Conceptualizing excessive behaviour syndromes: A systematic review

Current Psychiatry Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 138-151

  Mudry, Tanya E ^a   Hodgins, David C ^b   el Guebaly, Nady ^a   Wild, T Cameron ^c   Colman, Ian ^c   Patten, Scott B ^d   Schopflocher, Donald ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Addictive behaviours; Behavioural addiction; Conceptualization; Excessive behaviour syndromes; Excessive behaviours; Impulse control disorders; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DSM V; EATING DISORDER; EXERCISE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; INTERNET ADDICTION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEXUAL ADDICTION; SHOPPING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WORK;

EID: 79960643135     PISSN: 15734005     EISSN: 18756441     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340011796391201     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Introduction to Behavioral Addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010;35(5):233-41.
2. C. Behavioral Addictions Debut in Proposed DSM-V. Science 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):935.
3. O'Brien CP. Commentary on Tao et al. (2010): Internet addiction and DSM-V. Addiction 2010 Mar;105(3):565.
4. Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2008 Jan 1;75(1):266-322.
5. Goodman A. Addiction: Definition and implications. Br J Addict 1990 Nov;85(11):1403-8.
6. Bradley BP. Behavioural addictions: common features and treatment implications. Br J Addict 1990 Nov;85(11):1417-9.
7. Lesieur HR, Blume SB. Pathological gambling, eating disorders, and the psychoactive substance use disorders. J Addict Dis 1993;12(3):89-102.
8. Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nat Rev Genet 2005 Jul;6(7):521-32.
9. West R. Theories of addiction. Addiction 2001;96(1):3-13.
10. Goudie AJ, Field M, Cole J. Different vulnerabilities for addiction may contribute to the same phenomena and some additional interactions. Behav Brain Sci 2008;31(4):445-6.
11. Lende DH, Smith EO. Evolution meets biopsychosociality: An analysis of addictive behavior. Addiction 2002;97(4):447-58.
12. DH. Addiction: More than innate rationality. Behav Brain Sci 2008;31(4):-454.
13. Shaffer H, LaPlante D, LaBrie R, Kidman R, Donato A, Stanton M. Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004;12(6):367-74.
14. Griffiths M. Pathological gambling: A review of the literature. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 1996;3(6):347-53.
15. Larkin M, Wood RTA, Griffiths MD. Towards addiction as relationship. Addict Res Theory 2006;14(3):207-15.
16. Griffiths MD, Larkin M. Conceptualizing addiction: The case for a complex systems account. Addict Res Theory 2004;12(2):99-102.
17. Griffiths M. The biopsychosocial approach to addiction. Psyke & Logos 2005;26(1): 9-26.
18. Griffiths M. A 'components' model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use 2005;10(4):191-7.
19. Griffiths MD. The biopsychosocial and complex systems approach as a unified framework for addiction. Behav Brain Sci 2008;31(4):446-7.
20. Grant JE, Brewer JA, Potenza MN. The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectr 2006;11(12):924-30.
21. Brewer JA, Potenza MN. The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: relationships to drug addictions. Biochem Pharmacol 2008;75(1):63-75.
22. Lopez-Moreno JA, Gonzalez-Cuevas G, Moreno G, Navarro M. The pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system: functional and structural interactions with other neurotransmitter systems and their repercussions in behavioral addiction. Addict Biol 13(2):160-87, 2008.
23. Albrecht U, Kirschner NE, Grusser SM. Diagnostic instruments for behavioural addiction: An overview. Psychosoc Med 2007 Nov;4:1-11.
24. Carnes PJ, Murray RE, Charpentier L. Bargains with chaos: Sex addicts and addiction interaction disorder. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2005 Apr;12(2-3):79-120.
25. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol 2008;59:29-53.
26. Masaki D, Tsuchida H, Kitabayashi Y, Tani N, Fukui K. Addictive behavior disorders. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2007;42(5):469-77.
27. Power CA. Food and sex addiction: Helping the clinician recognize and treat the interaction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2005;12(2-3):219-34.
28. Yeh YW, Shiah IS, Hu MC, Chang HA, Huang CC. Concurrence of compulsive buying and sexual addiction. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;62(4):484.
29. Campbell WG. Addiction: A disease of volition caused by a cognitive impairment. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48(10):669-74.
30. Fischer S, Smith GT, Spillane NS, Cyders MA. Urgency: Individual differences in reaction to mood and implications for addictive behaviors. In Clark, A, editor. Psychology of moods. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2005. p. 85-107.
31. Redish AD, Jensen S, Johnson A. A unified framework for addiction: Vulnerabilities in the decision process. Behav Brain Sci 2008;31(4):415-37.
32. Marks I. Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. Br J Addict 1990;85(11):1389-94.
33. Marks I. Reply to comments on 'behavioural (non-chemical) addictions'. Br J Addict 1990;85(11):1429-31.
34. Shaffer HJ. The most important unresolved issue in the addictions: Conceptual chaos. Subst Use Misuse 1997;32(11):1573-80.
35. Wiesbeck GA, Taschner KL. Comments on the definition of socalled new addictions. Versicherungsmedizin 1993;45(3):82-5.
36. Echeburua Odriozola E, de Corral Gargallo P. Psychological addictions: Beyond the metaphor. Clinica y Salud 1994;5(3):251-8.
