A review of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and therapeutic strategies

Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Hayes Jr, Don ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; HUMAN; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; RECURRENT DISEASE; REOPERATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; RECURRENCE; REOPERATION; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79960555865     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498090     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-92     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Hopkins PM, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN, Malouf MA, Plit ML, Rainer SP, Glanville AR. Prospective analysis of 1,235 transbronchial lung biopsies in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002, 21:1062-7. 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00442-4, 12398870.
2. Arcasoy SM, Kotloff RM. Lung transplantation. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1081-91. 10.1056/NEJM199904083401406, 10194239.
3. Verleden GM. Chronic allograft rejection (obliterative bronchiolitis). Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 22:551-8. 10.1055/s-2001-18427, 16088701.
4. Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Aurora P, Dobbels F, Kirk R, Rahmel AO, Stehlik J, Hertz MI. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-seventh official adult lung and heart-lung transplant report--2010. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010, 29:1104-18. 10.1016/j.healun.2010.08.004, 20870165.
5. Estenne M, Maurer JR, Boehler A, Egan JJ, Frost A, Hertz M, Mallory GB, Snell GI, Yousem S. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: an update of the diagnostic criteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002, 21:297-310. 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00398-4, 11897517.
6. Estenne M, Hertz MI. Bronchiolitis obliterans after human lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:440-4. 10.1164/rccm.200201-003PP, 12186817.
7. Yousem SA, Berry GJ, Cagle PT, Chamberlain D, Husain AN, Hruban RH, Marchevsky A, Ohori NP, Ritter J, Stewart S, Tazelaar HD. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the classification of pulmonary allograft rejection: Lung Rejection Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996, 15:1-15.
8. Stewart S, Fishbein MC, Snell GI, Berry GJ, Boehler A, Burke MM, Glanville A, Gould FK, Magro C, Marboe CC, McNeil KD, Reed EF, Reinsmoen NL, Scott JP, Studer SM, Tazelaar HD, Wallwork JL, Westall G, Zamora MR, Zeevi A, Yousem SA. Revision of the 1996 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26:1229-42. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.10.017, 18096473.
9. Heng D, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wreghitt T, Wallwork J. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998, 17:1255-63.
10. Verleden GM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE. Is it bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or is it chronic rejection: a reappraisal?. Eur Respir J 2005, 25:221-4. 10.1183/09031936.05.00057404, 15684284.
11. Burton CM, Carlsen J, Mortensen J, Andersen CB, Milman N, Iversen M. Long-term survival after lung transplantation depends on development and severity of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26:681-6. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.04.004, 17613397.
12. Yousem SA, Duncan SR, Griffith BP. Interstitial and airspace granulation tissue reactions in lung transplant recipients. Am J Surg Pathol 1992, 16:877-84. 10.1097/00000478-199209000-00006, 1415906.
13. Cooper JD, Billingham M, Egan T, Hertz MI, Higenbottam T, Lynch J, Mauer J, Paradis I, Patterson GA, Smith C, Trulock EP, Vreim C, Yousem S. A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature and for clinical staging of chronic dysfunction in lung allografts. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993, 12:713-6.
14. Jackson CH, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Acute and chronic onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS): are they different entities?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002, 21:658-66. 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00381-9, 12057699.
15. Knoop C, Estenne M. Acute and chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 27:521-33. 10.1055/s-2006-954609, 17072800.
16. Lama VN, Murray S, Lonigro RJ, Toews GB, Chang A, Lau C, Flint A, Chan KM, Martinez FJ. Course of FEV(1) after onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:1192-8. 10.1164/rccm.200609-1344OC, 1899272, 17347496.
17. de Jong PA, Dodd JD, Coxson HO, Storness-Bliss C, Paré PD, Mayo JR, Levy RD. Bronchiolitis obliterans following lung transplantation: early detection using computed tomographic scanning. Thorax 2006, 61:799-804. 10.1136/thx.2005.053249, 2117084, 16670170.
