Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD)-The End Stage of Progressive Insulin Deficiency

Pediatric Pulmonology

Volumn 46, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 747-760

  Hameed, Shihab ^a,b   Jaffé, Adam ^a,b   Verge, Charles F ^a,b  

^a SYDNEY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

child; cystic fibrosis; cystic fibrosis related diabetes; diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CATECHOLAMINE; GLUCAGON; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HYDROCORTISONE; INCRETIN; INSULIN; INTERMEDIATE INSULIN; ISOPHANE INSULIN; LONG ACTING INSULIN; METFORMIN; REPAGLINIDE; SULFONYLUREA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 LIKE 2; TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BODY MASS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; CYSTIC FIBROSIS RELATED DIABETES; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE MODEL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOLLOW UP; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEFICIENCY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION; MICROANGIOPATHY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; ORGAN SIZE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PANCREAS ISLET; POLYDIPSIA; POLYURIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SIDE EFFECT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INSULIN; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; LUNG; MALE; PREVALENCE;

EID: 79960381615     PISSN: 87556863     EISSN: 10990496     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21495     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Shwachman HLH,. Mucoviscidosis. Adv Pediatr 1955; 7: 249-322.
2. Annual Report Data 1997: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry 1998.
3. Bellis G, Cazes MH, Parant A, Gaimard M, Travers C, Le Roux E, Ravilly S, Rault G,. Cystic fibrosis mortality trends in France. J Cyst Fibros 2007; 6: 179-186. (Pubitemid 46567783)
4. Falkmer S E-SM, Titlbach M, editors. Evolution of the neuroendocrine system in vertebrates: a review with particular rederence ot the phylogeny and postnatal maturation of the islet parenchyma. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1984.
5. Chan SJSD,. Insulin through the ages: phylogeny of a growth promoting and metabolic regulatory hormone. Am Zool 2000; 40: 213-222.
6. " The Discovery of Insulin". Nobelprize.org; 2009 [cited 2010 15 Aug 2010]; Available from:.
7. Swartz LM, Laffel LM,. A teenage girl with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, and cerebral edema. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 426-430.
8. Lanng S, Hansen A, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C,. Glucose tolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis: five year prospective study. BMJ 1995; 311: 655-659.
9. O'Riordan SM, Robinson PD, Donaghue KC, Moran A,. Management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10: 43-50.
10. Moran A, Brunzell C, Cohen RC, Katz M, Marshall BC, Onady G, Robinson KA, Sabadosa KA, Stecenko A, Slovis B,. Clinical Care Guidelines for Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a clinical practice guideline of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, endorsed by the Pediatric Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2697-2708.
11. Bennett PH, Burch TA, Miller M,. Diabetes mellitus in American (Pima) Indians. Lancet 1971; 2: 125-128.
12. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26:S5-S20.
13. Swobodnik W, Wolf A, Wechsler JG, Kleihauer E, Ditschuneit H,. Ultrasound characteristics of the pancreas in children with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Ultrasound 1985; 13: 469-474. (Pubitemid 16149545)
14. Shawker TH, Linzer M, Hubbard VS,. Chronic pancreatitis: the diagnostic significance of pancreatic size and echo amplitude. J Ultrasound Med 1984; 3: 267-272. (Pubitemid 14056255)
15. Wilson-Sharp RC, Irving HC, Brown RC, Chalmers DM, Littlewood JM,. Ultrasonography of the pancreas, liver, and biliary system in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 923-926. (Pubitemid 14018116)
16. Daneman A, Gaskin K, Martin DJ, Cutz E,. Pancreatic changes in cystic fibrosis: CT and sonographic appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 141: 653-655. (Pubitemid 13004546)
17. Lohr M, Goertchen P, Nizze H, Gould NS, Gould VE, Oberholzer M, Heitz PU, Kloppel G,. Cystic fibrosis associated islet changes may provide a basis for diabetes. An immunocytochemical and morphometrical study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1989; 414: 179-185. (Pubitemid 19045953)
18. Soejima K, Landing BH,. Pancreatic islets in older patients with cystic fibrosis with and without diabetes mellitus: morphometric and immunocytologic studies. Pediatr Pathol 1986; 6: 25-46. (Pubitemid 17015048)
19. Iannucci A, Mukai K, Johnson D, Burke B,. Endocrine pancreas in cystic fibrosis: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 278-284. (Pubitemid 15162478)
20. Couce M, O'Brien TD, Moran A, Roche PC, Butler PC,. Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis is characterized by islet amyloidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1267-1272. (Pubitemid 26084003)
21. Abdul-Karim FW, Dahms BB, Velasco ME, Rodman HM,. Islets of Langerhans in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis. A quantitative study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110: 602-606. (Pubitemid 16095580)
22. McKenzie MD, Jamieson E, Jansen ES, Scott CL, Huang DC, Bouillet P, Allison J, Kay TW, Strasser A, Thomas HE,. Glucose induces pancreatic islet cell apoptosis that requires the BH3-only proteins Bim and Puma and multi-BH domain protein Bax. Diabetes 2010; 59: 644-652.
23. Boom A, Lybaert P, Pollet JF, Jacobs P, Jijakli H, Golstein PE, Sener A, Malaisse WJ, Beauwens R,. Expression and localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the rat endocrine pancreas. Endocrine 2007; 32: 197-205. (Pubitemid 351378053)
24. Ali BR,. Is cystic fibrosis-related diabetes an apoptotic consequence of ER stress in pancreatic cells ? Med Hypotheses 2009; 72: 55-57.
25. Stalvey MS, Muller C, Schatz DA, Wasserfall CH, Campbell-Thompson ML, Theriaque DW, Flotte TR, Atkinson MA,. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator deficiency exacerbates islet cell dysfunction after beta-cell injury. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1939-1945. (Pubitemid 44509965)
26. Blackman SM, Hsu S, Vanscoy LL, Collaco JM, Ritter SE, Naughton K, Cutting GR,. Genetic modifiers play a substantial role in diabetes complicating cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1302-1309.
27. Blackman SM, Hsu S, Ritter SE, Naughton KM, Wright FA, Drumm ML, Knowles MR, Cutting GR,. A susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes confers substantial risk for diabetes complicating cystic fibrosis. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1858-1865.
28. Verge CF, Stenger D, Bonifacio E, Colman PG, Pilcher C, Bingley PJ, Eisenbarth GS,. Combined use of autoantibodies (IA-2 autoantibody, GAD autoantibody, insulin autoantibody, cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies) in type 1 diabetes: Combinatorial Islet Autoantibody Workshop. Diabetes 1998; 47: 1857-1866. (Pubitemid 28549191)
29. Minicucci L, Cotellessa M, Pittaluga L, Minuto N, d'Annunzio G, Avanzini MA, Lorini R,. Beta-cell autoantibodies and diabetes mellitus family history in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18: 755-760. (Pubitemid 41309338)
30. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Pociot F, Marshall MO, Madsen HO, Schwartz M, Nerup J, Koch C,. Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis: genetic and immunological markers. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 150-154. (Pubitemid 23101484)
31. Handwerger S, Roth J, Gorden P, Di Sant' Agnese P, Carpenter DF, Peter G,. Glucose intolerance in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1969; 281: 451-461.
32. Milner AD,. Blood glucose and serum insulin levels in children with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 351-355.
33. Lippe BM, Sperling MA, Dooley RR,. Pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 751-755. (Pubitemid 8082243)
34. Bismuth E, Laborde K, Taupin P, Velho G, Ribault V, Jennane F, Grasset E, Sermet I, de Blic J, Lenoir G, et al. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, morbidity, and death in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 540-545 5 e1.
35. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Roder ME, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Nerup J, Koch C,. Pancreas and gut hormone responses to oral glucose and intravenous glucagon in cystic fibrosis patients with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993; 128: 207-214. (Pubitemid 23100875)
36. Tofe S, Moreno JC, Maiz L, Alonso M, Escobar H, Barrio R,. Insulin-secretion abnormalities and clinical deterioration related to impaired glucose tolerance in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152: 241-247. (Pubitemid 40309571)
37. Mohan K, Miller H, Dyce P, Grainger R, Hughes R, Vora J, Ledson M, Walshaw M,. Mechanisms of glucose intolerance in cystic fibrosis. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 582-588.
38. Elder DA, Wooldridge JL, Dolan LM, D'Alessio DA,. Glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and no prior history of diabetes. J Pediatr 2007; 151: 653-658. (Pubitemid 350116132)
39. Hameed S, Morton JR, Jaffe A, Field PI, Belessis Y, Yoong T, Katz T, Verge CF,. Early glucose abnormalities in cystic fibrosis are preceded by poor weight gain. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 221-226.
40. Lombardo F, De Luca F, Rosano M, Sferlazzas C, Lucanto C, Arrigo T, Messina MF, Crisafulli G, Wasniewska M, Valenzise M, et al. Natural history of glucose tolerance, beta-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity in cystic fibrosis patients with fasting euglycemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149: 53-59. (Pubitemid 36874204)
41. Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA,. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1462-1470. (Pubitemid 29418240)
42. Ahmad T, Nelson R, Taylor R,. Insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin in cystic fibrosis. Metabolism 1994; 43: 163-167. (Pubitemid 24061847)
43. Hardin DS, Ahn C, Rice J, Rice M, Rosenblatt R,. Elevated gluconeogenesis and lack of suppression by insulin contribute to cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. J Investig Med 2008; 56: 567-573.
44. Yung B, Noormohamed FH, Kemp M, Hooper J, Lant AF, Hodson ME,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: the role of peripheral insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 221-226. (Pubitemid 34429653)
45. Moran A, Pyzdrowski KL, Weinreb J, Kahn BB, Smith SA, Adams KS, Seaquist ER,. Insulin sensitivity in cystic fibrosis. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1020-1026. (Pubitemid 24230707)
46. Hardin DS, Leblanc A, Marshall G, Seilheimer DK,. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E1022-E1028.
47. Adler AI, Shine BS, Chamnan P, Haworth CS, Bilton D,. Genetic determinants and epidemiology of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: results from a British cohort of children and adults. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1789-1794.
48. Preumont V, Hermans MP, Lebecque P, Buysschaert M,. Glucose homeostasis and genotype-phenotype interplay in cystic fibrosis patients with CFTR gene deltaF508 mutation. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1187-1192. (Pubitemid 46684646)
49. Rosenecker J, Eichler I, Kuhn L, Harms HK, von der Hardt H,. Multicenter Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Genetic determination of diabetes mellitus in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 441-443.
50. Marshall BC, Butler SM, Stoddard M, Moran AM, Liou TG, Morgan WJ,. Epidemiology of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. J Pediatr 2005; 146: 681-687. (Pubitemid 40616255)
51. Geffner ME, Lippe BM, Kaplan SA, Itami RM, Gillard BK, Levin SR, Taylor IL,. Carbohydrate tolerance in cystic fibrosis is closely linked to pancreatic exocrine function. Pediatr Res 1984; 18: 1107-1111. (Pubitemid 15215768)
52. Moran A, Dunitz J, Nathan B, Saeed A, Holme B, Thomas W,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: current trends in prevalence, incidence, and mortality. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1626-1631.
53. Casas L, Berry DR, Logan K, Copeland KC, Royall JA,. Cystic fibrosis related diabetes in an extremely young patient. J Cyst Fibros 2007; 6: 247-249. (Pubitemid 46567789)
54. Siahanidou T, Mandyla H, Doudounakis S, Anagnostakis D,. Hyperglycaemia and insulinopenia in a neonate with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94: 1837-1840. (Pubitemid 43155602)
55. Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Lauritano AA, Tamborlane WV,. Impaired insulin action in puberty. A contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 215-219. (Pubitemid 16097122)
56. Navas de Solis MS, Merino Torres JF, Mascarell Martinez I, Pinon Selles F,. Lung transplantation and the development of diabetes mellitus in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Arch Bronconeumol 2007; 43: 86-91. (Pubitemid 46374298)
57. Moran A, Hardin D, Rodman D, Allen H, Beall R, Borowitz D, Brunzell C III, Campbell P, Chesrown S, Duchow C, et al. Diagnosis, screening and management of cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus. A consensus conference report. Diabet Res Clin Pract [consensus report] 1999; 45: 61-73. (Pubitemid 29356125)
58. Moran A,. Endocrine complications of cystic fibrosis. Adolescent Medicine 2002; 13: 145.
59. Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM,. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 1996; 271: 665-668. (Pubitemid 26052915)
60. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R,. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367.
61. ClinicalTrials.gov. Cystic Fibrosis(CF) Exacerbation and Insulin Treatment. 2010 [cited 2011 22 Feb 2011]; Available from:.
