True local recurrences do not metastasize

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 161-176

  Hölzel, Dieter ^a,b   Emeny, Rebecca T ^a   Engel, Jutta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Local recurrence; Metastasization process; Multicentric tumor; Multifocal

Indexed keywords

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; METASTASIS; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PARTIAL MASTECTOMY; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SOLID TUMOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; BREAST TUMOR; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; MASTECTOMY; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; TUMOR RECURRENCE;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MASTECTOMY; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 79961010403     PISSN: 01677659     EISSN: 15737233     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9275-2     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Benson, J. R., Jatoi, I., Keisch, M., Esteva, F. J., Makris, A., & Jordan, V. C. (2009). Early breast cancer. Lancet, 373(9673), 1463-1479. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60316-0.
2. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. (2005). Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet, 366 (9503), 2087-2106.
3. Freedman, G.M., Anderson, P. R., Hanlon, A. L., Eisenberg, D. F., & Nicolaou, N. (2005). Pattern of local recurrence after conservative surgery and whole-breast irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 61(5), 1328-1336. (Pubitemid 40470412)
4. Engel, J., Eckel, R., Aydemir, U., Aydemir, S., Kerr, J., Schlesinger-Raab, A., et al. (2003). Determinants and prognoses of locoregional and distant progression in breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 55(5), 1186-1195. doi:S0360301602044760. (Pubitemid 36338283)
5. Voogd, A. C., van Oost, F. J., Rutgers, E. J., Elkhuizen, P. H., van Geel, A. N., Scheijmans, L. J., et al. (2005). Long-term prognosis of patients with local recurrence after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for early breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 41(17), 2637-2644. (Pubitemid 41607554)
6. Munich Cancer Registry. (2011). Available from: http://www.Tumorregister- muenchen.De/facts/specific-analysis.Php.
7. Hölzel, D., Eckel, R., Emeny, R., & Engel, J. (2010). Distant metastases do not metastasize. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. doi:10.1007/s10555-010-9260-1.
8. Recht, A., Silver, B., Schnitt, S., Connolly, J., Hellman, S., & Harris, J. R. (1985). Breast relapse following primary radiation therapy for early breast cancer. I. Classification, frequency and salvage. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 11(7), 1271-1276. (Pubitemid 15067909)
9. Haffty, B. G., Carter, D., Flynn, S. D., Fischer, D. B., Brash, D. E., Simons, J., et al. (1993). Local recurrence versus new primary: Clinical analysis of 82 breast relapses and potential applications for genetic fingerprinting. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 27(3), 575-583. (Pubitemid 23331124)
10. Komoike, Y., Akiyama, F., Iino, Y., Ikeda, T., Tanaka-Akashi, S., Ohsumi, S., et al. (2005). Analysis of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences after breast-conserving treatment based on the classification of true recurrences and new primary tumors. Breast Cancer, 12(2), 104-111.
11. Smith, T. E., Lee, D., Turner, B. C., Carter, D., & Haffty, B. G. (2000). True recurrence vs. new primary ipsilateral breast tumor relapse: an analysis of clinical and pathologic differences and their implications in natural history, prognoses, and therapeutic management. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 48(5), 1281-1289.
12. Goldstein, N. S., Vicini, F. A., Hunter, S., Odish, E., Forbes, S., & Kestin, L. L. (2005). Molecular clonality relationships in initial carcinomas, ipsilateral breast failures, and distant metastases in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy: Evidence suggesting that some distant metastases are derived from ipsilateral breast failures and that metastases can metastasize. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 124(1), 49-57. doi:10.1309/ 2GAMH08G25JXVWHQ. (Pubitemid 40944373)
13. Noguchi, S., Aihara, T., Koyama, H., Motomura, K., Inaji, H., & Imaoka, S. (1994). Discrimination between multicentric and multifocal carcinomas of the breast through clonal analysis. Cancer, 74(3), 872-877. (Pubitemid 24237467)
14. Kreike, B., Hart, A. A., van de Velde, T., Borger, J., Peterse, H., Rutgers, E., et al. (2008). Continuing risk of ipsilateral breast relapse after breast-conserving therapy at long-term follow-up. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 71(4), 1014-1021. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp. 2007.11.029.