18. Bankier AA, Van Muylem A, Knoop C, Estenne M, Gevenois PA. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in heart-lung transplant recipients: diagnosis with expiratory CT. Radiology 2001, 218:533-9.
19. Boehler A, Kesten S, Weder W, Speich R. Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation: a review. Chest 1998, 114:1411-26. 10.1378/chest.114.5.1411, 9824023.
20. Girgis RE, Tu I, Berry GJ, Reichenspurner H, Valentine VG, Conte JV, Ting A, Johnstone I, Miller J, Robbins RC, Reitz BA, Theodore J. Risk factors for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996, 15:1200-8.
21. Kroshus TJ, Kshettry VR, Savik K, John R, Hertz MI, Bolman RM. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 114:195-202. 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70144-2, 9270635.
22. Husain AN, Siddiqui MT, Holmes EW, Chandrasekhar AJ, McCabe M, Radvany R, Garrity ER. Analysis of risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:829-33.
23. Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans: a systematic review of recent publications. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002, 21:271-81. 10.1016/S1053-2498(01)00360-6, 11834356.
24. Corris PA. Lung transplantation. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2003, 13(3):543-557.
25. Burton CM, Iverson M, Carlsen J, Mortesen J, Anderson CB, Steinbrüchel D, Scheike T. Acute cellular rejection is a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome independent of post-transplant baseline FEV1. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28(9):888-893.
26. Hachem RR, Khalifah AP, Chakinala MM, Yusen RD, Aloush AA, Mohanakumar T, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Walter MJ. The significance of a single episode of minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005, 80:1406-13. 10.1097/01.tp.0000181161.60638.fa, 16340783.
27. Valentine VG, Gupta MR, Walker JE, Seoane L, Bonvillain RW, Lombard GA, Weill D, Dhillon GS. Effect of etiology and timing of respiratory tract infections on development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28:163-9. 10.1016/j.healun.2008.11.907, 19201342.
28. Kotsimbos TC, Snell GI, Levvey B, Spelman DW, Fuller AJ, Wesselingh SL, Williams TJ, Ostergaard L. Chlamydia pneumoniae serology in donors and recipients and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005, 79:269-75. 10.1097/01.TP.0000149839.87843.64, 15699755.
29. Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Huang C, Ardehali A, Gregson AL, Kubak B, Fishbein MC, Saggar R, Keane MP, Saggar R, Lynch JP, Zisman DA, Ross DJ, Belperio JA. Aspergillus Colonization of the Lung Allograft Is a Risk Factor for Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. Am J Transplant 2009, 9:1903-11. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02635.x, 19459819.
30. McManus TE, Milne DG, Whyte KF, Wilsher ML. Exudative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27:276-81. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.12.010, 18342749.
31. Hadjiliadis D, Chaparro C, Gutierrez C, Steele MP, Singer LG, Davis RD, Waddell TK, Hutcheon MA, Palmer SM, Keshavjee S. Impact of lung transplant operation on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Transplant 2006, 6:183-9. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01159.x, 16433773.
32. Vilchez RA, Dauber J, McCurry K, Iacono A, Kusne S. Parainfluenza virus infection in adult lung transplant recipients: an emergent clinical syndrome with implications on allograft function. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:116-20. 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00024.x, 12603206.
33. Kumar D, Erdman D, Keshavjee S, Peret T, Tellier R, Hadjiliadis D, Johnson G, Ayers M, Siegal D, Humar A. Clinical impact of community-acquired respiratory viruses on bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2031-6. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00971.x, 15996256.
34. Khalifah AP, Hachem RR, Chakinala MM, Schechtman KB, Patterson GA, Schuster DP, Mohanakumar T, Trulock EP, Walter MJ. Respiratory viral infections are a distinct risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and death. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:181-7. 10.1164/rccm.200310-1359OC, 15130908.
35. Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Leuchte H, Schwaiblmair M, Bittmann I, Jaeger G, Hatz R, Frey L, Uberfuhr P, Reichart B, Behr J. Munich Lung Transplant Group. Human herpesvirus 6 in bronchalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome?. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2982-91. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01103.x, 16303014.
