Getting even or being at odds? Cohesion in even- and odd-sized small groups

Organization Science

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 738-753

  Menon, Tanya ^a   Phillips, Katherine W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coalitions; Cohesion; Group size; Majority influence

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959211942     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: 15265455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1100.0535     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Asch, S. E. 1951. Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. H. Guetzkow, ed. Groups, Leadership and Men. Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, 77-190.
2. Baer, M., G. R. Oldham, A. B. Hollingshead, G. C. Jacobsohn. 2005. Revisiting the birth order-creativity connection: The role of sibling constellation. Creativity Res. J. 7(1) 67-77.
3. Bales, R. F., E. F. Borgatta. 1955. Size of group as a factor in the interaction profile. P. A. Hare, E. F. Borgatta, R. F. Bales, eds. Small Group Studies in Social Interaction. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 396-413.
4. Beal, D. J., R. R. Cohen, M. J. Burke, C. L. McLendon. 2003. Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. J. Appl. Psych. 8(8) 989-1004.
5. Brittain, J., S. Sitkin. 1988. Carter racing case and teaching notes. Stanford Case System (S-OB-24), Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
6. Caplow, T. 1968. Two Against One: Coalitions in Triads. Prentice-Hall, Oxford, UK.
7. Cartwright, D. 1968. The nature of group cohesiveness. D. Cartwright, A. Zander, eds. Group Dynamics: Research and Theory, 3rd ed. Harper & Row, New York, 91-09.
8. Cialdini, R. B. 2001. Influence. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
9. Clark, R. D., III, A. Maass. 1990. The effects of majority size on minority influence. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 20(2) 99-117.
10. Cummings, L. L., G. P. Huber, E. Arendt. 1974. Effects of size and spatial arrangements on group decision-making. Acad. Management J. 17(3) 460-475.
11. Davis, J. H. 1973. Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes. Psych. Rev. 80(4) 97-125.
12. Davis, J. H., N. L. Kerr, R. S. Atkin, R. Holt, D. Meek. 1975. The decision processes of 6- and 12-person mock juries assigned unanimous and two-thirds majority rules. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 32(1) 1-14.
13. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Even, n.d.; odd, n.d. Retrieved January 26 2008, http://dictionary.reference.com.
14. Duverger, M. 1972. Factors in a two-party and multiparty system. Party Politics and Pressure Groups. Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 23-32.
15. Festinger, L. 1950. lnformal social communication. Psych. Rev. 57(5) 271-282.
16. Frank, F., L. R. Anderson. 1971. Effects of task and group size upon group productivity and member satisfaction. Sociometry 34(1) 135-149.
17. Gaertner, S. L., J. F. Dovidio. 2000. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Psychology Press, Philadelphia.
18. Galton, F. 1874. English Men of Science. Macmillan, London.
19. Gruenfeld, D. H., P. Martorana, E. T. Fan. 2000. What do groups learn from their worldliest members? Direct and indirect influence in dynamic teams. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 82(1) 45-59.
20. Grusky, O., P. Bonacich, C. Webster. 1995. The coalition structure of the four-person family. Curr. Res. Soc. Psych. 1(3) 16-29.
21. Guarnaschelli, S., R. D. McKelvey, T. R. Palfrey. 2000. An experimental study of jury decision rules. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 94(2) 407-423.
22. Gully, S. M., D. J. Devine, D. J. Whitney. 1995. A meta-analysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence. Small Group Res. 26(4) 497-520.
23. Hackman, J. R. 2002. Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
24. Hackman, J. R., N. Vidmar. 1970. