Palaeosol stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Bogda Mountains, NW China: Implications for palaeoenvironmental transition through earth's largest mass extinction

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 308, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 41-64

  Thomas, Stephanie G ^a   Tabor, Neil J ^a   Yang, Wan ^b   Myers, Timothy S ^a   Yang, Yi ^c   Wang, Dan ^d  

^a SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WICHITA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^d CNOOC RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (China)

Author keywords

Northwest China; Palaeoclimate; Palaeoprecipitation; Palaeosols; Pangaea; Permian Triassic boundary; Terrestrial

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CARBONATE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLAY; CLAY MINERAL; EVENT STRATIGRAPHY; HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM; MASS EXTINCTION; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOATMOSPHERE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOSOL; PANGAEA; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; SOIL MOISTURE; TETHYS; TYPE LOCALITY; VASCULAR PLANT;

BOGDA MOUNTAINS; CHINA; TIEN SHAN; XINJIANG UYGUR;

TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 79960353832     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.037     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Allen P.A. Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their routing systems. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2008, 296:7-28. K. Gallagher, S.J. Jones, J. Wainwright (Eds.).
2. Allen M.B., Sengör A.M.C., Natal'in B.A. Junggar, Turfan and Alakol basins as Late Permian to? Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistrial shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage, Central Asia. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1995, 152:327-338.
3. Arche A., López-Gómez J. Sudden changes in fluvial style across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the eastern Iberian Ranges, Spain: analysis of possible causes. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2005, 222:104-126.
4. Aslan A., Autin W.J. Holocene flood-plain soil formation in the southern lower Mississippi Valley: implications for interpreting alluvial paleosols. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1998, 100:433-449.
5. Becker L., Poreda R.J., Hung A.G., Bunch T.D., Rampino M. Permian-Triassic boundary: evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes. Science 2001, 291:1530-1533.
6. Berner R. Examination of hypotheses for the Permo-Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling. Proc. U.S. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99:4172-4177.
7. Bhattacharyya D.P., Kakimoto P.K. Origin of ferriferous ooids; an SEM study of ironstone ooids and bauxite pisoids. J. Sed. Res. 1982, 52:849-857.
8. Birkeland P. Soils and Geomorphology 1999, Oxford University Press, New York, 430 pp.
9. Bown T.M., Kraus M.J. Integration of channel and floodplain suites, I. Developmental sequence and lateral relations of alluvial paleosols. J. Sed. Petrol. 1987, 57:587-602.
10. Brewer R. Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils 1964, Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., Huntington, New York, 482 pp.
11. Buck B.J., Mack G.H. Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) aridity indicated by paleosols in the McRae Formation, south-central New Mexico. Cretaceous Res. 1995, 16:559-572.
12. Buol S.W., Hole F.D., McCracken R.J., Southard R.J. Soil Genesis and Classification 1997, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 527 pp.
13. Cao C., Wang W., Liu L., Shen S., Summons R.E. Two episodes of 13C-depletion in organic carbon in the latest Permian: evidence from the terrestrial sequences in northern Xinjiang, China. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 270:251-257.
14. Carroll A.R. Upper Permian lacustrine organic facies evolution, Southern Junggar Basin, NW China. Org. Geochem. 1998, 28:649-667.
15. Carroll A.R., Bohacs K.M. Stratigraphic classification of ancient lakes: balancing tectonic and climatic controls. Geology 1999, 27:99-102.
16. Carroll A.R., Graham S.A., Hendrix M.S., Ying D., Zhou D. Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of northwestern China: sedimentary record of the northern Tarim, northwestern Turpan, and southern Junggar Basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1995, 107:571-594.
17. Cheng K., Su A., Zhao C., He Z. Study of coal-generated oil in the Tuha basin. 30th International Geological Congress, Progress in Geology of China 1996, 796-799. Beijing, Geologic Publishing House, Beijing.
18. Collinson J.W. Paleoclimate of Permian-Triassic Antarctica. The Antarctic region: geologic evolution and processes. Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, Siena, 1995 1997, 1029-1034.
19. Munsell Color Munsell Soil Color Charts 1975, Munsell Color, Baltimore, Maryland.
20. Cornell R.M., Schwertmann U. The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses 2003, John Wiley and Sons, 703 pp. 2nd ed.
21. Dickson J.A.D. A modified staining technique for carbonates in thin section. Nature 1965, 205:587.
22. Dijkerman J.C., Cline M.G., Olson G.W. Properties and genesis of textural subsoil lamellae. Soil Sci. 1967, 104:7-16.