62. Lanng S,. Glucose intolerance in cystic fibrosis patients. Paediatr Respir Rev 2001; 2: 253-259. (Pubitemid 34460746)
63. Moran A, Doherty L, Wang X, Thomas W,. Abnormal glucose metabolism in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1998; 133: 10-17. (Pubitemid 28323899)
64. Koch C, Rainisio M, Madessani U, Harms HK, Hodson ME, Mastella G, McKenzie SG, Navarro J, Strandvik B,. Presence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus is tightly linked to poor lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: data from the European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 32: 343-350. (Pubitemid 33015650)
65. Ripa P, Robertson I, Cowley D, Harris M, Masters IB, Cotterill AM,. The relationship between insulin secretion, the insulin-like growth factor axis and growth in children with cystic fibrosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56: 383-389. (Pubitemid 34310017)
66. Cheung MS, Bridges NA, Prasad SA, Francis J, Carr SB, Suri R, Balfour-Lynn IM,. Growth in children with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44: 1223-1225.
67. Costa M, Potvin S, Hammana I, Malet A, Berthiaume Y, Jeanneret A, Lavoie A, Levesque R, Perrier J, Poisson D, et al. Increased glucose excursion in cystic fibrosis and its association with a worse clinical status. J Cyst Fibros 2007; 6: 376-383. (Pubitemid 350028700)
68. Rosenecker J, Hofler R, Steinkamp G, Eichler I, Smaczny C, Ballmann M, Posselt HG, Bargon J, von der Hardt H,. Diabetes mellitus in patients with cystic fibrosis: the impact of diabetes mellitus on pulmonary function and clinical outcome. Eur J Med Res 2001; 6: 345-350.
69. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Erichsen G, Nerup J, Koch C,. Glucose tolerance in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 612-616.
70. Dobson L, Sheldon CD, Hattersley AT,. Conventional measures underestimate glycaemia in cystic fibrosis patients. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 691-696. (Pubitemid 38916212)
71. Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, England JD, Wilke AL, Rohlfing CL, Wians FH Jr, Jacobson JM, Zellmer V, Goldstein DE,. Interlaboratory standardization of measurements of glycohemoglobins. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 2472-2478. (Pubitemid 23006216)
72. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1327-1334.
73. Godbout A, Hammana I, Potvin S, Mainville D, Rakel A, Berthiaume Y, Chiasson JL, Coderre L, Rabasa-Lhoret R,. No relationship between mean plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabetes Metabol 2008; 34: 568-573.
74. Allen HF, Gay EC, Klingensmith GJ, Hamman RF,. Identification and treatment of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. A survey of current medical practice in the U.S. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 943-948. (Pubitemid 28488786)
75. Mohan K, Miller H, Burhan H, Ledson MJ, Walshaw MJ,. Management of cystic fibrosis related diabetes: a survey of UK cystic fibrosis centers. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43: 642-647. (Pubitemid 351957281)
76. Kerem E, Conway S, Elborn S, Heijerman H,. Standards of care for patients with cystic fibrosis: a European consensus. J Cyst Fibros 2005; 4: 7-26. (Pubitemid 40347773)
77. Milla CE, Billings J, Moran A,. Diabetes is associated with dramatically decreased survival in female but not male subjects with cystic fibrosis. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2141-2144. (Pubitemid 41242458)
78. Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Karamouzis M,. Insulin improves clinical status of patients with cystic-fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 515-519. (Pubitemid 32552133)
79. O'Riordan SM, Hindmarsh P, Hill NR, Matthews DR, George S, Greally P, Canny G, Slattery D, Murphy N, Roche E, et al. Validation of continuous glucose monitoring in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1020-1022.
80. Moreau F, Weiller MA, Rosner V, Weiss L, Hasselmann M, Pinget M, Kessler R, Kessler L,. Continuous glucose monitoring in cystic fibrosis patients according to the glucose tolerance. Horm Metab Res 2008; 40: 502-506.
81. Brennan AL, Gyi KM, Wood DM, Johnson J, Holliman R, Baines DL, Philips BJ, Geddes DM, Hodson ME, Baker EH,. Airway glucose concentrations and effect on growth of respiratory pathogens in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2007; 6: 101-109. (Pubitemid 46394299)
82. Jefferies C, Solomon M, Perlman K, Sweezey N, Daneman D,. Continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 396-398. (Pubitemid 41345774)
83. Schiaffini R, Brufani C, Russo B, Fintini D, Migliaccio A, Pecorelli L, Bizzarri C, Lucidi V, Cappa M,. Abnormal glucose tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis: the predictive role of continuous glucose monitoring system. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 705-710.
