. B. & Parent, C. E. 2010 The speciation-area relationship. In The theory of island biogeography revisited (eds J. B. Losos & R. E. Ricklefs), pp. 415-438. Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press.
61. Hutchinson, G. E. & MacArthur, R. H. 1959 A theoretical ecological model of size distributions among species of animals. Am. Nat. 93, 117. (doi:10.1086/282063)
62. Shmida, A. & Wilson, M. V. 1985 Biological determinants of species diversity. J. Biogeogr. 12, 1-20. (doi:10.2307/2845026)
63. Orme, C. D. L. et al. In preparation. The phylogenetic species-area relationship.
64. Esselstyn, J. A., Timm, R. M. & Brown, R. M. 2009 Do geological or climatic processes drive speciation in dynamic archipelagos? The tempo and mode of diversification in southeast Asian shrews. Evolution 63, 2595-2610. (doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00743.x)
65. McInnes, L., Purvis, A. & Orme, C.D. L. 2009 Where do species' geographic ranges stop and why? Landscape impermeability and the Afrotropical avifauna. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3063-3070. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0656)
66. Janzen, D. 1967 Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. Am. Nat. 101, 233-249. (doi:10.1086/282487)
67. Rahbek, C. & Graves, G. R. 2001 Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4534-4539. (doi:10.1073/pnas.071034898)
68. Maurer, B. A. & Nott, M. P. 1998 Geographic range fragmentation and the evolution of biological diversity. In Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa and communities (eds M. L. McKinney & J. A. Drake), pp. 31-50. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
69. Willig, M., Kaufmann, D. & Stevens, R. 2003 Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34, 273-309. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032)
70. Mittelbach, G. G. et al. 2007 Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecol. Lett. 10, 315-331. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01020.x)
71. Davies, T. J., Buckley, L. B., Grenyer, R. & Gittleman, J. L. 2011 The influence of past and present climate on the biogeography of modern mammal diversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2526-2535. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0018)
72. Hawkins, B. A. et al. 2003 Energy, water, and broadscale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84, 3105-3117. (doi:10.1890/03-8006)
73. Rohde, K. 1992 Latitudinal gradients in species diversity-the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514-527. (doi:10.2307/3545569)
74. Bromham, L. 2011 The genome as a life history character: why rate of molecular evolution varies between mammal species. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2503-2513. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0014)
75. Davies, T. J., Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Moat, J. & Barraclough, T. G. 2004 Environmental energy and evolutionary rates in flowering plants. Proc. R. Soc. B 271, 2195-2200. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2849)
76. Gillman, L. N., Keeling, D. J., Ross, H. A. & Wright, S. D. 2009 Latitude, elevation and the tempo of molecular evolution in mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3353-3359. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0674)
77. Fischer, A. G. 1960 Latitudinal variations in organic diversity. Evolution 14, 64-81. (doi:10.2307/2405923)
78. Schemske, D. W. 2002 Tropical diversity: patterns and processes. In Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the origins of tropical diversity: key papers and commentaries (eds R. Chazdon & T. Whitmore), pp. 163-173. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
79. Dynesius, M. & Jansson, R. 2000 Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 9115-9120. (doi:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9115)
80. Sheldon, P. R. 1996 Plus ca change-a model for stasis and evolution in different environments. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127, 209-227. (doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00096-X)
81. Jablonski, D. 2008 Species selection: theory and data. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39, 501-524. (doi:10. 1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173510)
82. Rabosky, D. L. & McCune, A. R. 2010 Reinventing species selection with molecular phylogenies. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 68-74. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.002)
83. Phillimore, A. B. & Price, T. D. 2008 Density-dependent cladogenesis in birds. PLoS Biol. 6, 483-489. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060071)
84. Mayhew, P. J. 2007 Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies. Biol. Rev. 82, 425-454. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x)