23. Doner H.E., Lynn W.C. Carbonates, halite, sulfate, and sulfide minerals. Minerals in soil environments 1989, 279-330. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. J.B. Dixon, S.B. Weed (Eds.).
24. Driese S.G., Nordt L.C., Lynn W.C., Stiles C.A., Mora C.I., Wildings L.P. Distinguishing climate in the soil record using chemical trends in a Vertisol climosequence from the Texas coast prairie, and application to interpreting Paleozoic paleosols in the Appalachian Basin, U.S.A. J. Sed. Res. 2005, 75:339-349.
25. Erwin D.H. The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian 1993, Columbia University Press, New York, 327 pp.
26. Farrell K.M. Sedimentology and facies architecture of overbank deposits of the Mississippi River, False River Region, Louisiana. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1987, vol. 39:111-120. F.G. Ethridge, R.M. Flores, M.D. Harvey (Eds.).
27. Faure K., de Wit M.J., Willis J.P. Late Permian global coal hiatus linked to 13C-depleted CO2 flux into the atmosphere during the final consolidation of Pangea. Geology 1995, 23:507-510.
28. Fielding C.R., Frank T.D., Birgenheier L.P., Rygel M.G., Jones A.T., Roberts J. Stratigraphic imprint of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in eastern Australia: a record of alternating glacial and nonglacial climate regime. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 2008, 165:129-140.
29. Gibbs M.T., Rees P.M., Kutzbach J.E., Ziegler A.M., Behling P.J., Rowley D.B. Simulations of Permian climate and comparisons with climate-sensitive sediments. J. Geol. 2002, 110:33-55.
30. Gile L.H., Peterson F.F., Grossman R.B. Morphological and genetic sequences of carbonate accumulation in desert soils. Soil Sci. 1966, 101:347-360.
31. Mires-Swamp, bog, fen, and Moor. 2 Vols 1983, Elsevier, Amsterdam. A.J.P. Gore (Ed.).
32. Gouldie A.S. Duricrusts in Tropical and Suptropical Landscapes 1973, Clarendon press, Oxford, 174 pp.
33. Gouldie A.S. Calcrete. Chemical sediments and geomorphology 1983, 93-131. Academic Press, New York. A.S. Goudie, K. Pye (Eds.).
34. Gradstein F., Ogg J., Smith A. A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press, New York, 589 pp.
35. Heidari A., Mahmoodi S., Roozitalabz M.H., Mermut A.R. Diversity of clay minerals in the Vertisols of three different climatic regions in Western Iran. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2008, 10:269-284.
36. Hren M.T., Hilley G.E., Chamberlain C.P. The relationship between tectonic uplift and chemical weathering rates in the Washington Cascades: field measurements and model predictions. Am. J. Sci. 2007, 307:1041-1063.
37. Isozaki Y. Superanoxia across the Permo-Triassic boundary: record in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan. Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. 1994, vol. 17:805-812. A.F. Embry, B. Beauchamp, D.J. Glass (Eds.).
38. Jackson, M.L., 1979, Soil Chemical Analysis - Advanced Course. Published by the author, Madison, Wisconsin. 898 pp.
39. Jenny H. Factors of soil formation. A system of quantitative pedology 1941, McGraw-Hill, New York.
40. Kabanov P., Anadón P., Krumbein W.E. Microcodium: an extensive review and a proposed non-rhizogenic biologically induced origin for its formation. Sed. Geol. 2008, 205:79-99.
41. Kahmann J.A., Driese S.G. Paleopedology and geochemistry of Late Mississippian (Chesterian) Pennington Formation paleosols at Pound Gap, Kentucky, USA: implications for high-frequency climate variations. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 259:357-381.
42. Kaiho K. End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle. Geology 2001, 29:815-818.
43. Kampf N., Schwertmann U. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma 1982, 29:27-39.
44. Kidder D.L., Worsely T.R. Causes and consequences of extreme Permo-Triassic warming to globally equable climate and relation to the Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2004, 203:207-237.
45. Kiehl J.T., Shields C.A. 757 Climate simulation of the latest Permian: implications for mass extinction. Geology 2005, 33:757-760.
46. Klappa C.F. Biolithogenesis of Microcodium: elucidation. Sedimentology 1978, 25:489-523.
47. Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Canfield D.E., Grotzinger J.P. Comparative earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Science 1996, 273:452-457.
48. Kosir A. Microcodium revisited: root calcification products of terrestrial plants on carbonate-rich substrates. J. Sed. Res. 2004, 74:845-857.
49. Kraus M.J. Development of potential acid sulfate paleosols in Paleocene floodplains, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1998, 144:203-224.