15. Fisher, B., Anderson, S., Fisher, E. R., Redmond, C., Wickerham, D. L., Wolmark, N., et al. (1991). Significance of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence after lumpectomy. Lancet, 338(8763), 327-331.
16. Middleton, L. P., Vlastos, G., Mirza, N. Q., Eva, S., & Sahin, A. A. (2002). Multicentric mammary carcinoma: Evidence of monoclonal proliferation. Cancer, 94(7), 1910-1916. doi:10.1002/cncr.10452. (Pubitemid 34270042)
17. Cabioglu, N., Ozmen, V., Kaya, H., Tuzlali, S., Igci, A., Muslumanoglu, M., et al. (2009). Increased lymph node positivity in multifocal and multicentric breast cancer. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 208(1), 67-74. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.09.001.
18. Coombs, N. J., & Boyages, J. (2005). Multifocal and multicentric breast cancer: Does each focus matter? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(30), 7497-7502.
19. Andea, A. A., Bouwman, D., Wallis, T., & Visscher, D. W. (2004). Correlation of tumor volume and surface area with lymph node status in patients with multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma. Cancer, 100(1), 20-27. doi:10.1002/cncr.11880. (Pubitemid 37553535)
20. Veronesi, U., Gatti, G., Luini, A., Intra, M., Ciocca, M., Sanchez, D., et al. (2003). Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons during breast-conserving surgery. Archives of Surgery, 138(11), 1253-1256. (Pubitemid 37392404)
21. Bernier, J., Viale, G., Orecchia, R., Ballardini, B., Richetti, A., Bronz, L., et al. (2006). Partial irradiation of the breast: old challenges, new solutions. Breast, 15(4), 466-475. (Pubitemid 44089387)
22. Vaidya, J. S., Joseph, D. J., Tobias, J. S., Bulsara, M., Wenz, F., Saunders, C., et al. (2010). Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy versus whole breast radiotherapy for breast cancer (targit-a trial):An international, prospective, randomised, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet, 376(9735), 91-102.
23. Bartelink, H., Horiot, J. C., Poortmans, P., Struikmans, H., Van den Bogaert, W., Barillot, I., et al. (2001). Recurrence rates after treatment of breast cancer with standard radiotherapy with or without additional radiation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(19), 1378-1387.
24. Holland, R., Veling, S. H., Mravunac, M., & Hendriks, J. H. (1985). Histologic multifocality of tis, t1-2 breast carcinomas. Implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery. Cancer, 56(5), 979-990. (Pubitemid 15003474)
25. Recht, A., Silen, W., Schnitt, S. J., Connolly, J. L., Gelman, R. S., Rose, M. A., et al. (1988). Time-course of local recurrence following conservative surgery and radiotherapy for early stage breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 15(2), 255-261.
26. Kurtz, J. M., Amalric, R., Brandone, H., Ayme, Y., & Spitalier, J. M. (1989). Local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. Helvetica Chirurgica Acta, 55(6), 837-842. (Pubitemid 19145150)
27. Wise, A. M., Stamey, T. A., McNeal, J. E., & Clayton, J. L. (2002). Morphologic and clinical significance of multifocal prostate cancers in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology, 60(2), 264-269. doi:S0090429502017284. (Pubitemid 34831770)
28. Flieder, D. B., Vazquez, M., Carter, D., Brambilla, E., Gazdar, A., Noguchi, M., et al. (2006). Pathologic findings of lung tumors diagnosed on baseline CT screening. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 30(5), 606-613. doi:10.1097/01. pas.0000202040.51967.d0. (Pubitemid 44270929)
29. Holland, R., Connolly, J. L., Gelman, R., Mravunac, M., Hendriks, J. H., Verbeek, A. L., et al. (1990). The presence of an extensive intraductal component following a limited excision correlates with prominent residual disease in the remainder of the breast. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 8(1), 113-118. (Pubitemid 20032453)
30. Kreike, B., Halfwerk, H., Armstrong, N., Bult, P., Foekens, J. A., Veltkamp, S. C., et al. (2009). Local recurrence after breastconserving therapy in relation to gene expression patterns in a large series of patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(12), 4181- 4190. doi:1078-0432.CCR-08-2644.