37. Grusser SM, Poppelreuter S, Heinz A, Albrecht U, Sass H. Behavioural addiction: an independent diagnostic category? Nervenarzt 2007;78(9):997-1002.
38. Grant JE, Potenza MN. Impulse control disorders: Clinical characteristics and pharmacological management. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2004;16(1):27-34.
39. Grant JE, Levine L, Kim D, Potenza MN. Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(11):2184-8.
40. Potenza MN. Impulsivity and compulsivity in pathological gambling and obsessive compulsive disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2007;29(2):105-6.
41. Hollander E, Wong CM. Body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling, and sexual compulsions. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(Suppl 4):7-12.
42. McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE, Jr. Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 55 Suppl:33-51; discussion 52-3, 1994.
43. Orford J. Addiction as excessive appetite. Addiction 2001;96(1):15-31.
44. Peele S. What addiction is and is not: The impact of mistaken notions of addiction. Addiction Research 2000;8(6):599-607.
45. Johnson B. Three perspectives on addiction. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1999;47(3):791-815.
46. PJ. Addiction as an attachment disorder. 2004.
47. Waska R. Addictions and the quest to control the object. Am J Psychoanal 2006;66(1):43-62.
48. Dell'Osso B, Marazziti D, Hollander E, Altamura AC. Traditional and newer impulse control disorders: A clinical update. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2007;4(1):30-8.
49. Gori GB. Failings of thedisease model of addiction. Hum Psychopharmacol 1996;11(1):S33-S38.
50. Truan F. Addiction as a social construction: A postempirical view. J Psychol 1993;127(5):489-99.
51. Cohen PDA. Is the addiction doctor the voodoo priest of western man? Addiction Research 2000;8(6):589-98.
52. H. What's wrong with addiction? 2002.
53. Fish LM. Nature, culture, and abnormal appetites: An ecopsychological analysis of addiction [dissertation]. Cincinnati (OH): Union Institute & University; 2007.
54. Skog OJ. Choice, social interaction and addiction: the social roots of addictive preferences. Advances in Health Economics & Health Services Research 2005;16:145-71.
55. Tomer JF. Addictions are not rational: A socio-economic model of addictive behavior. J Socio Econ 2001;30(3):243-61.
56. Parashar A, Varma A. Behavior and substance addictions: Is the world ready for a new category in the DSM-V? CNS Spectr 2007;12(4):257.
57. Husak DN. The moral relevance of addiction. Subst Use Misuse 2004;39(3):399-436.
58. Lobsinger C. Addiction, power and gender. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 1997;18(4):210-5.
59. Chou C, Condron L, Belland JC. A Review of the Research on Internet Addiction. Educational Psychology Review 2005;17(4):363-88.
60. Douglas AC, Mills JE, Niang M, Stepchenkova S, Byun S, Ruffini C, et al. Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996̃2006. Comput Human Behav 2008 Sep 17;24(6):3027-44.
61. M. Internet addiction - Time to be taken seriously? Addiction Research 2000;413-418.
62. Ha JH, Kim SY, Bae SC, Bae S, Kim H, Sim M, et al. Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology 2007;40(6):424-30.
63. Hinic D, Mihajlovic G, Spiric Z, Dukic-Dajanovic S, Jovanovic M. Excessive Internet use -- addiction disorder or not? Vojnosanitetski Pregled: Military Medical & Pharmaceutical Journal of Serbia & Montenegro 2008 Oct;65(10):763-7.
64. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Weng CC, Chen CC. The association between Internet addiction and problematic alcohol use in adolescents: The problem behavior model. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11(5):571-6.
65. Watson JC. Internet addiction diagnosis and assessment: Implications for counselors. Journal of Professional Counseling 2005;33(2):17-30.
66. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Chen CC, Yen CF. Psychiatric comorbidity of Internet addiction in college students: An interview study. CNS Spectr 2008;13(2):147-53.
67. Lee YS, Han DH, Yang KC, Daniels MA, Na C, Kee BS, et al. Depression like characteristics of 5HTTLPR polymorphism and temperament in excessive Internet users. J Affect Disord 2008;109(1/2):165-9.
68. Grayson PA, Schwartz V. Commentary on "Contrasting case studies of frequent Internet use: Is it pathological or adaptive?". J College Stud Psychother 2000;14(4):19-22.
69. Lin YC, Wang CH, Wu CH. The influence of attachment style and Internet interpersonal interactions on Internet addiction. Chinese J Psychol 2005;47(3):289-309.
70. Liu CY, Kuo FY. A study of Internet addiction through the lens of the interpersonal theory. Cyberpsychol Behav 2007;10(6):799-804.
71. Shaw M, Black DW. Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs 2008;22(5):353-65.
72. Zhang L, Amos C, McDowell WC. A comparative study of Internet addiction between the United States and China. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008 Dec;11(6):727-9.
73. Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Ha J, Yune SK, Kim SJ, Hwang J, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and Internet addiction. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58(5):487-94.
74. Christensen MH, Orzack MH, Babington LM, Patsdaughter CA. Computer addiction: When monitor becomes control center. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2001;39(3):40-9.
75. Xingdong Y. A review of research on the Internet addiction. Psychological Science (China) 2004;27(6):1446-8.
76. Navarro-Mancilla AA, Rueda-Jaimes GE. Internet addiction: A critical review of the literature. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria 2007;36(4):691-700.