36. Glanville AR, Scott AI, Morton JM, Aboyoun CL, Plit ML, Carter IW, Malouf MA. Intravenous ribavirin is a safe and cost-effective treatment for respiratory syncytial virus infection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005, 24:2114-9. 10.1016/j.healun.2005.06.027, 16364859.
37. Keenan RJ, Lega ME, Dummer JS, Paradis IL, Dauber JH, Rabinowich H, Yousem SA, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP, Duquesnoy RJ, Zeevi A. Cytomegalovirus serologic status and postoperative infection correlated with risk of developing chronic rejection after pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation 1991, 51:433-8. 10.1097/00007890-199102000-00032, 1847251.
38. Smith MA, Sundaresan S, Mohanakumar T, Trulock EP, Lynch JP, Phelan DL, Cooper JD, Patterson GA. Effect of development of antibodies to HLA and cytomegalovirus mismatch on lung transplantation survival and development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998, 116:812-20. 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)00444-9, 9806388.
39. Tamm M, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN, Rainer S, Malouf MA, Glanville AR. Treated cytomegalovirus pneumonia is not associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:1120-3. 10.1164/rccm.200310-1405OC, 15297275.
40. Engelmann I, Welte T, Fühner T, Simon AR, Mattner F, Hoy L, Schulz TF, Gottlieb J. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in peripheral blood is associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Clin Virol 2009, 45:47-53. 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.02.005, 19303808.
41. Fiser SM, Tribble CG, Long SM, Kaza AK, Kern JA, Jones DR, Robbins MK, Kron IL. Ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation increases risk of late bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 73:1041-7. 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)03606-2, 11996238.
42. Whitson BA, Prekker ME, Herrington CS, Whelan TP, Radosevich DM, Hertz MI, Dahlberg PS. Primary graft dysfunction and long-term pulmonary function after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26:1004-11. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.07.018, 17919620.
43. Daud SA, Yusen RD, Meyers BF, Chakinala MM, Walter MJ, Aloush AA, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Hachem RR. Impact of immediate primary lung allograft dysfunction on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:507-13.
44. D'Ovidio F, Mura M, Tsang M, Waddell TK, Hutcheon MA, Singer LG, Hadjiliadis D, Chaparro C, Gutierrez C, Pierre A, Darling G, Liu M, Keshavjee S. Bile acid aspiration and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005, 129:1144-52. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.035, 15867792.
45. Blondeau K, Mertens V, Vanaudenaerde BA, Verleden GM, Van Raemdonck DE, Sifrim D, Dupont LJ. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection. Eur Respir J 2008, 31:707-13. 10.1183/09031936.00064807, 18057058.
46. Davis RD, Lau CL, Eubanks S, Messier RH, Hadjiliadis D, Steele MP, Palmer SM. Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 125:533-42. 10.1067/mtc.2003.166, 12658195.
47. Cantu E, Appel JZ, Hartwig MG, Woreta H, Green C, Messier R, Palmer SM, Davis RD. J. Maxwell Chamberlain Memorial Paper. Early fundoplication prevents chronic allograft dysfunction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2004, 78:1142-51. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.04.044, 15464462.
48. Palmer SM, Davis RD, Hadjiliadis D, Hertz MI, Howell DN, Ward FE, Savik K, Reinsmoen NL. Development of an antibody specific to major histocompatibility antigens detectable by flow cytometry after lung transplant is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2002, 74:799-804. 10.1097/00007890-200209270-00011, 12364858.
49. Girnita AL, Duquesnoy R, Yousem SA, Iacono AT, Corcoran TE, Buzoianu M, Johnson B, Spichty KJ, Dauber JH, Burckart G, Griffith BP, McCurry KR, Zeevi A. HLA-specific antibodies are risk factors for lymphocytic bronchiolitis and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:131-8. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00650.x, 15636621.