50. Kraus M.J. Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks: their geologic applications. Earth Sci. Rev. 1999, 47:41-70.
51. Kraus M.J., Aslan A. Eocene hydromorphic Paleosols; significance for interpreting ancient floodplain processes. J. Sed. Res. 1993, 63:453-463.
52. Kraus M.J., Hasiotis S.T. Significance of different modes of rhizolith preservation to interpreting palaeoenvironmental and paleohyrologic settings: examples from Paleogene paleosols, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. J. Sed. Res. 2006, 76:633-646.
53. Kump L.R., Pavlov A., Arthur M.A. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia. Geology 2005, 33:397-400.
54. Land and Water Quality Branch, Department of Environment, Government of Western Australia Identification and Investigation of Acid Sulfate Soils, Acid Sulfate Soils Guideline Series 2006, Government of Western Australia, 54 pp.
55. Langmuir D. Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry 1997, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 600 pp.
56. Liao Z., Lu L., Jiang N., Xia F., Sun F., Zhou Y., Li S., Zhang Z. Carboniferous and Permian in the western part of East Mts. Tian Mountains: Guidebook Excursion 4. 11th International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Beijing, China 1987, 39 pp.
57. Liu Z. The Permo-Triassic boundary at the northern margin of Tu-Ha Basin. J. Stratigr. 2000, 24:310-314. (in Chinese with English abstract).
58. Lo C.-H., Chung S.-L., Lee T.-Y., Wu G. Age of the Emeishan flood magmatism and relations to Permian-Triassic boundary events. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 198:449-458.
59. Lou Z., Zhu R., Tang Z., Liu Z., Zhao X., Chen Z. Sedimentary environments of the Cangfanggou Group in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, in response to climate and tectonic regime. Acta Geol. Sin. 2000, 74:795-806.
60. Lozovsky V.R. The Permian-Triassic boundary in the continental series of Eurasia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1998, 143:273-283.
61. Machette M.N. Calcic soils of southwestern United states. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1985, vol. 203:1-21. D.L. Weide (Ed.).
62. Mack G.H. Paleosols as an indicator of climatic change at the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary, southwestern New Mexico. J. Sed. Petrol. 1992, 62:483-494.
63. Mack G.H., James W.C., Monger H.C. Classification of paleosols. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1993, 105:129-136.
64. Marriott S.B., Wright V.P. Paleosols as indicators of geomorphic stability in two Old Red Sandstone alluvial suites, South Wales. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1993, 150:1109-1120.
65. Maruoka T., Koeberl C., Hancox P.J., Reimold W.U. Sulfur geochemistry across a terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary section in the Karoo basin, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 206:101-117.
66. McCabe P.J., Parrish J.T. Tectonic and climatic controls on Cretaceous coals. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 1992, vol. 267:1-15. P.J. McCabe, J.T. Parrish (Eds.).
67. McFadden L.D. Climatic influences on rates and processes of soil development in Quaternary deposits of southern California. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 1988, vol. 216:153-177. J. Reinhardt, W.R. Sigleo (Eds.).
68. McLoughlin S., Lindstron S., Drinnan A.N. Gondwanan floristic and sedimentological trends during the Permian-Triassic transition: new evidence from the Amery Group, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 1997, 9:281-298.
69. Metcalfe I., Foster C.B., Afonin S.A., Nicoll R.S., Mundil R., Xiaofeng W., Lucas S.G. Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and C-isotopes of the Permian-Triassic non-marine sequence at Dalongkou and Lucaogou, Xinjiang Province, China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2009, 36:503-520.
70. Michaelson P. Mass extinction of peat-forming plants and the effect on fluvial styles across the Permian-Triassic boundary, northern Bowen Basin, Australia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 179:173-188.
71. Montañez I.P., Tabor N.J., Niemeier D., DiMichele W.A., Frank T.D., Fielding C.R., Isbell J.L., Birgenheier L., Rygel M.C. CO2-forced climate and vegetation instability during Late Paleozoic deglaciation. Science 2007, 315:87-91.
72. Moore D.M., Reynolds R.C. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals 1997, Oxford University Press, New York, 378 pp.
73. Nordt L., Orosz M., Driese S., Tubbs J. Vertisol carbonate properties in relation to mean annual precipitation: implications for paleoprecipitation estimates. J. Geol. 2006, 114:501-510.
74. Ouyang S., Norris G. Earliest Triassic (Induan) spores and pollen from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 1999, 106:1-56.