77. Dejoie JF. Internet addiction: A different kind of addiction? Revue Medicale de Liege 2001;56(7):523-30.
78. Sanchez-Carbonell X, Beranuy M, Castellana M, Chamarro A, Oberst U. Internet and cell phone addiction: Passing fad or disorder? Adicciones 2008;20(2):149-59.
79. Widyanto L, Griffiths M. 'Internet addiction': A critica lreview. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4(1):31-51.
80. Demmel R. Internet addiction: A review. Sucht: Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Praxis 2002;48(1):29-46.
81. Ozturk O, Odabasioglu G, Eraslan D, Genc Y, Kalyoncu OA. Internet addiction: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Journal of Dependence 2007;8(1):36-41.
82. O'Reilly M. Internet addiction: A new disorder enters the medical lexicon. CMAJ 1996;154(12):1882-3.
83. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen SH, Chung WL, Chen CC. Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with Internet addiction: Comparison with substance use. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008 Feb;62(1):9-16.
84. Young KS, Pistner M, O'Mara J, Buchanan J. Cyber disorders: The mental health concern for the new millennium. Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):475-9.
85. Li SM, Chung TM. Internet function and Internet addictive behavior. Comput Human Behav 2006;22(6):1067-71.
86. Sodeyama N, Hatanaka K, Hori T, Asada T. A case of Internet addiction. Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) 2003;45(9):995-7.
87. Charlton JP. A factor-analytic investigation of computer 'addiction' and engagement. Br J Psychol 2002;93(3):329-44.
88. Pratarelli ME, Browne BL. Confirmatory factor analysis of Internet use and addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002;5(1):53-64.
89. Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE, Khosla UM, McElroy SL. Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic Internet use. J Affect Disord 2001;57(1-3):267-72.
90. Treuer T, Fabian Z, Furedi J. Internet addiction associated with features of impulse control disorder: Is it a real psychiatric disorder? J Affect Disord 2001;66(2-3).
91. Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1998;1(3):237-44.
92. Young KS. Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. Am Behav Sci 2004;48(4):402-15.
93. Young K. Internet addiction: Diagnosis and treatment considerations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2009;39(4):241-6.
94. Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT. Potential markers for problematic Internet use: A telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr 2006;11(10):750-5.
95. Liu T, Potenza MN. Problematic Internet use: Clinical implications. CNS Spectr 2007;12(6):453-66.
96. Shapira NA, Lessig MC, Goldsmith TD, Szabo ST, Lazoritz M, Gold MS, et al. Problematic Internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depress Anxiety 2003;17(4):207-16.
97. Davis RA. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Comput Human Behav 2001;17(2):187-95.
98. Kraut R, Kiesler S, Boneva B, Cummings J, Helgeson V, Crawford A. Internet paradox revisited. J Soc Issues 2002;58(1):49-74.
99. JR. To get what you need: Healthy and pathological Internet use. Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):-393.
100. Larose R, Lin CA, Eastin MS. Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology 2003;5(3):225-53.
101. Grohol JM. Too much time online: Internet addiction or healthy social interactions? Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):395-401.
102. Quinn B. The medicalization of online behaviour. Online Information Review 2001 May;25(3):173-80.
103. Reed L. Governing (through) the Internet: the discourse on pathological computer use as mobilized knowledge. European Journal of Cultural Studies 2002;5(2):131-53.
104. Stern SE. Addiction to technologies: A social psychological perspective of Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):419-24.
105. Kratzer S, Hegerl U. Is Internet Addiction a disorder of its own? A study on subjects with excessive internet use. Psychiatrische Praxis 2008;35(2):80-3.
106. Shaffer HJ, Hall MN, Vander BJ. Computer addiction: A critical consideration. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2000;70(2):162-8.
107. Yellowlees PM, Marks S. Problematic Internet use or Internet addiction? Comput Human Behav 2007; 23(3):1447-53.
108. Suler J. Computer and cyberspace addiction. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 2004;1(4):359-62.
109. Miller MC. Questions & answers. Harv Ment Health Lett 2007;24(4):8.
110. Mitchell P. Internet addiction: Genuine diagnosis or not? Lancet 2000;355(9204):632.
111. Swaminath G. Internet addiction disorder: Fact or fad? Nosing into nosology. Indian J Psychiatry 2008;50(3):158-60.
112. Warden NL, Phillips JG, Ogloff JRP. Internet addiction. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 2004;11(2):280-95.
113. Beard KW, Wolf EM. Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001;4(3):377-83.
114. Blaszczynski A. Internet use: In search of an addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4(1):7-9.
115. Block JJ. Prevalence underestimated in problematic Internet use study. CNS Spectr 2006;12:14-5.
116. Block JJ. Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(3):306-7.
117. Hart VA. Psychotherapy in the age of the computer: The debate concerning computer addiction. J Addict Nurs 2001;13(3/4):143-8.
118. Morahan-Martin J. Internet abuse: Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative explanations? Social Science Computer Review 2005;23(1):39-48.
119. Leon DT, Rotunda RJ. Contrasting case studies of frequent Internet use: Is it pathological or adaptive? J College Stud Psychother 2000;14(4):9-18.
120. Bioulac S, Arfi L, Bouvard MP. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: A comparative study of hyperactive and control children. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23(2):134-41.
121. Wang C-C, Chu Y-S. Harmonious passion and obsessive passion in playing online games. Social Behavior & Personality 2007;35(7):997-1005.