50. Schulman LL, Weinberg AD, McGregor C, Galantowicz ME, Suciu-Foca NM, Itescu S. Mismatches at the HLA-DR and HLA-B loci are risk factors for acute rejection after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:1833-7.
51. van den Berg JW, Hepkema BG, Geertsma A, Koëter GH, Postma DS, de Boer WJ, Lems SP, van der Bij W. Long-term outcome of lung transplantation is predicted by the number of HLA-DR mismatches. Transplantation 2001, 71:368-73. 10.1097/00007890-200102150-00005, 11233895.
52. Quantz MA, Bennett LE, Meyer DM, Novick RJ. Does human leukocyte antigen matching influence the outcome of lung transplantation? An analysis of 3,549 lung transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000, 19:473-9. 10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00081-4, 10808155.
53. Sumpter TL, Wilkes DS. Role of autoimmunity in organ allograft rejection: a focus on immunity to type V collagen in the pathogenesis of lung transplant rejection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004, 286:L1129-39. 10.1152/ajplung.00330.2003, 15136293.
54. Cairn J, Yek T, Banner NR, Khaghani A, Hodson ME, Yacoub M. Time-related changes in pulmonary function after conversion to tacrolimus in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003, 22:50-7. 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00548-X, 12531413.
55. Whyte RI, Rossi SJ, Mulligan MS, Florn R, Baker L, Gupta S, Martinez FJ, Lynch JP. Mycophenolate mofetil for obliterative bronchiolitis syndrome after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 64:945-8. 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00845-X, 9354506.
56. Hachem RR, Yusen RD, Chakinala MM, Meyers BF, Lynch JP, Aloush AA, Patterson GA, Trulock EP. A randomized controlled trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26:1012-8. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.07.027, 17919621.
57. Revell MP, Lewis ME, Llewellyn-Jones CG, Wilson IC, Bonser RS. Conservation of small-airway function by tacrolimus/cyclosporine conversion in the management of bronchiolitis obliterans following lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000, 19:1219-23. 10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00206-0, 11124493.
58. Verleden GM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck D, Vanhaecke J. Effect of switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in patients with chronic rejection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003, 22:908-13. 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00815-X, 12909472.
59. Iacono AT, Johnson BA, Grgurich WF, Youssef JG, Corcoran TE, Seiler DA, Dauber JH, Smaldone GC, Zeevi A, Yousem SA, Fung JJ, Burckart GJ, McCurry KR, Griffith BP. A randomized trial of inhaled cyclosporine in lung-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:141-50. 10.1056/NEJMoa043204, 16407509.
60. Groves S, Galazka M, Johnson B, Corcoran T, Verceles A, Britt E, Todd N, Griffith B, Smaldone GC, Iacono A. Inhaled cyclosporine and pulmonary function in lung transplant recipients. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010, 23:31-9. 10.1089/jamp.2009.0748, 3145164, 19580368.
61. Iacono AT, Corcoran TE, Griffith BP, Grgurich WF, Smith DA, Zeevi A, Smaldone GC, McCurry KR, Johnson BA, Dauber JH. Aerosol cyclosporin therapy in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans. Eur Respir J 2004, 23:384-90. 10.1183/09031936.04.00058504, 15065826.
62. Hayes D, Zwischenberger JB, Mansour HM. Aerosolized tacrolimus: a case report in a lung transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 2010, 42:3876-9. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.08.029, 21094875.
63. Reams BD, Musselwhite LW, Zaas DW, Steele MP, Garantziotis S, Eu PC, Snyder LD, Curl J, Lin SS, Davis RD, Palmer SM. Alemtuzumab in the treatment of refractory acute rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after human lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007, 7:2802-8. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02000.x, 17924993.
64. Gerhardt SG, McDyer JF, Girgis RE, Conte JV, Yang SC, Orens JB. Maintenance azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168:121-5. 10.1164/rccm.200212-1424BC, 12672648.
65. Verleden GM, Dupont LJ. Azithromycin therapy for patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2004, 77:1465-7. 10.1097/01.TP.0000122412.80864.43, 15167610.