31. Voogd, A. C., Peterse, J. L., Crommelin, M. A., Rutgers, E. J., Botke, G., Elkhuizen, P. H., et al. (1999). Histological determinants for different types of local recurrence after breastconserving therapy of invasive breast cancer. Dutch Study Group on Local Recurrence After Breast Conservation (BORST). European Journal of Cancer, 35(13), 1828-1837. (Pubitemid 29514280)
32. Fredriksson, I., Liljegren, G., Palm-Sjovall, M., Arnesson, L. G., Emdin, S. O., Fornander, T., et al. (2003). Risk factors for local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery. The British Journal of Surgery, 90(9), 1093-1102. doi:10.1002/bjs.4206. (Pubitemid 37152168)
33. Hill-Kayser, C. E., Harris, E. E., Hwang, W. T., & Solin, L. J. (2006). Twenty-year incidence and patterns of contralateral breast cancer after breast conservation treatment with radiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 66(5), 1313-1319.
34. Oh, J. L., Dryden, M. J., Woodward, W. A., Yu, T. K., Tereffe, W., Strom, E. A., et al. (2006). Locoregional control of clinically diagnosed multifocal or multicentric breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and locoregional therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(31), 4971-4975. (Pubitemid 46631398)
35. Gentilini, O., Botteri, E., Rotmensz, N., Da Lima, L., Caliskan, M., Garcia-Etienne, C. A., et al. (2009). Conservative surgery in patients with multifocal/multicentric breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 113(3), 577-583. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-9959-7.
36. Houssami, N., Ciatto, S., Macaskill, P., Lord, S. J., Warren, R. M., Dixon, J. M., et al. (2008). Accuracy and surgical impact of magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer staging: systematic review and meta-analysis in detection of multifocal and multicentric cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(19), 3248-3258.
37. Lehman, C. D., Gatsonis, C., Kuhl, C. K., Hendrick, R. E., Pisano, E. D., Hanna, L., et al. (2007). Mri evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(13), 1295- 1303. doi:NEJMoa065447. (Pubitemid 46513295)
38. Sardanelli, F., Giuseppetti, G. M., Panizza, P., Bazzocchi, M., Fausto, A., Simonetti, G., et al. (2004). Sensitivity of mri versus mammography for detecting foci of multifocal, multicentric breast cancer in fatty and dense breasts using the whole-breast pathologic examination as a gold standard. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 183(4), 1149-1157. (Pubitemid 44185114)
39. Peer, P. G., van Dijck, J. A., Hendriks, J. H., Holland, R., & Verbeek, A. L. (1993). Age-dependent growth rate of primary breast cancer. Cancer, 71(11), 3547-3551. (Pubitemid 23152663)
40. Kuroishi, T., Tominaga, S., Morimoto, T., Tashiro, H., Itoh, S., Watanabe, H., et al. (1990). Tumor growth rate and prognosis of breast cancer mainly detected by mass screening. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 81(5), 454-462. (Pubitemid 20207750)
41. Fisher, B., Anderson, S., Bryant, J., Margolese, R. G., Deutsch, M., Fisher, E. R., et al. (2002). Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(16), 1233- 1241. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022152. (Pubitemid 35176242)
42. Husemann, Y., Geigl, J. B., Schubert, F., Musiani, P., Meyer, M., Burghart, E., et al. (2008). Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell, 13(1), 58-68. doi:S1535-6108(07)00372-8. (Pubitemid 350309740)
43. Klein, C. A., & Hölzel, D. (2006). Systemic cancer progression and tumor dormancy: mathematical models meet single cell genomics. Cell Cycle, 5(16), 1788-1798. doi:3097. (Pubitemid 44435321)
44. Engel, J., Eckel, R., Kerr, J., Schmidt, M., Furstenberger, G., Richter, R., et al. (2003). The process of metastasisation for breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 39(12), 1794-1806. doi:S0959804903004222. (Pubitemid 36897618)
45. Fisher, B., & Anderson, S. J. (2010). The breast cancer alternative hypothesis: Is there evidence to justify replacing it? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(3), 366-374. doi: JCO.2009.26.8292.