122. Turner NE. A comment on Problems with the concept of video game 'addiction': Some case study examples. Int J Ment Health Addict 2008;6(2):186-90.
123. Sattar P, Ramaswamy S. Internet gaming addiction. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49(12):869-70.
124. Griffiths MD. Videogame addiction: Further thoughts and observations. Int J Ment Health Addict 2008;6:182-5.
125. Griffiths MD. Diagnosis and management of video game addiction. New Directions in Addiction Treatment and Prevention 2008;12(3):27-41.
126. Griffiths M. Internet and video-game addiction. In: C.Essau, editor. Adolescent Addiction: Epidemiology, Assessment and Treatment.San Diego: Elselvier; 2008. p. 231-67.
127. Griffiths M, Meredith A. Videogame addiction and its treatment. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2009;39(4):247-53.
128. Tejeiro R. Video games addiction: A review. Adicciones 2001;13(4):407-13.
129. Zheng H, Ming-Yi Q, Chun-Li Y, Jing N, Jing D, Xiao-Yun Z. Correlated factors comparison: The trends of computer game addiction and Internet relationship addiction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2006;14(3):244-7.
130. Wolfling K, Thalemann R, Grusser-Sinopoli SM. Computer game addiction: A psychopathological symptom complex in adolescence. Psychiatrische Praxis 2008;35(5):226-32.
131. Chappell D, Eatough V, Davies MNO, Griffiths M. EverQuest--It's just a computer game right? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of online gaming addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4(3):205-16.
132. Parsons JM. An examination of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games as a facilitator of Internet addiction [dissertation]. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa; 2006.
133. Chou TJ, Ting CC. The role of flow experience in cyber-game addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003;6(6):633-75.
134. Charlton JP, Danforth IDW. Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Comput Human Behav 2007;23(3):1531-48.
135. Ng BD, Wiemer-Hastings P. Addiction to the Internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005;8(2):110-3.
136. Adams J. Understanding Exercise Dependence. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2009 Dec 1;39(4):231-40.
137. Adams J, Kirkby RJ. Excessive exercise as an addiction: A review. Addict Res Theory2002;10(5):415-37.
138. de Coverley Veale DM. Exercise dependence. Br J Addict 1987;82(7):735-40.
139. Griffiths M. Exercise addiction: A case study. Addiction Research 1997;5(2):161-8.
140. Hamer M, Karageorghis CI. Psychobiological mechanisms of exercise dependence. Sports Med 2007;37(6):477-84.
141. Allegre B, Souville M, Therme P, Griffiths M. Definitions and measures of exercise dependence. Addict Res Theory2006;14(6):631-46.
142. Demetrovics Z, Kurimay T. Exercise addiction: a literature review. Psychiatria Hungarica 2008;23(2):129-41.
143. Hausenblas HA, Symons Downs D. Exercise dependence: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc 2002;3(2):89-123.
144. Allegre B, Therme P. Exercise dependence. Relationships between diagnostic criteria and behavioural components. Alcoologie et Addictologie 2007;29(3):243-8.
145. Avril M, Nivoli F, Lejoyeux M. Exercise dependence. Alcoologie et Addictologie 2007;29(2):143-53.
146. Yasunobu N, Keiji I. Exploratory study of exercise dependence. Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) 2007;49(4):377-84.
147. Warner R, Griffiths MD. A qualitative thematic analysis of exercise addiction: An exploratory study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4(1):13-26.
148. Klein DA, Bennett AS, Schebendach J, Foltin RW, Devlin MJ, Walsh BT. Exercise Addiction in anorexia nervosa: Model development and pilot data. CNS Spectr 2004;9(7):531-7.
149. Bamber D, Cockerill IM, Rodgers S, Carroll D, Mutrie N. It's exercise or nothing: A qualitative analysis of exercise dependence. Br J Sports Med 2000;34(6):423-30.
150. Keski-Rahkonen A. Exercise dependence-A myth or a real issue? Eur Eat Disord Rev 2001;9(4):279-83.
151. Davis C, Kaptein S. Anorexia nervosa with excessive exercise: A phenotype with close links to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2006;142(2-3):209-17.
152. Elbourne KE, Chen J. The continuum model of obligatory exercise: A preliminary investigation. J Psychosom Res 2007 Jan;62(1):73-80.
153. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32(1):20-39.
154. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. J Nutr 2009;139(3):623-8.
155. Cota D, Tschop MH, Horvath TL, Levine AS. Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: The molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res Rev 2006;51(1):85-107.
156. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Food addiction: An examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med 2009;3(2):1-7.
157. Gold MSM, Graham NAM, Cocores JAM, Nixon SJP. Food Addiction? J Addict Med 2009;3(1):42-5.
158. Thornley S, McRobbie H, Eyles H, Walker N, Simmons G. The obesity epidemic: Is glycemic index the key to unlocking a hidden addiction? Med Hypotheses 2008;71(5):709-14.
159. Trinko R, Sears RM, Guarnieri DJ, DiLeone RJ. Neural mechanisms underlying obesity and drug addiction. Physiol Behav 2007;91(5):499-505.
160. Wang G, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: A concept review. J Addict Dis2004;23(3):39-53.
161. Wang GJM, Volkow NDM, Thanos PKP, Fowler JSP. Imaging of brain dopamine pathways: Implications for understanding obesity. J Addict Med 2009;3(1):8-18.