66. Yates B, Murphy DM, Forrest IA, Ward C, Rutherford RM, Fisher AJ, Lordan JL, Dark JH, Corris PA. Azithromycin reverses airflow obstruction in established bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:772-5. 10.1164/rccm.200411-1537OC, 15976371.
67. Gottlieb J, Szangolies J, Koehnlein T, Golpon H, Simon A, Welte T. Long-term azithromycin for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2008, 85:36-41. 10.1097/01.tp.0000295981.84633.bc, 18192909.
68. Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Samweber B, Leuschner S, Zimmermann G, Leuchte H, Baumgartner R, Hatz R, Frey L, Ueberfuhr P, Bittmann I, Behr J, . Munich Lung Transplant Group Prognostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in stable lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28:468-74. 10.1016/j.healun.2009.01.014, 19416775, Munich Lung Transplant Group.
69. Johnson BA, Iacono AT, Zeevi A, McCurry KR, Duncan SR. Statin use is associated with improved function and survival of lung allografts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:1271-8. 10.1164/rccm.200205-410OC, 12615629.
70. O'Hagan AR, Stillwell PC, Arroliga A, Koo A. Photopheresis in the treatment of refractory bronchiolitis obliterans complicating lung transplantation. Chest 1999, 115:1459-62. 10.1378/chest.115.5.1459, 10334173.
71. Salerno CT, Park SJ, Kreykes NS, Kulick DM, Savik K, Hertz MI, Bolman RM. Adjuvant treatment of refractory lung transplant rejection with extracorporeal photopheresis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999, 117:1063-9. 10.1016/S0022-5223(99)70241-2, 10343253.
72. Meloni F, Cascina A, Miserere S, Perotti C, Vitulo P, Fietta AM. Peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) TREG cell counts and the response to extracorporeal photopheresis in lung transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2007, 39:213-7. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.10.227, 17275508.
73. George JF, Gooden CW, Guo L, Kirklin JK. Role for CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in inhibition of graft rejection by extracorporeal photopheresis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27:616-22. 10.1016/j.healun.2008.02.015, 18503960.
74. Benden C, Speich R, Hofbauer GF, Irani S, Eich-Wanger C, Russi EW, Weder W, Boehler A. Extracorporeal photopheresis after lung transplantation: a 10-year single-center experience. Transplantation 2008, 86:1625-7. 10.1097/TP.0b013e31818bc024, 19077900.
75. Morrell MR, Despotis GJ, Lublin DM, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Hachem RR. The efficacy of photopheresis for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010, 29:424-31. 10.1016/j.healun.2009.08.029, 19853479.
76. Lee JC, Christie JD, Keshavjee S. Primary graft dysfunction: definition, risk factors, short- and long-term outcomes. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 31:161-71. 10.1055/s-0030-1249111, 20354929.
77. Jain R, Hachem RR, Morrell MR, Trulock EP, Chakinala MM, Yusen RD, Huang HJ, Mohanakumar T, Patterson GA, Walter MJ. Azithromycin is associated with increased survival in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010, 29:531-7. 10.1016/j.healun.2009.12.003, 2854291, 20133163.
78. Siegel MJ, Bhalla S, Gutierrez FR, Hildebolt C, Sweet S. Post-lung transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: usefulness of expiratory thin-section CT for diagnosis. Radiology 2001, 220:455-62.
79. Choi YW, Rossi SE, Palmer SM, DeLong D, Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients: correlation of computed tomography findings with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome stage. J Thorac Imaging 2003, 18:72-9. 10.1097/00005382-200304000-00003, 12700480.
80. Miller WT, Kotloff RM, Blumenthal NP, Aronchick JM, Gefter WB, Miller WT. Utility of high resolution computed tomography in predicting bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following lung transplantation: preliminary findings. J Thorac Imaging 2001, 16:76-80. 10.1097/00005382-200104000-00002, 11292208.