85. Marzluff, J. M. & Dial, K. P. 1991 Life history correlates of taxonomic diversity. Ecology 72, 428-439. (doi:10.2307/2937185)
86. Martin, A. P. & Palumbi, S. R. 1993 Body size, metabolic rate, generation time and the molecular clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4087-4091. (doi:10.1073/pnas.90.9.4087)
87. Payne, J. L. & Finnegan, S. 2007 The effect of geographic range on extinction risk during background and mass extinction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 10 506-10 511. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0701257104)
88. Jablonski, D. 2008 Extinction and the spatial dynamics of biodiversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11 528- 11 535. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0801919105)
89. Phillimore, A. B., Freckleton, R. P., Orme, C. D. L. & Owens, I. P. F. 2006 Ecology predicts large-scale patterns of phylogenetic diversification in birds. Am. Nat. 168, 220-229. (doi:10.1086/505763)
90. Jablonski, D. & Roy, K. 2003 Geographical range and speciation in fossil and living molluscs. Proc. R. Soc. B 270, 401-406. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2243)
91. Phillimore, A. B., Orme, C. D. L., Thomas, G. H., Blackburn, T. M., Bennett, P. M., Gaston, K. J. & Owens, I. P. F. 2008 Sympatric speciation in birds is rare: insights from range data and simulations. Am. Nat. 171, 646-657. (doi:10.1086/587074)
92. Safi, K., Cianciaruso, M. V., Loyola, R. D., Brito, D., Armour-Marshall, K. & Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. 2011 Understanding global patterns of mammalian functional and phylogenetic diversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2536-2544. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0024)
93. Xiang, Q. Y. J., Zhang, W. H., Ricklefs, R. E., Qian, H., Chen, Z. D., Wen, J. & Li, J. H. 2004 Regional differences in rates of plant speciation and molecular evolution: a comparison between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Evolution 58, 2175-2184.
94. Phillimore, A. B. & Price, T. D. 2009 Ecological influences on the temporal pattern of speciation. In Speciation and patterns of diversity (eds R. Butlin, J. R. Bridle & D. Schluter), pp. 240-256. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
95. Peterson,A.T. 1992 Philopatry and genetic differentiation in the Aphelocoma jays (Corvidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47, 249-260. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00669.x)
96. Seehausen, O. 2006 African cichlid fish: a model system in adaptive radiation research. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 1987-1998. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3539)
97. Springer, M. S., Meredith, R. W., Janecka, J. E. & Murphy, W. J. 2011 The historical biogeography of Mammalia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 2478-2502. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0023)
98. Pielou, E. C. 1979 Biogeography. New York, NY: Wiley.
99. Ronquist, F. 1997 Dispersal-vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Syst. Biol. 46, 195-203. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.1.195)
100. Whittaker, R. J., Triantis, K. A. & Ladle, R. J. 2008 A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. J. Biogeogr. 35, 977-994. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699. 2008.01892.x)
101. Stephens, P. R. & Wiens, J. J. 2003 Explaining species richness from continents to communities: the timefor- speciation effect in emydid turtles. Am. Nat. 161, 112-128. (doi:10.1086/345091)
102. Gavrilets, S. & Vose, A. 2005 Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 18 040-18 045. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0506330102)
103. McPeek, M. A. 2008 The ecological dynamics of clade diversification and community assembly. Am. Nat. 172, E270-E284. (doi:10.1086/593137)
104. Chesson, P. 2000 Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 343-366. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.343)
105. Jackson, S. T. & Sax, D. F. 2010 Balancing biodiversity in a changing environment: extinction debt, immigration credit and species turnover. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 153-160. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.001)
106. Rosenzweig, M. L. 2001 Loss of speciation rate will impoverish future diversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5404-5410. (doi:10.1073/pnas.101092798)
107. Schoener, T. W. 1976 The species-area relationship within archipelagoes: models and evidence from island birds. In Proc. of XVI Int. Ornithological Congress, vol. 6 (eds H. J. Frith & J. H. Calaby), pp. 629-642. Canberra, Australia: Australian Academy of Science.