162. Barry D, Clarke M, Petry NM. Obesity and its relationship to addictions: Is overeating a form of addictive behavior? Am J Addict 2009;18(6):439-51.
163. Joranby L, Pineda KF, Gold MS. Addiction to food and brain reward systems. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2005;12(2-3):201-17.
164. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Cesa G, Conti S, Castelnuovo G, Mantovani F, et al. Is severe obesity a form of addiction? Rationale, clinical approach, and controlled clinical trial. Cyberpsychol Behav 2006;9(4):457-79.
165. Volkow ND, O'Brien CP. Issues for DSM-V: Should obesity be included as a brain disorder? Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(5):708-10.
166. Cassin SE, von Ranson KM. Is binge eating experienced as an addiction? Appetite 2007;49(3):687-90.
167. Corwin RL, Grigson PS. Symposium overview--Food addiction: fact or fiction? J Nutr 2009;139(3):617-9.
168. Rogers PJ, Smit HJ. Food craving and food addiction: A critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66(1):3-14.
169. Sunderwirth S, Milkman H, Jenks N. Neurochemistry and sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 1996;3(1):22-32.
170. Plant M, Plant M. Sex addiction: a comparison with dependence on psychoactive drugs. J Subst Use2003;8(4):260-6.
171. R. The three most important criteria in diagnosing sexual addictions: Obsession, obsession, and obsession. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2001;8(3/4):215-26.
172. Goodman A. Sexual addiction: Designation and treatment. J Sex Marital Ther 1992;18(4):303-14.
173. Roller CG. Sex addiction and women: A nursing issue. J Addict Nurs 2004;15(2):53-61.
174. Roller CG. Sexually compulsive/addictive behaviors in women: A women's healthcare issue. J Midwifery Womens Health 2007;52(5):486-91.
175. Longo-Disse SC. Sexaholism: A perspective. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2006;13(1):69-94.
176. Blankenship R, Laaser M. Sexual addiction and ADHD: Is there a connection? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2004;11(1-2):7-20.
177. O'Hara S. Information Statement: Women Sex Addicts. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2002 Sep;9(4):293.
178. Gerevich J, Treuer T, Danics Z, Herr J. Diagnostic and psychodynamic aspects of sexual addiction appearing as a nonparaphiliac form of compulsive sexual behaviour. J Subst Use 2005;10(4):253-9.
179. Reed RC, Blaine DA. Sexual addictions. Holist Nurs Pract 1988;2(4):75-83.
180. Orzack MH, Ross CJ. Should virtual sex be treated like other sex addictions? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2000;7(1/2):113-25.
181. Goodman A. What's in a name? Terminology for designating a syndrome of driven sexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2001;8(3-4):191-213.
182. Schneider JP, Irons RR. Assessment and treatment of addictive sexual disorders: Relevance for chemical dependency relapse. Subst Use Misuse 2001;36(13):1795-820.
183. Young KS. Internet sex addiction: Risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. Am Behav Sci 2008;52(1):21-37.
184. Griffiths M. Sex on the Internet: Observations and implications for Internet sex addiction. J Sex Res 2001;38(4):333-42.
185. Hald GM. Pornography & Internet addiction: Caught in the net. Psyke & Logos 2005;26(1):118-36.
186. Delmonico DL, Carnes PJ. Virtual sex addiction: When cybersex becomes the drug of choice. Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):457-63.
187. Barth RJ, Kinder BN. The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity. J Sex Marital Ther 1987;13(1):15-23.
188. Schwartz SA, Abramowitz JS. Are nonparaphilic sexual addictions a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder? A pilot study. Cogn Behav Pract 2003;10(4):372-7.
189. Schwartz SA, Abramowitz JS. Contrasting nonparaphilic sexual addictions and OCD. In: Abramowitz JS, Houts AC, editors. Concepts and controversies in obsessive-compulsive disorder. New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2005. p. 177-84.
190. Azhar MZ, Varma SL. Response of clomipramine in sexual addiction. Eur Psychiatry 1995;10(5):263-4.
191. Giugliano J. A sociohistorical perspective of sexual health: The clinician's role. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2004;11(1-2):43-55.
192. Levine MP, Troiden RR. The myth of sexual compulsivity. J Sex Res 1988;25(3):347-63.
193. AW. Constructing addiction from experience and context: Peele and Brodsky's love and addiction revisited. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2007;14(3):221-37.
194. Orford J. Hypersexuality: Implications for a theory of dependence. Br J Addict 1978;73(3):299-310.
195. Nixon G. Deconstruction, disability, and sex addiction: Embracing the narrative. International Journal of Disability, Community & Rehabilitation 2002;1(3):1-7.
196. CF. Sex addiction: A problematic concept. J Appl Soc Sci1996;20(2):159-68.
197. Schwartz MF. Developmental psychopathological perspectives on sexually compulsive behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2008;31(4):567-86.
198. Schwartz MF, Southern S. Compulsive cybersex: The new tea room. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2000;7(1/2):127-44.
199. Coleman E. Sexual compulsivity: Definition, etiology, and treatment considerations. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment 1987;1(1):189-204.
200. Giugliano JR. A psychoanalytic overview of excessive sexual behavior and addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2003;10(4):275-90.