84. Palerm C, editor. Physiologic insulin delivery with insulin feedback: a control systems perspective. Proceedings of the 7th IFAC symposium on modelling and control in biomedical systems. 2009; Aalborg, Denmark.
85. Moran A, Pekow P, Grover P, Zorn M, Slovis B, Pilewski J, Tullis E, Liou T, Allen H, Graup CS,. Insulin therapy to improve BMI in cystic fibrosis related diabetes without fasting hyperglycemia: results of the CFRDT trial. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1783-1788.
86. Finkelstein SM, Wielinski CL, Elliott GR, Warwick WJ, Barbosa J, Wu SC, Klein DJ,. Diabetes mellitus associated with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1988; 112: 373-377. (Pubitemid 18079818)
87. van den Borst B, Gosker HR, Zeegers MP, Schols AM,. Pulmonary function in diabetes: a metaanalysis. Chest 2010; 138: 393-406.
88. Vracko R, Thorning D, Huang TW,. Basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and capillaries: quantitative changes with aging and in diabetes mellitus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 973-983. (Pubitemid 10218484)
89. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C,. Influence of the development of diabetes mellitus on clinical status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151: 684-687.
90. Rolon MA, Benali K, Munck A, Navarro J, Clement A, Tubiana-Rufi N, Czernichow P, Polak M,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus: clinical impact of prediabetes and effects of insulin therapy. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 860-867. (Pubitemid 32762829)
91. Milla CE, Warwick WJ, Moran A,. Trends in pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis correlate with the degree of glucose intolerance at baseline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 891-895.
92. Konstan MW, Morgan WJ, Butler SM, Pasta DJ, Craib ML, Silva SJ, Stokes DC, Wohl ME, Wagener JS, Regelmann WE, et al. Risk factors for rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in one second in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2007; 151: 134-139.
93. Lai HJ, Shoff SM, Farrell PM,. Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening G. Recovery of birth weight z score within 2 years of diagnosis is positively associated with pulmonary status at 6 years of age in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 714-722.
94. Sharma R, Florea VG, Bolger AP, Doehner W, Florea ND, Coats AJ, Hodson ME, Anker SD, Henein MY,. Wasting as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001; 56: 746-750. (Pubitemid 32917542)
95. Miller M, Ward L, Thomas BJ, Cooksley WG, Shepherd RW,. Altered body composition and muscle protein degradation in nutritionally growth-retarded children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 492-499. (Pubitemid 12002244)
96. Holt TL, Ward LC, Francis PJ, Isles A, Cooksley WG, Shepherd RW,. Whole body protein turnover in malnourished cystic fibrosis patients and its relationship to pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41: 1061-1066. (Pubitemid 15013433)
97. Hardin DS, Rice J, Rice M, Rosenblatt R,. Use of the insulin pump in treat cystic fibrosis related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2009; 8: 174-178.
98. Farrell PA, Fedele MJ, Vary TC, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS,. Effects of intensity of acute-resistance exercise on rates of protein synthesis in moderately diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 2291-2297. (Pubitemid 28558088)
99. Fauroux B, Hart N, Belfar S, Boule M, Tillous-Borde I, Bonnet D, Bingen E, Clement A,. Burkholderia cepacia is associated with pulmonary hypertension and increased mortality among cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5537-5541. (Pubitemid 39664333)
100. Courtney JM, Bradley J, McCaughan J, O'Connor TM, Shortt C, Bredin CP, Bradbury I, Elborn JS,. Predictors of mortality in adults with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42: 525-532. (Pubitemid 46870384)
101. Wood DM, Brennan AL, Philips BJ, Baker EH,. Effect of hyperglycaemia on glucose concentration of human nasal secretions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106: 527-533. (Pubitemid 38639557)
102. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C,. Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis: effect of insulin therapy on lung function and infections. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 849-853. (Pubitemid 24281615)
103. Franzese A, Spagnuolo MI, Sepe A, Valerio G, Mozzillo E, Raia V,. Can glargine reduce the number of lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes ? Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2333. (Pubitemid 41242497)
104. Mozzillo E, Franzese A, Valerio G, Sepe A, De Simone I, Mazzarella G, Ferri P, Raia V,. One-year glargine treatment can improve the course of lung disease in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and early glucose derangements. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10: 162-1627.
