The Trigeminal Circuits Responsible for Chewing

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 97, Issue , 2011, Pages 77-98

  Westberg, Karl Gunnar ^a   Kolta, Arlette ^b  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Central pattern generation; Intrinsic bursting; Jaw muscle; Mastication; Rhythmogenesis; Trigeminal

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; CALCIUM ION; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID;

BOOK; BRAIN STEM; EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE; EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; HUMAN; INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; INTRANUCLEAR SPACE; JAW MOVEMENT; MASTICATION; MESENCEPHALIC TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NONHUMAN; PRINCIPAL SENSORY NUCLEUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SPATIAL SUMMATION; SPINAL CORD; TEMPORAL SUMMATION; TRIGEMINAL MOTOR NUCLEUS; TRIGEMINAL NERVE;

EID: 79959596132     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: 00747742     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385198-7.00004-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Amzica F., Massimini M., Manfridi A. Spatial buffering during slow and paroxysmal sleep oscillations in cortical networks of glial cells in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:1042-1053.
2. Appenteng K., Lund J.P., Seguin J.J. Intraoral mechanoreceptor activity during jaw movement in the anesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 1982, 48:27-37.
3. Appenteng K., Conyers L., Curtis J., Moore J. Monosynaptic connexions of single V interneurones to the contralateral V motor nucleus in anaesthetised rats. Brain Res. 1990, 514:128-130.
4. Appenteng K., Conyers L., Moore J.A. The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat. J. Physiol. 1989, 417:91-104.
5. Athanassiadis T., Olsson K.Å., Kolta A., Westberg K.-G. Identification of c-Fos immunoreactive brainstem neurons activated during fictive mastication in the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 2005 a, 165:478-489.
6. Athanassiadis T., Westberg K.G., Olsson K.A., Kolta A. Physiological characterization, localization and synaptic inputs of bursting and nonbursting neurons in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus of the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005 b, 22:3099-3110.
7. Azouz R., Jensen M.S., Yaari Y. Ionic basis of spike after-depolarization and burst generation in adult rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. J. Physiol. 1996, 492:211-223.
8. Bae Y.C., Choi B.J., Lee M.G., Lee H.J., Park K.P., Zhang L.F., Honma S., Fukami H., Yoshida A., Ottersen O.P., Shigenaga Y. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of glycine- and gamma- aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive terminals on trigeminal alpha- and gamma-motoneuron somata in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 442:308-319.
9. Benninger C., Kadis J., Prince D.A. Extracellular calcium and potassium changes in hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 1980, 187:165-182.
10. Bernier A.P., Arsenault I., Lund J.P., Kolta A. Effect of the stimulation of sensory inputs on the firing of neurons of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 2010, 103:915-923.
11. Beurrier C., Bioulac B., Hammond C. Slowly inactivating sodium current (I(NaP)) underlies single-spike activity in rat subthalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2000, 83:1951-1957.
12. Borke R.C., Nau M.E., Ringler R.L. Brain stem afferents of hypoglossal neurons in the rat. Brain Res. 1983, 269:47-55.
13. Bourque M.J., Kolta A. Properties and interconnections of trigeminal interneurons of the lateral pontine reticular formation in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86:2583-2596.
14. Bremer F. Physiologie nerveuse de la mastication chez le chat et le lapin. Archs. Internal Physiol. 1923, 21:308-352.
15. Brennan D.S., Spencer A.J., Roberts-Thomson K.F. Tooth loss, chewing ability and quality of life. Qual. Life Res. 2008, 17:227-235.
16. Brocard F., Verdier D., Arsenault I., Lund J.P., Kolta A. Emergence of intrinsic bursting in trigeminal sensory neurons parallels the acquisition of mastication in weanling rats. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96:2410-2424.
17. Brumberg J.C., Nowak L.G., McCormick D.A. Ionic mechanisms underlying repetitive high-frequency burst firing in supragranular cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:4829-4843.