75. Parrish J.T. Climate of the supercontinent Pangea. J. Geol. 1993, 101:215-233.
76. Parrish J. Geologic evidence of Permian climate. The Permian of Northern Pangea 1 1995, 53-61. Springer, New York. P. Scholle, T. Peryt, D. Ulmer-Scholle (Eds.).
77. Paton T.R. Origin and terminology for gilgai in Australia. Geoderma 1974, 11:221-242.
78. Peyser C.E., Poulsen C.J. Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: a GCM sensitivity study. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 268:181-192.
79. Rasmussen C., Tabor N.J. Applying a quantitative pedogenic energy model across a range of environmental gradients. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2007, 71:1719-1729.
80. Reiners P.W., Ehlers T.A., Garver J.I., Mitchell S.G., Montgomery D.R., Vance J.A., Nicolescu S. Late Miocene exhumation and uplift of the Washington Cascade Range. Geology 2003, 30:767-770.
81. Renne P.R., Zhang I.C., Richards M.A., Black M.T., Basu A.R. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crisis and Siberian volcanism. Science 1995, 269:1413-1416.
82. Retallack G.J. Field recognition of paleosols. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1988, 216:1-20.
83. Retallack G.J. Permian-Triassic life crisis on land. Science 1995, 267:77-80.
84. Retallack G.J. Postapocalyptic greenhouse paleoclimate revealed by earliest Triassic paleosols in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1999, 111:52-70.
85. Retallack G.J. Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology 2001, Unwin Hyman, Boston, Massachusetts, 404 pp. 2nd ed.
86. Retallack G.J. Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. Geology 2005, 33:333-336.
87. Retallack G.J., Krull E.S. Landscape ecological shift at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Aust. J. Geol. Sci. 1999, 46:785-812.
88. Retallack G.J., Veevers J.J., Morante R. Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1996, 108:195-207.
89. Retallack G.J., Smith R.M.H., Ward P.D. Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2003, 115:1133-1152.
90. Retallack G.J., Jahren A.H., Sheldon N.D., Chakrabarti R., Metzger C.A., Smith R.H. The Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 2005, 17:241-258.
91. Retallack G.J., Metzger C.A., Greaver T., Jahren A.H., Smith R.M.H., Sheldon N.D. Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2006, 118:1398-1411.
92. Retallack G.J., Greaver T., Jahren A.H. Return to Coalsack Bluff and the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Glob. Planet. Change 2007, 55:90-108.
93. Retallack, G.J., Jahren, A.H. 2008. Methane release from igneous intrusion of coal during Late Permian extinction events. J. Geol. 116, 1-20.
94. Richardson J.L., Vepraskas M.J. Wetland soils: genesis, hydrology, landscapes, and classification 2000, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 417 pp.
95. Roberts J., Claoue-Long J.C., Foster C.B. SHRIMP zircon dating of the Permian System of eastern Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1996, 43:401-421.
96. Ryer T.A., Langer A.W. Thickness change involved in the peat-to-coal transformation for a bituminous coal of Cretaceous age in central Utah. J. Sed. Petrol. 1980, 50:987-992.
97. Schaetzl R.J., Anderson S. Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology 2005, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 799 pp.
98. Scotese, C.R. (2002) , (PALEOMAP website). http://www.scotese.com.
99. şengör A.M.C., Natal'in B.A. Palaeotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis. The Tectonic Evolution of Asia 1996, 486-640. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Yin, M. Harrison (Eds.).
100. Sephton M.A., Veefkind R.J., Looy C.V., Visscher H., Brinkhuis H., de Leeuw J.W. Lateral variations in end-Permian organic matter. Geological and biological effects of impact events 2001, 11-24. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. E. Buffetaut, C. Koeberl (Eds.).
101. Sephton M.A., Looy C.V., Brinkhuis H., Wignall P.B., de Leeuw J.W., Visscher H. Catastrophic soil erosion during the end-Permian biotic crisis. Geology 2005, 3:941-944.
102. Sepkoski J. Periodicity in extinction and the problem of catastrophism in the history of life. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1989, 146:7-19.
103. Shao L., Stattegger K., Li W., Haupt B.J. Depositional style and subsidence history of the Turpan Basin (NW China). Sed. Geol. 1999, 128:155-169.
104. Shao L., Stattegger K., Garbe-Schoenberg C.D. Sandstone petrology and geochemistry of the Turpan Basin (NW China): implications for the tectonic evolution of a continental basin. J. Sed. Res. 2001, 71:37-49.
105. Sheldon N.D. Abrupt chemical weathering increase across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 231:315-321.
106. Sheldon N.D., Retallack G.J. Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils. Geology 2002, 30:919-922.
107. Sheldon N.D., Retallack G.J., Tanaka S. Geochemical climofunctions from North American soils and application to paleosols across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Oregon. J. Geol. 2002, 110:687-696.
