Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinically relevant non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli: Recommendations from the Antimicrobial Agents Subcommittee of the Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriolog., Micologia y Parasitologia Clinicas, Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologia.;Criterios de ensayo, interpretacion e informe de las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antibióticos en los bacilos gram negativos no fermentadores de importancia clínica: Recomendaciones de la subcomisión de antimicrobianos de la sociedad argentina de bacteriologi ́a, micologi ́a y parasitologi ́a cli ́nicas, asociación argentina de microbiologia

Revista Argentina de Microbiologia

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 136-153

  Radice, Marcela ^a   Marín, Marcelo ^a   Giovanakis, Marta ^b   Vay, Carlos ^b   Almuzara, Marisa ^b   Limansky, Adriana ^a   Casellas, José M ^a   Famiglietti, Angela ^a   Quinteros, Mirta ^a   Bantar, Carlos ^a   Galas, Marcelo ^b   Pupko, Jaime Kovensky ^a   Nicola, Federico ^a   Pasterán, Fernando ^a   Soloaga, Rolando ^a   Gutkind, Gabriel ^a,b  

^a Asociación Arg ciedad Argentina de Bacteriologíaentina de Microbiología   (Argentina)

^b Expertos invitados   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Non fermenting gram negative bacilli; Recommendations

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA LACTAMASE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; DISK DIFFUSION; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; NON FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLUS; NONHUMAN; ARGENTINA; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PHYSIOLOGY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STANDARD;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ARGENTINA; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 79959804354     PISSN: 03257541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Almuzara M, Limansky A, Ballerini V, Galanternik L, Fa-miglietti A, Vay C. In vitro susceptibility of Achromobacter spp. isolates: comparison of disk diffusion, Etest and agar dilution methods. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 35: 68-71.
2. Almuzara M, Radice M, de Garate N, Kossman A, Cuirolo A, Santella G, Famiglietti A, Gutkind G, Vay C. VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas putida, Buenos Aires. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 668-669.
3. Appelbaum PC, Tamim J, Stavitz J, Aber R, Pankuch G. Sensitivity of 341 non-fermentative gram- negative bacteria to seven b-lactam antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1982; 1: 159-165.
4. Arakawa Y, Shibata N, Shibayama K, Kurokawa H, Yagi T, Fujiwara H, Goto M. Convenient test for screening metallo-b-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria by using thiol compounds. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 40-43.
5. Arduino S, Catalano M, Orman B, Roy P, Centron D. Molecular epidemiology of orf513-bearing class 1 integrons in multiresistant clinical isolates from Argentinean hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3945-3949.
6. Bellais S, Aubert D, Naas T, Nordmann P. Molecular and biochemical heterogeneity of class B carbapenem-hydro-lyzing b-lactamases in Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1878-1886.
7. Bellais S, Naas T, Nordmann P. Genetic and biochemical characterization of CGB-1, an Ambler class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing b-lactamase from Chryseobacterium gleum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2791-2796.
8. Bellais S, Naas T, Nordmann P. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Ambler class A extended-spectrum b-lactamase CGA-1 from Chryseobacterium gleum. Antimi-crob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 966-970.
9. Bellais S, Poirel L, Leotard S, Naas T, Nordmann P. Genetic diversity of carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-b-lactamases from Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indologenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 3028-3034.
10. Bellais S, Poirel L, Naas T, Girlich D, Nordmann P. Genetic-biochemical analysis and distribution of the Ambler class Ab-lactamase CME-2, responsible for extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Chryseobacterium (Flavobac-terium) meningosepticum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1-9.
11. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Sanchez B, Gómez M, Picazo J. Comparative in vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) and other antimicrobial agents against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 758-759.
12. Biendo M, Laurans G, Lefebvre J, Daoudi F, Eb F. Epide-miological study of an Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak by using a combination of antibiotyping and ribotyping. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2170-2175.
13. Bloch KC, Nadarajah R, Jacobs R. Chryseobacterium meningosepticum: an emerging pathogen among immu-nocompromised adults. Report of 6 cases and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 30-41.