18. Butera R.J., Rinzel J., Smith J.C. Models of respiratory rhythm generation in the pre-Botzinger complex I. Bursting pacemaker neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1999, 82:382-397.
19. Byrd K.E. Mandibular movement and muscle activity during mastication in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). J. Morphol. 1981, 170:147-169.
20. Capra N.F., Dessem D. Central connections of trigeminal primary afferent neurons: topographical and functional considerations. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 1992, 4:1-52.
21. Chandler S.H., Tal M. The effects of brain stem transections on the neuronal networks responsible for rhythmical jaw muscle activity in the guinea pig. J. Neurosci. 1986, 6:1831-1842.
22. Chandler S.H., Turman J.E., Salem L., Goldberg L.J. The effects of nanoliter ejections of lidocaine into the pontomedullary reticular formation on cortically induced rhythmical jaw movements in the guinea pig. Brain Res. 1990, 526:54-64.
23. Cohen J.E., Fields R.D. Extracellular calcium depletion in synaptic transmission. Neuroscientist 2004, 10:12-17.
24. Crill W.E. Persistent sodium current in mammalian central neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1996, 58:349-362.
25. Dal Bo G., Lund J.P., Verdier D., Kolta A. Inputs to nucleus pontis caudalis from adjacent trigeminal areas. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 22:1987-1996.
26. Darbon P., Yvon C., Legrand J.C., Streit J. INaP underlies intrinsic spiking and rhythm generation in networks of cultured rat spinal cord neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:976-988.
27. Darian-Smith I., Mayday G. Somatotopic organization within the brain-stem trigeminal complex of the cat. Exp Neurol. 1960, 2:290-309.
28. Del Negro C.A., Koshiya N., Butera R.J., Smith J.C. Persistent sodium current, membrane properties and bursting behavior of pre-botzinger complex inspiratory neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 88:2242-2250.
29. Del Negro C.A., Morgado-Valle C., Hayes J.A., Mackay D.D., Pace R.W., Crowder E.A., Feldman J.L. Sodium and calcium current-mediated pacemaker neurons and respiratory rhythm generation. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:446-453.
30. Donga R., Lund J.P. Discharge patterns of trigeminal commissural last-order interneurons during fictive mastication in the rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 1991, 66:1564-1578.
31. Dubner R., Bennett G.J. Spinal and trigeminal mechanisms of nociception. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1983, 6:381-418.
32. Durand J., Gogan P., Gueritaud J.P., Horcholle-Bossavit G., Tyc-Dumont S. Morphological and electrophysiological properties of trigeminal neurones projecting to the accessory abducens nucleus of the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 1983, 53:118-128.
33. Eisenman J., Fromm G., Landgren S., Novin D. The ascending projections of trigeminal neurons in the cat, investigated by antidromic stimulation. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 1964, 60:337-350.
34. Eisenman J., Landgren S., Novin D. Functional organisation in the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and in the rostral subdivision of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract in the cat. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 1963, 214:44.
35. Ellis P.R., Kendall C.W.C., Ren Y., Parker C., Pacy J.F., Waldron K.W., Jenkins D.J.A. Role of cell walls in the bioaccessibility of lipids in almond seeds. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80:604-613.
36. Ferrier, D. (1886). The Function of the Brain. London.
37. Franceschetti S., Guatteo E., Panzica F., Sancini G., Wanke E., Avanzini G. Ionic mechanisms underlying burst firing in pyramidal neurons: intracellular study in rat sensorimotor cortex. Brain Res. 1995, 696:127-139.
38. Gans C., De V.F., Gorniak G.C. Analysis of mammalian masticatory mechanisms: progress and problems. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 1978, 7:226-244.
39. Ginestal E., Matute C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive neurons in the rat trigeminal nuclei. Histochemistry 1993, 99:49-55.