46. Demicheli, R., Terenziani, M., & Bonadonna, G. (1998). Estimate of tumor growth time for breast cancer local recurrences: Rapid growth after wake-up? Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 51(2), 133-137. (Pubitemid 28561418)
47. Naumov, G. N., Akslen, L. A., & Folkman, J. (2006). Role of angiogenesis in human tumor dormancy: Animal models of the angiogenic switch. Cell Cycle, 5(16), 1779-1787. doi:3018. (Pubitemid 44435320)
48. Komoike, Y., Akiyama, F., Iino, Y., Ikeda, T., Akashi-Tanaka, S., Ohsumi, S., et al. (2006). Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (ibtr) after breast-conserving treatment for early breast cancer: Risk factors and impact on distant metastases. Cancer, 106(1), 35-41. doi:10.1002/cncr.21551. (Pubitemid 43032546)
49. Zahl, P. H., Maehlen, J., & Welch, H. G. (2008). The natural history of invasive breast cancers detected by screening mammography. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(21), 2311- 2316. doi:168/21/2311.
50. Bories, N., Dalle, S., Debarbieux, S., Balme, B., Ronger-Savle, S., & Thomas, L. (2008). Dermoscopy of fully regressive cutaneous melanoma. The British Journal of Dermatology, 158 (6), 1224-1229. doi:BJD8501. (Pubitemid 351692853)
51. Chlebowski, R. T., Kuller, L. H., Prentice, R. L., Stefanick, M. L., Manson, J. E., Gass, M., et al. (2009). Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(6), 573-587. doi:360/6/573.
52. Perry, N., Broeders, M., de Wolf, C., Tornberg, S., Holland, R., & von Karsa, L. (2008). European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition-summary document. Annals of Oncology, 19(4), 614- 622. doi:mdm481. (Pubitemid 351461029)
53. Jorgensen, K. J., & Gotzsche, P. C. (2009). Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: Systematic review of incidence trends. British Medical Journal, 339, b2587.
54. Bear, H. D., Anderson, S., Brown, A., Smith, R., Mamounas, E. P., Fisher, B., et al. (2003). The effect on tumor response of adding sequential preoperative docetaxel to preoperative doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide: Preliminary results from national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project protocol b-27. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(22), 4165-4174. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.12.005. (Pubitemid 46606185)
55. Rastogi, P., Anderson, S. J., Bear, H. D., Geyer, C. E., Kahlenberg, M. S., Robidoux, A., et al. (2008). Preoperative chemotherapy: Updates of national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project protocols b-18 and b-27. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(5), 778-785. doi:26/5/778. (Pubitemid 351264391)
56. Phillips, T. M., McBride, W. H., & Pajonk, F. (2006). The response of cd24(-/low)/cd44+ breast cancer-initiating cells to radiation. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98(24), 1777-1785. doi:98/24/1777. (Pubitemid 46017929)
57. Joergensen, L. E., Gunnarsdottir, K. A., Lanng, C., Moeller, S., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2008). Multifocality as a prognostic factor in breast cancer patients registered in Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) 1996-2001. Breast, 17(6), 587- 591. doi:S0960-9776(08)00153-7.
58. Yerushalmi, R., Kennecke, H., Woods, R., Olivotto, I. A., Speers, C., & Gelmon, K. A. (2008). Does multicentric/multifocal breast cancer differ from unifocal breast cancer? An analysis of survival and contralateral breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-.
59. Veronesi, U., Cascinelli, N., Mariani, L., Greco, M., Saccozzi, R., Luini, A., et al. (2002). Twenty-year followup of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(16), 1227-1232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020989. (Pubitemid 35176241)
60. van Dongen, J. A., Voogd, A. C., Fentiman, I. S., Legrand, C., Sylvester, R. J., Tong, D., et al. (2000). Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing breast-conserving therapy with mastectomy: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 10801 trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(14), 1143-1150.
61. Sobin, L., Gospodarowicz, M., & Wittekind, C. (Eds.). (2009). UICC: TNM classification of malignant tumors (7th ed.). UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
62. Anderson, S. J., Wapnir, I., Dignam, J. J., Fisher, B., Mamounas, E. P., Jeong, J. H., et al. (2009). Prognosis after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and locoregional recurrences in patients treated by breast-conserving therapy in five national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project protocols of node-negative breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(15), 2466-2473. doi: JCO.2008.19.8424.