105. Rodman HM, Doershuk CF, Roland JM,. The interaction of 2 diseases: diabetes mellitus and cystic fibrosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986; 65: 389-397. (Pubitemid 17201720)
106. Sullivan MM, Denning CR,. Diabetic microangiopathy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 642-647. (Pubitemid 19237564)
107. Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Lund-Andersen C, Nerup J, Schiotz PO, Koch C,. Diabetes mellitus in Danish cystic fibrosis patients: prevalence and late diabetic complications. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 72-77. (Pubitemid 24072085)
108. Andersen HU, Lanng S, Pressler T, Laugesen CS, Mathiesen ER,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: the presence of microvascular diabetes complications. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2660-2663. (Pubitemid 44912195)
109. Schwarzenberg SJ, Thomas W, Olsen TW, Grover T, Walk D, Milla C, Moran A,. Microvascular complications in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1056-1061. (Pubitemid 46684624)
110. O'Riordan SM, Dattani MT, Hindmarsh PC,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in childhood. Horm Res Paediatr 2010; 73: 15-24.
111. Dobson L, Sheldon CD, Hattersley AT,. Understanding cystic-fibrosis- related diabetes: best thought of as insulin deficiency ? J R Soc Med 2004; 97: 26-35. (Pubitemid 38680171)
112. Andersen DH,. The present diagnosis and therapy of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Proc R Soc Med 1949; 42: 25-32.
113. Shepherd RW, Holt TL, Thomas BJ, Kay L, Isles A, Francis PJ, Ward LC,. Nutritional rehabilitation in cystic fibrosis: controlled studies of effects on nutritional growth retardation, body protein turnover, and course of pulmonary disease. J Pediatr 1986; 109: 788-794. (Pubitemid 17180580)
114. Dalzell AM, Shepherd RW, Dean B, Cleghorn GJ, Holt TL, Francis PJ,. Nutritional rehabilitation in cystic fibrosis: a 5 year follow-up study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992; 15: 141-145.
115. Rana M, Munns CF, Selvadurai H, Donaghue KC, Craig ME,. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in children-gaps in the evidence ? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6: 371-378.
116. Shah SC, Malone JI, Simpson NE,. A randomized trial of intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 550-554. (Pubitemid 19070538)
117. Gribble FM, Reimann F,. Differential selectivity of insulin secretagogues: mechanisms, clinical implications, and drug interactions. J Diabetes Complications 2003; 17: 11-15. DOI: 10.1016/S1056-8727(02)00272.-6. (Pubitemid 36293503)
118. Moran A, Phillips J, Milla C,. Insulin and glucose excursion following premeal insulin lispro or repaglinide in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1706-1710. (Pubitemid 33716470)
119. McDonough AK, Rosenthal RS, Cao X, Saag KG,. The effect of thiazolidinediones on BMD and osteoporosis. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 507-513.
120. Horton ES, Silberman C, Davis KL, Berria R,. Weight loss, glycemic control, and changes in cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving incretin therapies or insulin in a large cohort database. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1759-1765.
121. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
122. Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M, O'Connor D, Shaw J,. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD005103.
123. Weinzimer SA, Steil GM, Swan KL, Dziura J, Kurtz N, Tamborlane WV,. Fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery versus semiautomated hybrid control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes using an artificial pancreas. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 934-939.
124. Hovorka R, Allen JM, Elleri D, Chassin LJ, Harris J, Xing D, Kollman C, Hovorka T, Larsen AM, Nodale M, et al. Manual closed-loop insulin delivery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a phase 2 randomised crossover trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 743-751.
125. Dobson L, Hattersley AT, Tiley S, Elworthy S, Oades PJ, Sheldon CD,. Clinical improvement in cystic fibrosis with early insulin treatment. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 430-431. (Pubitemid 35252911)
126. Bizzarri C, Lucidi V, Ciampalini P, Bella S, Russo B, Cappa M,. Clinical effects of early treatment with insulin glargine in patients with cystic fibrosis and impaired glucose tolerance. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: RC1-RC4.