40. Goodwin G.M., Luschei E.S. Discharge of spindle afferents from jaw-closing muscles during chewing in alert monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 1975, 38:560-571.
41. Gottlieb S., Taylor A., Bosley M.A. The distribution of afferent neurones in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1984, 228:273-283.
42. Grigoriadis A., Johansson R.S., Trulsson M. Adaptability of mastication in people with implant-supported bridges. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2011, Epub ahead of print.
43. Grillner S. Biological pattern generation: the cellular and computational logic of networks in motion. Neuron 2006, 52:751-766.
44. Grimwood P.D., Appenteng K., Curtis J.C. Monosynaptic EPSPs elicited by single interneurones and spindle afferents in trigeminal motoneurones of anaesthetized rats. J. Physiol. (Lond). 1992, 455:641-662.
45. Guatteo E., Franceschetti S., Bacci A., Avanzini G., Wanke E. A TTX-sensitive conductance underlying burst firing in isolated pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Brain Res. 1996, 741:1-12.
46. Hayashi H., Sumino R., Sessle B.J. Functional organization of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris: nociceptive and innocuous afferent inputs, projections to thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord, and descending modulation from periaqueductal gray. J. Neurophysiol. 1984, 51:890-905.
47. Heinemann U., Stabel J., Rausche G. Activity-dependent ionic changes and neuronal plasticity in rat hippocampus. Progress in Brain Res. 1990, 83:197-214.
48. Hidaka O., Morimoto T., Masuda Y., Kato T., Matsuo R., Inoue T., Kobayashi M., Takada K. Regulation of masticatory force during cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:3168-3179.
49. Hiiemae K. Mechanisms of food reduction, transport and deglutition: how the texture of food affects feeding behavior. J. Text Stud. 2004, 35:171-202.
50. Hiiemae K., Heath M.R., Heath G., Kazazoglu E., Murray J., Sapper D., Hamblett K. Natural bites, food consistency and feeding behaviour in man. Arch. Oral. Biol. 1996, 41:175-189.
51. Hsiao C.F., Gougar K., Asai J., Chandler S.H. Intrinsic membrane properties and morphological characteristics of interneurons in the rat supratrigeminal region. J. Neurosci. Res. 2007, 85:3673-3686.
52. Huang C.S., Hiraba H., Murray G.M., Sessle B.J. Topographical distribution and functional properties of cortically induced rhythmical jaw movements in the monkey (Macaca Fascicularis). J. Neurophysiol. 1989, 61:635-650.
53. Hutton B., Feine J., Morais J. Is there an association between edentulism and nutritional state?. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2002, 68:182-187.
54. Ikeda M. Projections from the spinal and the principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the cerebellar cortex in the cat, as studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 184:567-585.
55. Inoue M., Nozawa-Inoue K., Donga R., Yamada Y. Convergence of selected inputs from sensory afferents to trigeminal premotor neurons with possible projections to masseter motoneurons in the rabbit. Brain Res. 2002, 957:183-191.
56. Inoue T., Kato T., Masuda Y., Nakamura T., Kawamura Y., Morimoto T. Modifications of masticatory behavior after trigeminal deafferentation in the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 1989, 74:579-591.
57. Inoue T., Masuda Y., Nagashima T., Yoshikawa K., Morimoto T. Properties of rhythmically active reticular neurons around the trigeminal motor nucleus during fictive mastication in the rat. Neurosci. Res. 1992, 14:275-294.
58. Jean A. Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and cellular mechanisms. Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81:929-969.
59. Jinno S., Ishizuka S., Kosaka T. Ionic currents underlying rhythmic bursting of ventral mossy cells in the developing mouse dentate gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:1338-1354.
60. Kamogawa H., Manabe K., Kondo M., Naito K. Supra-and juxtatrigeminal inhibitory premotor neurons with bifurcating axons projecting to masseter motoneurons on both sides. Brain Res. 1994, 639:85-92.