14. Bou G, Martinez-Beltran J. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the gene encoding an AmpC b-lactamase in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 428-432.
15. Brown S, Amyes S. OXA (b)-lactamases in Acinetobacter: the story so far. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 1-3.
16. Brown SD, Traczewski M. Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of a new carbapenem, doripenem: tentative disk diffusion criteria and quality control. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 944-949.
17. Bucca R, Menéndez V, Mastroberti M, Centron D, Jorda Vargas L, Kovensky J. Emergencia de metalo-b-lactamasas en Pseudomonas spp. provenientes de infecciones en pa-cientes quemados. Congreso SADEBAC 2006, Resumen 16560, Ciudad Autómona de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
18. Casellas JM, Bantar C, Duret F. Comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline against aerobic and facultative isolates recovered from hospitalized patients: an Argentinean multicenter study. J Chemother 2007; 19: 482-487.
19. th Informational Supplement, 2010; M100-S20. Wayne, PA, EE.UU.
20. Cuirolo A, Almuzara M, Radice M, Gutkind G. Molecular characterization of IMP-13 producing Pseudomonas aeru-ginosa. 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2006, Resumen C2-415, San Francisco, EE. UU.
21. Chang JC, Hsueh P, Wu J, Ho S, Hsieh W, Luh K. Antimicrobial susceptibility of favobacteria as determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1301-1306.
22. Choi A, Slamti L, Avci F, Pier G, Maira-Litran T. The pgaABCD locus of Acinetobacter baumannii encodes the production of poly-beta-1-6-N-acetylglucosamine, which is critical for bioflm formation. J Bacteriol 2009; 191: 5953-5963.
23. Dales L, Ferris W, Vandemheen K, Aaron S. Combination antibiotic susceptibility of bioflm-grown Burkholderia cepa-cia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fbrosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: 1275-1279.
24. Denton M, Kerr K. Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 57-80.
25. Di Pentima MC, Mason E, Kaplan S. In vitro antibiotic synergy against Flavobacterium meningosepticum: implications for therapeutic options. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1169-1176.
26. Docquier J, Riccio M, Mugnaioli C, Luzzaro F, Endimiani A, Toniolo A, Amicosante G, Rossolini GM. IMP-12, a new plasmid-encoded metallo-b-lactamase from a Pseudomonas putida clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1522-1528.
27. Doi Y, Poirel L, Paterson D, Nordmann P. Characterization of a naturally occurring class D b-lactamase from Achromo-bacter xylosoxidans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 1952-1956.
28. Donaldson S, Boucher R. Update on pathogenesis of cystic fbrosis lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2003; 9: 486-491.
29. Dunne W, Maisch S. Epidemiological investigation of infections due to Alcaligenes species in children and patients with cystic fbrosis: use of repetitive-element-sequence polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 836-841.
30. Falagas M, Valkimadi P, Huang Y, Matthaiou D, Hsueh P. Therapeutic options for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62: 889-894.
31. Fernández-Cuenca F, Martínez-Martínez L, Conejo M, Ayala J, Perea E, Pascual A. Relationship between b-lactamase production, outer membrane protein and penicillin-binding protein profiles on the activity of carbapenems against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 565-574.
32. García-Garmendia JL, Ortiz-Leyba C, Garnacho-Montero J, Jiménez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Paredes C, Barrero-Almodovar A, Gili-Miner M. Risk factors for Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial bacteremia in critically ill patients: a cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 939-946.
33. Garrison M, Anderson D, Campbell D, Carroll K, Malone C, Anderson J, Hollis R, Pfaller M. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: emergence of multidrug-resistant strains during therapy and in an in vitro pharmacodynamic chamber model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2859-2864.
34. Gómez-Garces J, Aracil B, Gil Y, Burillo A. Susceptibility of 228 non-fermenting gram-negative rods to tigecycline and six other antimicrobial drugs. J Chemother 2009; 21: 267-271.