63. de Bock, G. H., van der Hage, J. A., Putter, H., Bonnema, J., Bartelink, H., & van de Velde, C. J. (2006). Isolated locoregional recurrence of breast cancer is more common in young patients and following breast conserving therapy: Long-term results of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Studies. European Journal of Cancer, 42(3), 351-356. doi:S0959-8049(05)00893-2. (Pubitemid 43132890)
64. Jones, H. A., Antonini, N., Hart, A. A., Peterse, J. L., Horiot, J. C., Collin, F., et al. (2009). Impact of pathological characteristics on local relapse after breast-conserving therapy: A subgroup analysis of the EORTC boost versus no boost trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. doi:JCO.2008.21.5764.
65. Vicini, F. A., Kestin, L., Huang, R., & Martinez, A. (2003). Does local recurrence affect the rate of distant metastases and survival in patients with early-stage breast carcinoma treated with breastconserving therapy? Cancer, 97(4), 910-919. (Pubitemid 36173142)
66. de Bock, G. H., Putter, H., Bonnema, J., van der Hage, J. A., Bartelink, H., & van de Velde, C. J. (2009). The impact of locoregional recurrences on metastatic progression in early-stage breast cancer: A multistate model. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 117(2), 401-408. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-.
67. Gujral, D. M., Sumo, G., Owen, J. R., Ashton, A., Bliss, J. M., Haviland, J., et al. (2011). Ipsilateral breast tumor relapse: Local recurrence versus new primary tumor and the effect of whole-breast radiotherapy on the rate of new primaries. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 79(1), 19-25.
68. Vicini, F. A., Antonucci, J. V., Wallace, M., Gilbert, S., Goldstein, N. S., Kestin, L., et al. (2007). Long-term efficacy and patterns of failure after accelerated partial breast irradiation: A molecular assay-based clonality evaluation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 68(2), 341- 346. doi:S0360-3016(06)03636-4. (Pubitemid 46694157)
69. Whipp, E., Beresford, M., Sawyer, E., & Halliwell, M. (2010). True local recurrence rate in the conserved breast after magnetic resonance imaging-targeted radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 76(4), 984-990.
70. Wapnir, I. L., Anderson, S. J., Mamounas, E. P., Geyer, C. E. ,Jr., Jeong, J. H., Tan-Chiu, E., et al. (2006). Prognosis after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and locoregional recurrences in five national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project nodepositive adjuvant breast cancer trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(13), 2028-2037. doi:24/13/2028. (Pubitemid 46622111)
71. Cheng, L., Song, S. Y., Pretlow, T. G., Abdul-Karim, F. W., Kung, H. J., Dawson, D. V., et al. (1998). Evidence of independent origin of multiple tumors from patients with prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90(3), 233-237. (Pubitemid 28114542)
72. Johnson, B. E., Cortazar, P., & Chute, J. P. (1997). Second lung cancers in patients successfully treated for lung cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 24(4), 492-499. (Pubitemid 27355816)
73. Machens, A., Hauptmann, S., & Dralle, H. (2007). Increased risk of lymph node metastasis in multifocal hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. World Journal of Surgery, 31(10), 1960-1965. doi:10.1007/s00268-007- 9185-1. (Pubitemid 47415724)
74. Jensen, A. R., Nellemann, H. M., & Overgaard, J. (2007). Tumor progression in waiting time for radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 84(1), 5-10. doi:S0167- 8140(07)00153-3. (Pubitemid 47039177)
75. Belt, E. J., van Stijn, M. F., Bril, H., de Lange-de Klerk, E. S., Meijer, G. A., Meijer, S., et al. (2010). Lymph node negative colorectal cancers with isolated tumor deposits should be classified and treated as stage III. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 17(12), 3203-3211.
76. Sauer, R., Becker, H., Hohenberger, W., Rodel, C., Wittekind, C., Fietkau, R., et al. (2004). Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351(17), 1731-1740. doi:351/17/1731.
77. Camma, C., Giunta, M., Fiorica, F., Pagliaro, L., Craxi, A., & Cottone, M. (2000). Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(8), 1008-1015. doi:jma00002. (Pubitemid 30659131)
78. O'Daly, B. J., Sweeney, K. J., Ridgway, P.F., Quinn, C., McDermott, E. W., O'Higgins, N. J., et al. (2007). The accuracy of combined versus largest diameter in staging multifocal breast cancer. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 204(2), 282-285. (Pubitemid 46124051)
79. Nagtegaal, I. D., & Quirke, P. (2007). Colorectal tumour deposits in the mesorectum and pericolon; a critical review. Histopathology, 51(2), 141-149. doi:HIS2720. (Pubitemid 47083979)
80. Tresserra, F., Rodriguez, I., Garcia-Yuste, M., Grases, P. J., Ara, C., & Fabregas, R. (2007). Tumor size and lymph node status in multifocal breast cancer. The Breast Journal, 13(1), 68-71. (Pubitemid 46046496)
81. Slaughter, D. P., Southwick, H. W., & Smejkal, W. (1953). Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer, 6(5), 963-968.