61. Kolta A. In vitro investigation of synaptic relations between interneurons surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus and masseteric motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol 1997, 78:1720-1725.
62. Kolta A., Morquette P., Lavoie R., Arsenault I., Verdier D. Modulation of rhythmogenic properties of trigeminal neurons contributing to the masticatory CPG. Prog. Brain Res. 2010, 187:137-148.
63. Kolta A., Westberg K.G., Lund J.P. Identification of brainstem interneurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus and adjacent structures in the rabbit. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2000, 9:175-195.
64. Kogo M., Funk G.D., Chandler S.H. Rhythmical oral motor activity recorded in an in vitro brainstem preparation. Somatosens Motor Res. 1996, 13:39-48.
65. Komuro A., Masuda Y., Iwata K., Kobayashi M., Kato T., Hidaka O., Morimoto T. Influence of food thickness and hardness on possible feed-forward control of the masseteric muscle activity in the anesthetized rabbit. Neurosci. Res 2001 a, 39:21-29.
66. Komuro A., Morimoto T., Iwata K., Inoue T., Masuda Y., Kato T., Hidaka O. Putative feed-forward control of jaw-closing muscle activity during rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 2001 b, 86:2834-2844.
67. Koolstra J.H. Dynamics of the human masticatory system. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 2002, 13:366-376.
68. Landgren, S., and Olsson, K. (1977). Tuggapparatens nervösa styrmekanismer. Studentlitteratur. Lund. (In Swedish) 1-93.
69. Landgren S., Olsson K.A. Localization of evoked potentials in the digastric, masseteric, supra- and intertrigeminal subnuclei of the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 1976, 26:299-318.
70. Landgren S., Olsson K.A., Westberg K.G. Bulbar neurones with axonal projections to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 1986, 65:98-111.
71. Lavigne G., Kim J.S., Valiquette C., Lund J.P. Evidence that periodontal pressoreceptors provide positive feedback to jaw closing muscles during mastication. J. Neurophysiol. 1987, 58:342-358.
72. Lazarov N.E. Comparative analysis of the chemical neuroanatomy of the mammalian trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Prog. Neurobiol. 2002, 66:19-59.
73. Li Y.Q., Takada M., Kaneko T., Mizuno N. Premotor neurons for trigeminal motor nucleus neurons innervating the jaw-closing and jaw-opening muscles: differential distribution in the lower brainstem of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 356:563-579.
74. Li Y.Q., Takada M., Kaneko T., Mizuno N. GABAergic and glycinergic neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus: a double labeling study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 373:498-510.
75. Li Z., Hatton G.I. Oscillatory bursting of phasically firing rat supraoptic neurones in low-Ca2+ medium: Na+ influx, cytosolic Ca2+ and gap junctions. J. Physiol. 1996, 496:379-394.
76. Linden R.W. Properties of intraoral mechanoreceptors represented in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in the cat. J. Physiol. 1978, 279:395-408.
77. Lorente de No R. Contribution al conocimiento del nervo trigemino. Libro en honor 1922, 2:13-30. Madrid, Jaminez y Molina.
78. Lund J.P. Mastication and its control by the brain stem. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 1991, 2:33-64.
79. Lund J.P., Dellow P.G. The influence of interactive stimuli on rhythmical masticatory movements in rabbits. Arch. Oral. Biol. 1971, 16:215-223.
80. Lund J.P., Kolta A., Westberg K.G., Scott G. Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1998, 8:718-724.
81. Lund J.P., Sasamoto K., Murakami T., Olsson K.A. Analysis of rhythmical jaw movements produced by electrical stimulation of motor-sensory cortex of rabbits. J. Neurophysiol. 1984, 52:1014-1029.
82. Luschei E.S., Goodwin G.M. Patterns of mandibular movement and jaw muscle activity during mastication in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 1974, 37:954-966.