201. Mick TM, Hollander E. Impulsive-compulsive sexual behavior. CNS Spectr 2006;11(12):944-55.
202. O'Donohue GB. Sex addiction, sexual compulsivity, and sexual impulsivity: A model for improving diagnosis and treatment of outof-control sexual behaviors [dissertation]. Santa Barbara (CA): Fielding Graduate Institute; 2005.
203. Bancroft J. Sexual behavior that is out of control: A theoretical conceptual approach. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2008;31(4):593-601.
204. Giugliano JR. Sexual impulsivity, compulsivity or dependence: An investigative inquiry. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2008;15(2):139-57.
205. Keane H. Disorders of desire: Addiction and problems of intimacy. J Med Humanit 2004;25(3):189-204.
206. Kafka MP. The paraphilia-related disorders: A proposal for a unified classification of nonparaphilic hypersexuality disorders. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 2001;8(3/4):227-39.
207. Kuzma JM, Black DW. Epidemiology, prevalence, and natural history of compulsive sexual behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2008;31(4):603-11.
208. Stein DJ. Classifying hypersexual disorders: Compulsive, impulsive, and addictive models. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2008;31(4):587-91.
209. Raymond NC, Coleman E, Miner MH. Psychiatric comorbidity and compulsive/impulsive traits in compulsive sexual behavior. Compr Psychiatry2003;44(5):370-80.
210. Black DW. Compulsive buying disorder: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs 2001;15(1):17-27.
211. Black DW. Compulsive buying disorder: A review of the evidence. CNS Spectr 2007;12(2):124-32.
212. Krueger DW. On compulsive shopping and spending: A psychodynamic inquiry. Am J Psychother 1988;42(4):574-84.
213. Clark M, Calleja K. Shopping addiction: A preliminary investigation among Maltese university students. Addict Res Theory 2008 Dec;16(6):633-49.
214. Elliott R. Addictive consumption: Function and fragmentation in postmodernity. Journal of Consumer Policy 1994;17(2):159-79.
215. Rodriguez-Villarino R, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Lameiras-Fernandez M, Foltz ML. Individual factors associated with buying addiction: An empirical study. Addict Res Theory 2006;14(5):511-25.
216. Scherhorn GRLA&RG. Addictive buying in West Germany: An empirical study. Journal of Consumer Policy 1990;13(4):355-87.
217. Wang CC, Yang HW. Passion and dependency in online shopping activities. Cyberpsychol Behav 2007;10(2):296-8.
218. Grusser SM, Thalemann C, Albrecht U. Excessive compulsive buying or behavioral addiction? A case study. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2004;116(5-6):201-4.
219. Rodriguez-Villarino R, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Lameiras-Fernandez M. Exploring the relationship between shopping addiction and other excessive behaviours: A pilot study. Adicciones 2005;17(3):231-40.
220. Faber RJ. Self-control and compulsive buying. In: Kasser T, Kanner AD, editors. Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003. p. 169-87.
221. Billieux J, Rochat L, Rebetez MML, Van Der Linden M. Are all facets of impulsivity related to self-reported compulsive buying behavior? Pers Individ Dif 2008;44(6):1432-42.
222. Faber RJ. Money changes everything: Compulsive buying from a biopsychosocial perspective. Am Behav Sci 1992;35(6):809-19.
223. Faber RJ, Christenson GA, de Zwaan M, Mitchell J. Two forms of compulsive consumption: Comorbidity of compulsive buying and binge eating. J Consum Res 1995;22(3):296-304.
224. Christenson GA, Faber RJ, Mitchell JE. Compulsive buying: Descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity: Dr. Christenson and colleagues reply. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55(12):545-6.
225. Christenson GA, Faber RJ, de Zwaan M, Raymond NC. Compulsive buying: Descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55(1):5-11.
226. Hartston HJ, Koran LM. Impulsive behavior in a consumer culture. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2002;6(2):65-8.
227. McElroy SL, Keck PE, Phillips KA. Kleptomania, compulsive buying, and binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(Suppl 4):14-26.
228. Muller A, Reinecker H, Jacobi C, Reisch L, de Zwaan M. Pathological Buying - A Literature Review. Psychiatrische Praxis 2005;32(1):3-12.
229. Tavares H, Lobo DS, Fuentes D, Black DW. Compulsive buying disorder: A review and a case vignette. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2008;30(Suppl 1):516-23.
230. Fishbain DA. Do compulsive buyers and kleptomaniacs share identical characteristics? J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55(12):545-6.
231. Frost RO, Steketee G, Williams L. Compulsive buying, compulsive hoarding, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther 2002;33(2):201-14.
232. Lejoyeux M, Bailly F, Moula H, Loi S, Ades J. Study of compulsive buying in patients presenting obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry2005;46(2):105-10.
233. Lee S, Mysyk A. The medicalization of compulsive buying. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(9):1709-18.
234. Garcia I. Compulsive buying: An irresistible impulse or a reflection of personal values? Revista de Psicologia Social 2007;22(2):125-36.
235. Babbar J. Compulsive buying: A culture bound disorder? Int J Soc Psychiatry 2007;53(2):189-90.
236. Lee SH, Lennon SJ, Rudd NA. Compulsive consumption tendencies among television shoppers. Fam Consum Sci Res J 2000;28(4):163-488.