82. Braakhuis, B. J., Tabor, M. P., Kummer, J. A., Leemans, C. R., & Brakenhoff, R. H. (2003). A genetic explanation of slaughter's concept of field cancerization: Evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Research, 63(8), 1727-1730. (Pubitemid 36460827)
83. Heaphy, C. M., Griffith, J. K., & Bisoffi, M. (2009). Mammary field cancerization: Molecular evidence and clinical importance. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 118(2), 229-239. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0504-0.
84. Dakubo, G. D., Jakupciak, J. P., Birch-Machin, M. A., & Parr, R. L. (2007). Clinical implications and utility of field cancerization. Cancer Cell International, 7, 2. doi:1475-2867-7-2.
85. Utsunomiya, T., Shimada, M., Imura, S., Morine, Y., Ikemoto, T., & Mori, M. (2010). Molecular signatures of noncancerous liver tissue can predict the risk for late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology, 45(2), 146-152.
86. Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., & Sutherland, I. (1994). Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male british doctors. British Medical Journal, 309(6959), 901-911.
87. Wang, X., Wang, M., MacLennan, G. T., Abdul-Karim, F. W., Eble, J. N., Jones, T. D., et al. (2009). Evidence for common clonal origin of multifocal lung cancers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 101(8), 560-570. doi:djp054.
88. Gazdar, A. F., & Minna, J. D. (2009). Multifocal lung cancers- clonality vs. field cancerization and does it matter? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 101(8), 541-543. doi:djp059.
89. Shimizu, S., Yatabe, Y., Koshikawa, T., Haruki, N., Hatooka, S., Shinoda, M., et al. (2000). High frequency of clonally related tumors in cases of multiple synchronous lung cancers as revealed by molecular diagnosis. Clinical Cancer Research, 6(10), 3994- 3999.
90. Riquet, M., Cazes, A., Pfeuty, K., Ngabou, U. D., Foucault, C., Dujon, A., et al. (2008). Multiple lung cancers prognosis: What about histology? The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 86(3), 921- 926. doi:S0003-4975(08)01119-3.
91. Fisher, B., Land, S., Mamounas, E., Dignam, J., Fisher, E. R., & Wolmark, N. (2001). Prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with ductal carcinoma in situ: An update of the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project experience. Seminars in Oncology, 28(4), 400-418. doi:S0093775401001531. (Pubitemid 32762083)
92. Houghton, J., George, W. D., Cuzick, J., Duggan, C., Fentiman, I. S., & Spittle, M. (2003). Radiotherapy and tamoxifen in women with completely excised ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand: Randomised control led t rial. Lancet, 362(9378), 95-102. doi: S0140673603138597. (Pubitemid 36831018)
93. Bijker, N., Meijnen, P., Peterse, J. L., Bogaerts, J., Van Hoorebeeck, I., Julien, J. P., et al. (2006). Breast-conserving treatment with or without radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma-insitu: ten-year results of european organisation for research and treatment of cancer randomized phase III trial 10853-a study by the EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(21), 3381-3387. doi:JCO.2006.06.1366. (Pubitemid 46638893)
94. Page, D. L., Dupont, W. D., Rogers, L. W., Jensen, R. A., & Schuyler, P. A. (1995). Continued local recurrence of carcinoma 15-25 years after a diagnosis of low grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated only by biopsy. Cancer, 76(7), 1197-1200.
95. Guerra, L. E., Smith, R. M., Kaminski, A., Lagios, M. D., & Silverstein, M. J. (2008). Invasive local recurrence increased after radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. American Journal of Surgery, 196(4), 552-555. doi:S0002-9610(08)00457-1.