83. Mattia D., Kawasaki H., Avoli M. Repetitive firing and oscillatory activity of pyramidal-like bursting neurons in the rat subiculum. Exp. Brain Res. 1997, 114:507-517.
84. Matsushita M., Okado N., Ikeda M., Hosoya Y. Descending projections from the spinal and mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the spinal cord in the cat. A study with the horseradish peroxidase technique. J. Comp. Neurol. 1981, 196:173-187.
85. McCrea D.A., Rybak I.A. Organization of mammalian locomotor rhythm and pattern generation. Brain Res. Rev. 2008, 57:134-146.
86. McDavid S., Lund J.P., Auclair F., Kolta A. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of interneurons within the rat trigeminal motor nucleus. Neuroscience. 2006, 139:1049-1059.
87. McDavid S., Verdier D., Lund J.P., Kolta A. Electrical properties of interneurons found within the trigeminal motor nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:1136-1145.
88. Meessen, H., and Olzewski, J. (1949). Cytoarchitekton-ischer atlas des rautenhirns des kaninchens.
89. Mizuno, N., Konishi, A., Matsuda, K., Nomura, S., Itoh, K., Nakamura, Y., and Sugimoto, T. (1981). Myotopical arrangement and synaptic morphology of masticatory motoneurons, with special reference to commissural interneurons. in: Oralfacial sensory and motor functions. (Y. Kawamura and R. Dubner Eds.), Quintessence Publ Co Inc., Tokyo, 113-120.
90. Mizuno N., Yasui Y., Nomura S., Itoh K., Konishi A., Takada M., Kudo M. A light and electron microscopic study of premotor neurons for the trigeminal motor nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1983, 215:290-298.
91. Morimoto T., Inoue T., Masuda Y., Nagashima T. Sensory components facilitating jaw-closing muscle activities in the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 1989, 76:424-440.
92. Morimoto T., Inoue T., Nakamura T., Kawamura Y. Characteristics of rhythmic jaw movements of the rabbit. Arch. Oral. Biol. 1985, 30:673-677.
93. N'gom P.I., Woda A. Influence of impaired mastication on nutrition. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2002, 87:667-673.
94. Nicholson C., Ten B.G., Stockle H., Steinberg R. Calcium and potassium changes in extracellular microenvironment of cat cerebellar cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 1978, 41:1026-1039.
95. Nozaki S., Iriki A., Nakamura Y. Localization of central rhythm generator involved in cortically induced rhythmical masticatory jaw-opening movement in the guinea pig. J. Neurophysiol 1986 a, 55:806-825.
96. Nozaki S., Iriki A., Nakamura Y. Role of corticobulbar projection neurons in cortically induced rhythmical masticatory jaw-opening movement in the guinea pig. J. Neurophysiol 1986 b, 55:826-845.
97. Olsson, K.Å., and Landgren, S. (1990). Primary afferent and descending cortical convergence on the interneurones of the borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus. A comparison between trigeminal and spinal interneurones. In: Neurophysiology of the Jaws and Teeth. (Taylor M, Ed.), London 19-50.
98. Olsson K.Å., Landgren S., Westberg K.G. Location of, and peripheral convergence on, the interneuron in the disynaptic path from the coronal gyrus of the cerebral cortex to the trigeminal motoneurons in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 1986 a, 65:83-97.
99. Olsson K.Å., Lund J.P., Valiquette C., Veilleux D. Activity during mastication of periodontal mechanosensitive neurons of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis of the rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 1988, 59:341-357.
100. Olsson K.Å., Sasamoto K., Lund J.P. Modulation of transmission in rostral trigeminal sensory nuclei during chewing. J. Neurophysiol 1986 b, 55:56-75.
101. Olsson, K.Å., and Westberg, K.G. (1989). Interneurones in the trigeminal motor system. In: EMG of jaw reflexes in man. (D. Van steenberghe and A. de Laat Eds.), (Leuven University Press, 19-50.