35. Hamouda A, Amyes S. Novel gyrA and parC point mutations in two strains of Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to ciprofoxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 695-696.
36. Heritier C, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Cephalosporinase over-expression resulting from insertion of ISAba1 in Acineto-bacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 123-130.
37. Heritier C, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Genetic and biochemical characterization of a chromosome-encoded carbapenem-hydrolyzing ambler class D b-lactamase from Shewanella algae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 1670-1675.
38. Higgins P, Wisplinghoff H, Stefanik D, Seifert H. Selection of topoisomerase mutations and overexpression of adeB mRNA transcripts during an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 821-823.
39. Iyobe S, Kusadokoro H, Takahashi A, Yomoda S, Okubo T, Nakamura A, O'Hara K. Detection of a variant metallo-b-lactamase, IMP-10, from two unrelated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an Alcaligenes xylosoxidans strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2014-2016.
40. Kirby J, Sader H, Walsh T, Jones R. Antimicrobial susceptibility and epidemiology of a worldwide collection of Chry-seobacterium spp.: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2001). J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 445-448.
41. Kumita W, Saito R, Sato K, Ode T, Moriya K, Koike K, Chida T, Okamura N. Molecular characterizations of carbapenem and ciprofoxacin resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudo-monas putida. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15: 6-12.
42. Lee K, Lim J, Yum J, Yong D, Chong Y, Kim J, Livermore D. Bla(VIM-2) cassette-containing novel integrons in metallo-b-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida isolates disseminated in a Korean hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1053-1058.
43. Li J, Rayner C, Nation R, Owen R, Spelman D, Tan K, Liolios L. Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 2946-2950.
44. Li X, Zhang L, McKay G, Poole K. Role of the acetyltrans-ferase AAC(6')-Iz modifying enzyme in aminoglycoside resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 803-811.
45. Limansky A, Mussi M, Viale A. Loss of a 29-kilodalton outer membrane protein in Acinetobacter baumannii is associated with imipenem resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4776-4778.
46. Linder N, Korman S, Eyal F, Michel J. Trimethoprim sulpha-methoxazole in neonatal Flavobacterium meningosepticum infection. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 582-584.
47. Lister P, Wolter D, Hanson N. Antibacterial-resistant Pseu-domonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22: 582-610.
48. Lu C, Huang C, Tsai N, Chang C, Chuang C, Lee P, Lei C, Wang H, Wang K, Chang W. An adult case of Chryseobac-terium meningosepticum meningitis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57: 214-215.
49. Magnet S, Courvalin P, Lambert T. Resistance-nodulation-cell division-type effux pump involved in aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM4454. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 3375-3380.
50. Mammeri H, Bellais S, Nordmann P. Chromosome-encoded b-lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus (formerly Flavobacterium odo-ratum), new members of the lineage of molecular subclass B1 metalloenzymes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3561-3567.
51. Marchiaro P, Mussi M, Ballerini V, Pasterán F, Viale A, Vila A, Limansky A. Sensitive EDTA-based microbiological assays for detection of metallo-b-lactamases in nonfermen-tative gram-negative bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5648-5652.
52. Marchiaro P, Viale A, Ballerini V, Rossignol G, Vila A, Limansky A. First report of a Tn402-like class 1 integron carrying blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas putida from Argentina. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 412-6.
53. Micozzi A, Venditti M, Monaco M, Friedrich A, Taglietti F, Santilli S, Martino P. Bacteremia due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 705-11.
54. Milatovic D, Schmitz F, Verhoef J, Fluit A. Activities of the glycylcycine tigecycline (GAR-936) against 1,924 recent European clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 400-404.
55. Mussi M, Limansky A, Viale A. Acquisition of resistance to carbapenems in multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: natural insertional inactivation of a gene encoding a member of a novel family of b-barrel outer membrane proteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1432-1440.
56. Nemec A, Dolzani L, Brisse S, van den Broek P, Dijkshoorn L. Diversity of aminoglycoside-resistance genes and their association with class 1 integrons among strains of pan-European Acinetobacter baumannii clones. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 1233-1240.