81. Konen E, Gutierrez C, Chaparro C, Murray CP, Chung T, Crossin J, Hutcheon MA, Paul NS, Weisbrod GL. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients: can thin-section CT findings predict disease before its clinical appearance?. Radiology 2004, 231:467-73. 10.1148/radiol.2312030563, 15128992.
82. Verleden GM, Vanaudenaerde BM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE. Azithromycin reduces airway neutrophilia and interleukin-8 in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:566-70. 10.1164/rccm.200601-071OC, 16741151.
83. Vos R, Blondeau K, Vanaudenaerde BM, Mertens V, Van Raemdonck DE, Sifrim D, Dupont LJ, Verleden GM. Airway colonization and gastric aspiration after lung transplantation: do birds of a feather flock together?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27:843-9. 10.1016/j.healun.2008.05.022, 18656796.
84. Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Geudens N, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Verleden GM. Pseudomonal airway colonisation: risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation?. Eur Respir J 2008, 31:1037-45. 10.1183/09031936.00128607, 18256072.
85. Botha P, Archer L, Anderson RL, Lordan J, Dark JH, Corris PA, Gould K, Fisher AJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2008, 85:771-4. 10.1097/TP.0b013e31816651de, 18337673.
86. Novick RJ, Schäfers HJ, Stitt L, Andréassian B, Klepetko W, Hardesty RL, Frost A. Patterson GA Seventy-two pulmonary retransplantations for obliterative bronchiolitis: predictors of survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1995, 60:111-6.
87. Novick RJ, Schäfers HJ, Stitt L, Andréassian B, Duchatelle JP, Klepetko W, Hardesty RL, Frost A, Patterson GA. Recurrence of obliterative bronchiolitis and determinants of outcome in 139 pulmonary retransplant recipients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995, 110:1402-13. discussion 1413-4, 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70063-3, 7475192.
88. Novick RJ, Stitt LW, Al-Kattan K, Klepetko W, Schäfers HJ, Duchatelle JP, Khaghani A, Hardesty RL, Patterson GA, Yacoub MH. Pulmonary retransplantation: predictors of graft function and survival in 230 patients. Pulmonary Retransplant Registry. Ann Thorac Surg 1998, 65:227-34. 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)01191-0, 9456123.
89. Kawut SM, Lederer DJ, Keshavjee S, Wilt JS, Daly T, D'Ovidio F, Sonett JR, Arcasoy SM, Barr ML. Outcomes after lung retransplantation in the modern era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177(1):114-20.
90. Brugière O, Thabut G, Castier Y, Mal H, Dauriat G, Marceau A, Lesèche G. Lung retransplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: long-term follow-up in a series of 15 recipients. Chest 2003, 123:1832-7. 10.1378/chest.123.6.1832, 12796157.
91. Martinu T, Howell DN, Davis RD, Steele MP, Palmer SM. Pathologic correlates of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in pulmonary retransplant recipients. Chest 2006, 129:1016-23. 10.1378/chest.129.4.1016, 16608952.
92. Strueber M, Fischer S, Gottlieb J, Simon AR, Goerler H, Gohrbandt B, Welte T, Haverich A. Long-term outcome after pulmonary retransplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006, 132:407-12. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.12.059, 16872970.
93. Aigner C, Jaksch P, Taghavi S, Lang G, Reza-Hoda MA, Wisser W, Klepetko W. Pulmonary retransplantation: is it worth the effort? A long-term analysis of 46 cases. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27:60-5. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.09.023, 18187088.
94. Osaki S, Maloney JD, Meyer KC, Cornwell RD, Edwards NM, De Oliveira NC. Redo lung transplantation for acute and chronic lung allograft failure: long-term follow-up in a single center. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008, 34:1191-7. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.052, 18774303.
95. Emaminia A, Hennessy SA, Hranjec T, Lapar DJ, Kozower BD, Jones DR, Kron IL, Lau CL. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome occurs earlier in the post-lung allocation score era. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011, 141:1278-82. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.12.025, 3117197, 21320711.