102. Olsson K.Å., Westberg K.G. Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat 2. Functional characteristics of neurones in the subnucleus-gamma of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract with a projection to the digastric motoneurone subnucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 1991, 84:115-124.
103. Ottenhoff F.A., Van der Bilt A., Van der Glas H.W., Bosman F. Control of elevator muscle activity during simulated chewing with varying food resistance in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 1992 a, 68:933-944.
104. Ottenhoff F.A., Van der Bilt A., Van der Glas H.W., Bosman F. Peripherally induced and anticipating elevator muscle activity during simulated chewing in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 1992 b, 67:75-83.
105. Paphangkorakit J., Osborn J.W. The effect of pressure on a maximum incisal bite force in man. Arch. Oral. Biol. 1997, 42:11-17.
106. Peyron M.A., Lassauzay C., Woda A. Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods. Exp. Brain. Res. 2002, 142:41-51.
107. Pumain R., Heinemann U. Stimulus- and amino acid-induced calcium and potassium changes in rat neocortex. J. Neurophysiol. 1985, 53:1-16.
108. Pumain R., Kurcewicz I., Louvel J. Fast extracellular calcium transients: involvement in epileptic processes. Science 1983, 222:177-179.
109. Rampon C., Peyron C., Petit J.M., Fort P., Gervasoni D., Luppi P.H. Origin of the glycinergic innervation of the rat trigeminal motor nucleus. Neuroreport. 1996, 7:3081-3085.
110. Rioch J.M. The neural mechanism of mastication. Am. J. Physiol. 1934, 108:168-176.
111. Rusakov D.A., Fine A. Extracellular Ca2+ depletion contributes to fast activity-dependent modulation of synaptic transmission in the brain. Neuron 2003, 37:287-297.
112. Saad M., Dubuc R., Widmer C.G., Westberg K.G., Lund J.P. Anatomical organization of efferent neurons innervating various regions of the rabbit masseter muscle. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997, 383:428-438.
113. Schwartz G., Enomoto S., Valiquette C., Lund J.P. Mastication in the rabbit: a description of movement and muscle activity. J. Neurophysiol. 1989, 62:273-287.
114. Scott G., Westberg K.G., Vrentzos N., Kolta A., Lund J.P. Effect of lidocaine and NMDA injections into the medial pontobulbar reticular formation on mastication evoked by cortical stimulation in anaesthetized rabbits. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:2156-2162.
115. Sessle B.J. The neurobiology of facial and dental pain: present knowledge, future directions. J. Dent. Res. 1987, 66:962-981.
116. Sherrington C.S. Reflexes elicitable in the cat from pinna vibrissae and jaws. J. Physiol. 1917, 51:404-431.
117. Shigenaga Y., Hirose Y., Yoshida A., Fukami H., Honma S., Bae Y.C. Quantitative ultrastructure of physiologically identified premotoneuron terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 2000, 426:13-30.
118. Shigenaga Y., Okamoto T., Nishimori T., Suemune S., Nasution I.D., Chen I.C., Tsuru K., Yoshida A., Tabuchi K., Hosoi M. Oral and facial representation in the trigeminal principal and rostral spinal nuclei of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1986, 244:1-18.
119. Somjen G.G. Stimulus-evoked and seizure-related responses of extracellular calcium activity in spinal cord compared to those in cerebral cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 1980, 44:617-632.
120. Su H., Alroy G., Kirson E.D., Yaari Y. Extracellular calcium modulates persistent sodium current-dependent burst-firing in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:4173-4182.
121. Tanaka S., Kogo M., Chandler S.C., Matsuya T. Localization of oral-motor rhythmogenic circuits in the isolated rat brainstem preparation. Brain Res. 1999, 821:190-199.
122. Tazerart S., Vinay L., Brocard F. The persistent sodium current generates pacemaker activities in the central pattern generator for locomotion and regulates the locomotor rhythm. J. Neurosci. 2008 a, 28:8577-8589.