237. O'Guinn TC, Faber RJ. Compulsive buying: A phenomenological exploration. J Consum Res 1989;16(2):147-57.
238. Kyrios M, Frost RO, Steketee G. Cognitions in compulsive buying and acquisition. Cognit Ther Res 2004;28(2):241-58.
239. d'Astous A. An inquiry into the compulsive side of 'normal' consumers. Journal of Consumer Policy 1990;13(1):15-31.
240. Dittmar H. Understanding and diagnosing compulsive buying. In: Coombs RH, editor. Handbook of addictive disorders: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2004. p. 411-50.
241. Dittmar H. A new look at compulsive buying: Self-discrepancies and materialistic values as predictors of compulsive buying tendency. J Soc Clin Psychol 2005;24(6):832-59.
242. Dittmar H. Compulsive buying-a growing concern? An examination of gender, age, and endorsement of materialistic values as predictors. Br J Psychol 2005;96(4):467-91.
243. Dell'Osso B, Allen A, Altamura AC, Buoli M, Hollander E. Impulsive-compulsive buying disorder: Clinical overview. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(4):259-66.
244. Hassay DN, Smith MC. Compulsive buying: An examination of the consumption motive. Psychology & Marketing 1996;13(8):741-52.
245. Valence G, D'Astous A, Fortier L. Compulsive buying: Concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Policy 1988;11(4):419-33.
246. Nataraajan R, Goff BG. Compulsive buying: Toward a reconceptualization. J Soc Behav Pers 1991;6(6):307-28.
247. Swan-Kremeier LA, Mitchell JE, Faber RJ. Compulsive buying: A disorder of compulsivity or impulsivity? In: Abramowitz JS, Houts AC, editors. Concepts and controversies in obsessive-compulsive disorder.New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2005. p. 185-90.
248. Ng WH, Sorensen KL, Feldman DC. Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. J Organ Behav 2007;28(1):111-36.
249. Porter G, Kakabadse NK. HRM perspectives on addiction to technology and work. Journal of Management Development 2006;25(6):553-60.
250. Robinson BE. A typology of workaholics with implications for counselors. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling 2000;21(1):34-48.
251. Spence JT, Robbins AS. Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary results. J Pers Assess 1992;58(1):160-78.
252. M. Workaholism is still a useful construct. Addict Res Theory2005 Apr;97-100.
253. Holland DW. Work addiction: Costs and solutions for individuals, relationships and organizations. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 2007;22(4):1-15.
254. Piotrowski C, Vodanovich SJ. The workaholism syndrome: An emerging issue in the psychological literature. Instructional Psychology 2008;35(1):103-5.
255. Jimenez BM, Herrer MG, Hernandez EG, Carvajal RR. Addiction to work. Psicologia Conductual Revista Internacional de Psicologia Clinica de las Salud 2005;13(3):417-28.
256. Quiceno JM, Alpi SV. Addiction to work: Workaholism. Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica 2007;16(2):135-42.
257. Snir R, Zohar D. Workaholism as discretionary time investment at work: An experience-sampling study. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2008;57(1):109-27.
258. Douglas EJ, Morris RJ. Workaholic, or just hard worker? Career Development International 2006;11(5):394-417.
259. Peiperl M, Jones B. Workaholics and overworkers: Productivity or pathology? Group & Organization Management 2001;26(3):369-93.
260. Aziz S, Zickar MJ. A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. J Occup Health Psychol 2006;11(1):52-62.
261. Scott KS, Moore KS, Miceli MP. An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations 1997 Mar;50(3):287-314.
262. Harpaz I, Snir R. Workaholism: Its definition and nature. Human Relations 2003;56(3):291-319.
263. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical nanual of mental disorders. IV-TR ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
264. Fineberg NA, Potenza MN, Chamberlain SR, Berlin HA, Menzies L, Bechara A, et al. Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: A narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;35(3):591-604.
265. Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, van den Brink W. Pathological gambling: A comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004;28(2):123-41.
266. Lobo DS, Kennedy JL. The genetics of gambling and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectr 2006;11(12):931-9.
267. Moreyra P, Ibanez A, Liebowitz MR, Saiz-Ruiz J, Blanco C. Pathological gambling: Addiction or obsession? Psychiatr Ann 2002;32(3):161-6.
268. Nabelek L, Vongrej J. Neurobehavioural model of pathological gambling. Ceska a Slovenska Psychiatrie 2003;99(2):89-95.
269. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L, DeCaria C, Hollander E. Serotonin dysfunction in pathological gamblers: Increased prolactin response to oral m-CPP versus placebo. CNS Spectr 2006;11(12):956-64.
270. Potenza MN. Should addictive disorders include non-substancerelated conditions? Addiction 2006;101(Suppl):142-51.
271. Potenza MN. Review. The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: An overview and new findings. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci2008;363(1507):3181-9.
272. Potenza MN, Fiellin DA, Heninger GR, Rounsaville BJ, Mazure CM. Gambling. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17(9):721-32.
273. Potenza MN. The neurobiology of pathological gambling. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatr 2001;6(3):217-26.
274. Grant JE, Potenza MN. Tobacco use and pathological gambling. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17(4):237-41.
275. Tavares H, Zilberman ML, Hodgins DC, el-Guebaly N. Comparison of craving between pathological gamblers and alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005 Aug;29(8):1427-31.