108. Shotyk W. Organic soils. Weathering, soils, and paleosols 1992, 203-224. Elsevier, New York. I.P. Martini, W. Chesworth (Eds.).
109. Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy 1976, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. 1st ed.
110. Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy 2006, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C, 323 pp. 10th ed.
111. Stiles C.A., Mora C.I., Driese S.G. Pedogenic iron-manganese nodules in Vertisols: a new proxy for paleoprecipitation?. Geol. Soc. Am. 2001, 29:943-946.
112. Tabor N.J., Poulsen C.J. Paleoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian tropical paleolatitudes: a review of climate indicators, their distribution, and relation to paleophysiographic climate factors. Palaeobiol. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 268:293-310.
113. Tabor N.J., Montañez I.P., Steiner M.B., Schwindt D. δ13C values of carbonate nodules across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa) reflect a stinking sulfurous swamp, not atmospheric CO2. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 252:370-381.
114. Tang Z., Parnell J., Ruffell A.H. Deposition and diagenesis of the lacustrine-fluvial Cangfanggou Group (uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic), southern Junggar Basin, NW China: a contribution from sequence stratigraphy. J. Paleolimnol. 1994, 11:67-90.
115. Thomas, S.G., (2010). Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic Paleosols, Northwest China: Implications for environmental change across the end-Permian life crisis. Southern Methodist University, unpublished dissertation.
116. Tiwari R.S. Was there a "mass extinction" of plant life at the PTB of peninsular India?. Geol. Soc. India Spec. Publ. 2001, vol. 54:7-14.
117. Valentine J.W., Moores E.M. Plate-tectonic regulation of faunal diversity and sea level: a model. Nature 1970, 228:657-659.
118. van Dam D., Pons L.J. Micropedological observations on pyrite and its pedological reaction products. ILRI Publ. 1972, vol. 18:52-75. H. Dost (Ed.).
119. Vepraskas M.J. Redoximorphic features for identifying aquic conditions. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Technical Bulletin 1994, 301, 33 pp.
120. Ward P.D., Montgomery D.R., Smith R. Altered river morphology in South Africa related to the Permian-Triassic extinction. Science 2000, 289:1740.
121. Wartes M.A., Carroll A.R., Greene T.J., Cheng K., Ting H. Permian lacustrine deposits of northwest China. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Studies in Geology 2000, vol. 46:123-132. E.H. Gierlowski-Kordesch, K.R. Kelts (Eds.).
122. Wartes M.A., Carroll A.R., Greene T.J. Permian sedimentary record of the Turpan-Hami basin and adjacent regions, northwest China: constraints on postamalgamation tectonic evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2002, 114:131-152.
123. Watson A. Desert Soils. Weathering, soils, and paleosols, developments in surface processes 2 1992, 225-260. Elsevier, Amsterdam. I.P. Martini, W. Chesworth (Eds.).
124. Wright V.P., Tucker M.E. Calcretes 1991, Blackwell Science, Cambridge, 360 pp.
125. Yang W., Liu Y., Feng Q., Lin J., Zhou D., Wang D. Sedimentary evidence of Early-Late Permian mid-latitude continental climate variability, southern Bogda Mountains, NW China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 252:239-258.
126. Yang, W., Feng, Q., Liu, Y., Tabor, N., Miggins, D., Crowley, J.L., Lin, J., Thomas, S., 2010. Depositional environments and cyclo- and chronostratigraphy of uppermost Carboniferous-Lower Triassic fluvial-lacstrine deposits, southern Bogda Mountains, NW China -- A terrestial paleoclimatic record of mid-latitude NE Pangea. Glob. Plan. Change 73, 15-113.
127. Yemane K. Contribution of late Permian palaeogeography in maintaining a temperate climate in Gondwana. Nature 1993, 361:51-54.
128. Yerima B.P.K., van Ranst E. Major Soil Classification Systems used in the Tropics: Soils of Cameroon 2005, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, B.C, 291 pp.
129. Zhang X. Regional stratigraphic chart of northwestern China, branch of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 1981, Beijing, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 496 pp. (in Chinese).
130. Zharkov M.A., Chumakov N.M. Paleogeography and Sedimentation Settings during Permian-Triassic Reorganizations in Biosphere. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 2001, 9:340-363.
131. Zhu H.-C., Ouyang S., Zhan J.-Z., Wang Z. Comparison of Permian palynological assemblages from the Junggar and Tarim basins and their phytoprovincial significance. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 2005, 136:181-207.