123. Tazerart S., Vinay L., Brocard F. The persistent sodium current generates pacemaker activities in the central pattern generator for locomotion and regulates the locomotor rhythm. J. Neurosci. 2008 b, 28:8577-8589.
124. Trulsson M. Force encoding by human periodontal mechanoreceptors during mastication. Arch. Oral. Biol. 2007, 52:357-360.
125. Trulsson M., Johansson R.S. Forces applied by the incisors and roles of periodontal afferents during food-holding and -biting tasks. Exp. Brain Res. 1996, 107:486-496.
126. Trulsson M., Johansson R.S. Orofacial mechanoreceptors in humans: encoding characteristics and responses during natural orofacial behaviors. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 135:27-33.
127. Tsuboi A., Kolta A., Chen C.C., Lund J.P. Neurons of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus participate in the generation of rhythmic motor patterns. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:229-238.
128. Turman J.E., Chandler S.H. Immunohistochemical evidence for GABA and glycine-containing trigeminal premotoneurons in the guinea pig. Synapse. 1994 a, 18:7-20.
129. Turman J.E., Chandler S.H. Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate and glutaminase in guinea pig trigeminal premotoneurons. Brain Res. 1994 b, 634:49-61.
130. Urbani A., Belluzzi O. Riluzole inhibits the persistent sodium current in mammalian CNS neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:3567-3574.
131. Van der Bilt A., Engelen L., Pereira L.J., Van der Glas H.W., Abbink J.H. Oral physiology and mastication. Physiol. Behav. 2006, 89:22-27.
132. Weijs W.A., Dantuma R. Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the albino rat. J. Morphol. 1975, 146:1-33.
133. Westberg K.G. Interneurones in the trigeminal motor system An experimental neurobiological study in the cat 1990, Umeå University Odont, Dissertations, Abstract No 37.
134. Westberg K., Clavelou P., Sandstrom G., Lund J.P. Evidence that trigeminal brainstem interneurons form subpopulations to produce different forms of mastication in the rabbit. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:6466-6479.
135. Westberg K.G., Olsson K.Å. Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat 1. Functional characteristics of neurones located in the subnucleus-gamma of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Exp. Brain Res. 1991, 84:102-114.
136. Westberg K.G., Sandstrom G., Olsson K.A. Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat 3. Input characteristics and synaptic actions of neurones in subnucleus-gamma of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract with a projection to the masseteric motoneurone subnucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 1995, 104:449-461.
137. Westneat M.W., Hall W.G. Ontogeny of feeding motor patterns in infant rats: an electromyographic analysis of suckling and chewing. Behav. Neurosci. 1992, 106:539-554.
138. Woda A., Mishellany A., Peyron M.A. The regulation of masticatory function and food bolus formation. J. Oral. Rehabil 2006, 33:840-849.
139. Wu N., Enomoto A., Tanaka S., Hsiao C.F., Nykamp D.Q., Izhikevich E., Chandler S.H. Persistent sodium currents in mesencephalic v neurons participate in burst generation and control of membrane excitability. J. Neurophysiol. 2005, 93:2710-2722.
140. Yoshida A., Fukami H., Nagase Y., Appenteng K., Honma S., Zhang L.F., Bae Y.C., Shigenaga Y. Quantitative analysis of synaptic contacts made between functionally identified oralis neurons and trigeminal motoneurons in cats. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:6298-6307.
141. Yoshida A., Hiraga T., Moritani M., Chen K., Takatsuki Y., Hirose Y., Bae Y.C., Shigenaga Y. Morphologic characteristics of physiologically defined neurons in the cat trigeminal nucleus principalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 401:308-328.
142. Zhong G., Masino M.A., Harris-Warrick R.M. Persistent sodium currents participate in fictive locomotion generation in neonatal mouse spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:4507-4518.