57. Niumsup P, Wuthiekanun V. Cloning of the class D b-lactamase gene from Burkholderia pseudomallei and studies on its expression in ceftazidime-susceptible and -resistant strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 445-455.
58. Nzula S, Vandamme P, Govan J. Influence of taxonomic status on the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 265-269.
59. Okazaki A, Avison M. Aph(3')-IIc, an aminoglycoside resistance determinant from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 359-360.
60. Ozkalay N, Anil M, Agus N, Helvaci M, Sirti S. Community-acquired meningitis and sepsis caused by Chryseobacte-rium meningosepticum in a patient diagnosed with thalas-semia major. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3037-3039.
61. Pagniez G, Radice M, Cuirolo A, Rodríguez O, Rodríguez H, Vay C, Famiglietti A, Gutkind G. Prevalence of metallo-b-lactamase in carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeru-ginosa at a University Hospital of Buenos Aires City. Rev Argent Microbiol 2006; 38: 33-37.
62. th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004, Resumen C1-293, p. 65, Washington, EE.UU.
63. Pasterán F, Faccone D, Petroni A, Rapoport M, Galas M, Vázquez M, Procopio A. Novel variant [bla(VIM-11)] of the metallo-b-lactamase bla (VIM) family in a GES-1 extended-spectrum-b-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Argentina. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 474-475.
64. Pasterán F, Rapoport M, Faccone D, Gómez S, Galas M, Whonet-Argentina, Corso A. Spread of KPC-producing gram-negative bacilli in multiples hospitals: changing the epidemiology of Argentina. 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2009, Resumen C1-1772, p. 82, San Francisco, EE.UU.
65. Pasterán F, Rapoport M, Petroni A, Faccone D, Corso A, Galas M, Vázquez M, Procopio A, Tokumoto M, Cagnoni M. Emergence of PER-2 and VEB-1a in Acinetobacter bauman-nii strains in the Americas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 3222-3224.
66. Peleg A, Adams J, Paterson D. Tigecycline effux as a mechanism for nonsusceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 2065-2069.
67. Peleg A, Seifert H, Paterson D. Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21: 538-582.
68. Pérez F, Hujer A, Hujer M, Decker B, Rather P, Bonomo R. Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3471-3484.
69. Poirel L, Nordmann P. Carbapenem resistance in Acine-tobacter baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 826-836.
70. Poirel L, Rodríguez-Martínez J, Plesiat P, Nordmann P. Naturally occurring Class A b-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 876-882.
71. Poole, K. Outer membranes and effux: the path to multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2002; 3: 77-98.
72. Predari S, Kaufman S, Gutiérrez M, De Paulis A, Guelfand L, Centron D. In-vitro activity of 16 antibiotics and sulbactam against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus phenotype A1. J Chemother 1991; 4: 29-31.
73. Queenan A, Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile b-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 440-458.
74. Radice M, Stortz M, Rodriguez C, Vay C, Famiglietti A, Gutkind G. Caracterización de BLEE en Pseudomonas aeruginosa aisladas en un hospital de Buenos Aires. VII Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectolo-gía, 2007, Resumen 17601, p. 20, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
75. Raimondi A, Moosdeen F, Williams J. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1986; 5: 461-463.
76. Riccio M, Pallecchi L, Fontana R, Rossolini GM. In70 of plasmid pAX22, a bla(VIM-1)-containing integron carrying a new aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene cassette. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1249-1253.
77. Robledo I, Aquino E, Sante I, Santana J, Otero D, Leon C, Vázquez. Detection of KPC in Acinetobacter spp. in Puerto Rico. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54: 1354-1357.
78. Rodríguez-Martínez J, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Extended-spectrum cephalosporinases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 1766-1771.
79. Ruggiero M, Di Conza J, Famiglietti A, Vay C, Radice M, Gut-Kind G. Genetic environment characterization of blaCTX-M-2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Argentina. 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2009, Resumen C2-634, p. 100, San Francisco, EE. UU.