276. Chamberlain L. Understanding and diagnosing compulsive gambling. In: Coombs RH, editor. Handbook of Addictive Disorders: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. p. 129-60.
277. R. Gambling: The Hidden Addiction. Can J Psychiatry 2004 Aug;501-503.
278. Parke J, Griffiths M. Gambling addiction and the evolution of the near miss. Addict Res Theory2004;407-411.
279. Blume SB. Pathological gambling and switching addictions: Report of a case. J Gambl Stud 1994;10(1):87-96.
280. Dickerson M. The evolving contribution of gambling research to addiction theory. Addiction 2003;98(6):709.
281. King SA, Barak AZY. Compulsive Internet gambling: A new form of an old clinical pathology. Cyberpsychol Behav 1999;2(5):441-56.
282. Procopio M. Pathological gambling and cross-addiction. Can J Psychiatry 2005;50(5):302-3.
283. Shaffer HJ. Strange bedfellows: A critical view of pathological gambling and addiction. Addiction 1999;94(10):1445-8.
284. Toce-Gerstein M, Gerstein DR, Volberg RA. Where to draw the line? Response to comments on 'a hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community'. Addiction 2003;98(12):1678-9.
285. Shaffer H, Toneatto T, Ladouceur R. Reply: Pathological gambling and cross-addiction. Can J Psychiatry 2005;50(5):303.
286. Maccallum F, Blaszczynski A. Pathological gambling and comorbid substance use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002;36(3):411-5.
287. Grant JE, Potenza MN. Pathological gambling and other behavioral addictions. In: Frances RJ, Miller SI, Mack AH, editors. Clinical textbook of addictive disorders.New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2005. p. 303-20.
288. Hollander E, Buchalter AJ, Decaria CM. Pathological gambling. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23(3):629-42.
289. Ibanez A, Blanco C, Perez de Castro I, Fernandez-Piqueras J, Saiz- Ruiz J. Genetics of pathological gambling. J Gambl Stud 2003;19(1):11-22.
290. Ibanez A, Blanco C, Saiz-Ruiz J. Neurobiology and genetics of pathological gambling. Psychiatr Ann 2002;32(3):181-5.
291. Nower L, Blaszczynski A. Impulsivity and pathological gambling: A descriptive model. International Gambling Studies 2006;6(1):61-75.
292. Lesieur HR, Rosenthal RJ. Pathological gambling: A review of the literature (prepared for the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on DSM-IV Committee on Disorders of Impulse Control not elsewhere classified). J Gambl Stud 1991;7(1):5-39.
293. Blaszczynski A. Pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Psychol Rep 1999;84(1):107-13.
294. Frost RO, Meagher BM, Riskind JH. Obsessive-compulsive features in pathological lottery and scratch-ticket gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2001;17(1):5-19.
295. Reith G. Consumption and its discontents: Addiction, identity and the problems of freedom. Br J Sociol 2004;55(2):283-300.
296. Suissa AJ. Gambling addiction as an individual pathology: A commentary. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4(3):195-9.
297. Rosecrance J. Compulsive gambling and the medicalization of deviance. Soc Probl 1985;32(3):275-84.
298. Shaffer HJ, Kidman R. Shifting perspectives on gambling and addiction. J Gambl Stud 2003;19(1):1-6.
299. Orford J, McCartney J. Is excessive gambling seen as a form of dependence? Evidence from the community and the clinic. J Gambl Stud 1990;6(2):139-52.
300. Cantinotti M, Ladouceur R, Jacques C. Lay and scientific conceptualizations of impaired control at electronic gambling machines. Addict Res Theory2009;17(6):650-67.
301. Blanco C, Moreyra P, Nunes EV, Saiz-Ruiz J, Ibanez A. Pathological gambling: Addiction or compulsion? Semin Clin Neuropsychiatr 2001;6(3):167-76.
302. Blaszczynski A, Nower L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction 2002;97(5):487-99.
303. Anholt GE, Emmelkamp PMG, Cath DC, van Oppen P, Nelissen H, Smit JH. Do patients with OCD and pathological gambling have similar dysfunctional cognitions? Behav Res Ther 2004;42(5):529-37.
304. Petry NM. Validity of a gambling scale for the Addiction Severity Index. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003;191(6):399-407.
305. Petry NM. Pathological gambling and the DSM-V. International Gambling Studies 2010; 10(2): 113-5.
306. Lejoyeux M, Weinstein A. Compulsive buying. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010;36(5):248-53.
307. Hyman SE. The diagnosis of mental disorders: The problem of reification. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2010;6:155-79.
308. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(4):636-45.
309. Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, Mattos P, Versiani M. Obsessivecompulsive disorder and its potential implications for treatment. Current Psychiatry Reviews 2010; 2(1): 11-26.
310. Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. Genomics of addiction. Current Psychiatry Reviews 2010; 6(2): 122-34.
311. Strauss ME, Smith GT. Construct validity: Advances in theory and methodology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2009;5:1-25.
312. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Science of addiction. [homepage on the Internet]. National Institute on Drug Abuse [cited 2010 November 26]. Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/-ScienceofAddiction/addiction.html
313. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. IV-TR ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
314. Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine. Definitions. Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine website 2010 [cited November 26]. Available from: http://www.csam.org/non_member/definitions/
315. Principles of Addiction Medicine. 4 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
316. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision). [homepage on the Internet]. World Health [cited 2010 November 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/