96. Glaves, D., Huben, R. P., & Weiss, L. (1988). Haematogenous dissemination of cells from human renal adenocarcinomas. British Journal of Cancer, 57(1), 32-35. (Pubitemid 18067099)
97. Klein, C. A. (2009). Parallel progression of primary tumours and metastases. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 9(4), 302-312. doi:nrc2627.
98. Wikman, H., Vessella, R., & Pantel, K. (2008). Cancer micrometastasis and tumour dormancy. APMIS, 116(7-8), 754-770. doi:APMapm-1033.
99. Cheng, L., Jones, T. D., Pan, C. X., Barbarin, A., Eble, J. N., & Koch, M. O. (2005). Anatomic distribution and pathologic characterization of small-volume prostate cancer (<0.5 ml) in whole-mount prostatectomy specimens. Modern Pathology, 18 (8), 1022-1026. doi:3800431. (Pubitemid 41224491)
100. Landthaler, M., Braun-Falco, O., Leitl, A., Konz, B., & Holzel, D. (1989). Excisional biopsy as the first therapeutic procedure versus primary wide excision of malignant melanoma. Cancer, 64(8), 1612-1616. (Pubitemid 19251128)
101. Weyers, W. (1997). Excision of melanoma in historical perspective: Triumph of irrationality for nearly a century. Dermatopathology, 3, 238-246.
102. Thompson, I. M. ,Jr., Tangen, C. M., Paradelo, J., Lucia, M. S., Miller, G., Troyer, D., et al. (2006). Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(19), 2329-2335. doi:296/19/2329. (Pubitemid 44749360)
103. Bolla, M., van Poppel, H., Collette, L., van Cangh, P., Vekemans, K., Da Pozzo, L., et al. (2005). Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet, 366(9485), 572-578. doi:S0140-6736(05)67101-2. (Pubitemid 41140332)
104. Gazdar, A. F. (2010). Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in lung cancer: The evolving role of individualized therapy. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 29(1), 37-48.
105. Heidenreich, A., Richter, S., Thuer, D., & Pfister, D. (2010). Prognostic parameters, complications, and oncologic and functional outcome of salvage radical prostatectomy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after 21st-century radiotherapy. European Urology, 57(3), 437-443.
106. Trock, B. J., Han, M., Freedland, S. J., Humphreys, E. B., DeWeese, T. L., Partin, A. W., et al. (2008). Prostate cancerspecific survival following salvage radiotherapy vs observation in men with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(23), 2760- 2769. doi:299/23/2760. (Pubitemid 351846851)
107. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. (1995). Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet, 345(8955), 939-944.
108. MacFarlane, J. K., Ryall, R. D., & Heald, R. J. (1993). Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet, 341(8843), 457- 460. doi:0140-6736(93)90207- W. (Pubitemid 23054519)
109. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. (1997). Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(14), 980-987.
110. Formenti, S. C., & Demaria, S. (2009). Systemic effects of local radiotherapy. The Lancet Oncology, 10(7), 718-726. doi:S1470- 2045(09)70082-8.
111. Camara, O., Rengsberger, M., Egbe, A., Koch, A., Gajda, M., Hammer, U., et al. (2007). The relevance of circulating epithelial tumor cells (cetc) for therapy monitoring during neoadjuvant (primary systemic) chemotherapy in breast cancer. Annals of Oncology, 18(9), 1484-1492. doi:18/9/1484. (Pubitemid 47365480)
112. Pachmann, K., Camara, O., Kavallaris, A., Krauspe, S., Malarski, N., Gajda, M., et al. (2008). Monitoring the response of circulating epithelial tumor cells to adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer allows detection of patients at risk of early relapse. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(8), 1208-1215. doi:26/8/1208.
113. Cristofanilli, M., Budd, G. T., Ellis, M. J., Stopeck, A., Matera, J., Miller, M. C., et al. (2004). Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351(8), 781-791. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040766. (Pubitemid 39095313)
114. Nimeus-Malmstrom, E., Krogh, M., Malmstrom, P., Strand, C., Fredriksson, I., Karlsson, P., et al. (2008). Gene expression profiling in primary breast cancer distinguishes patients developing local recurrence after breast-conservation surgery, with or without postoperative radiotherapy. Breast Cancer Research, 10(2), R34.
115. Punglia, R. S., Morrow, M., Winer, E. P., & Harris, J. R. (2007). Local therapy and survival in breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(23), 2399-2405. doi:356/23/2399.