80. Ruzin A, Keeney D, Bradford P. AdeABC multidrug effux pump is associated with decreased susceptibility to tigecycli-ne in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 1001-4.
81. Sacha P, Wieczorek P, Hauschild T, Zorawski M, Olszanska D, Tryniszewska E. Metallo-b-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - a novel mechanism resistance to b-lactam antibiotics. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2008; 46: 137-142.
82. Saino Y, Kobayashi F, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Purification and properties of inducible penicillin b-lactamase isolated from Pseudomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Che-mother 1982; 22: 564-570.
83. Santella G, Cuirolo A, Almuzara M, Palombarani S, Sly G, Radice M, Gutkind G. Full resistance and decreased susceptibility to carbapenems in IMP-13-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from an outbreak. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 1381-1382.
84. Segal H, Elisha B. Use of E test MBL strips for the detection of carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 598.
85. Shibata N, Doi Y, Yamane K, Yagi T, Kurokawa H, Shibayama K, Kato H, Kai K, Arakawa Y. PCR typing of genetic determinants for metallo-b-lactamases and integrases carried by gram-negative bacteria isolated in Japan, with focus on the class 3 integron. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5407-5413.
86. Shin K, Han K, Lee J, Hong S, Son B, Youn S, Kim J, Shin H. Imipenem-resistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans carrying blaVIM-2-containing class 1 integron. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 53: 215-220.
87. Siroy A, Molle V, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Vallenet D, Pestel-Caron M, Cozzone A, Jouenne T, De E. Channel formation by CarO, the carbapenem resistance-associated outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 4876-4883.
88. Strateva T, Yordanov D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - a phenomenon of bacterial resistance. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58: 1133-1148.
89. Touati A, Brasme L, Benallaoua S, Gharout A, Madoux J, De Champs C. First report of qnrB-producing Enterobacter cloacae and qnrA-producing Acinetobacter baumannii recovered from Algerian hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 60: 287-290.
90. Turton J, Woodford N, Glover J, Yarde S, Kaufmann M, Pitt T. Identifcation of Acinetobacter baumannii by detection of the blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase gene intrinsic to this species. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2974-2976.
91. Urban C, Go E, Mariano N, Rahal J. Interaction of sulbactam, clavulanic acid and tazobactam with penicillin-binding proteins of imipenem-resistant and susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii. FEMS Microb Lett 1995; 125: 193-198.
92. Valdezate S, Vindel A, Baquero F, Canton R. Comparative in vitro activity of quinolones against Stenotropho-monas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 908-911.
93. Vay C. Ecología y emergencia de bacilos gram negativos no fermentadores en patología clínica en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Tesis de Doctorado de la Universidad de Buenos Aires 2004. Universidad de Buenos Aires.
94. Vay C, Almuzara M, Rodríguez C, Pugliese M, Lorenzo Barba F, Mattera J, Famiglietti A. In vitro activity of different antimicrobial agents on gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli, excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Rev Argent Microbiol 2005; 37: 34-45.
95. Vila J, Marti S, Sánchez-Céspedes J. Porins, effux pumps and multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 1210-1205.
96. Walsh T, Toleman M, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Metallo-b-lactamases: the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 306-325.
97. Yomoda S, Okubo T, Takahashi A, Murakami M, Iyobe S. Presence of Pseudomonas putida strains harboring plas-mids bearing the metallo-b-lactamase gene bla(IMP) in a hospital in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4246-4251.
98. Zhang L, Li X, Poole K. Multiple antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: involvement of a multidrug effux system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 287-293.
99. Zhang L, Li X, Poole K. SmeDEF multidrug effux pump contributes to intrinsic multidrug resistance in Stenotropho-monas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 3497-3503.
100. Zhou J, Chen Y, Tabibi S, Alba L, Garber E, Saiman L. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients with cystic fbrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 1085-1088.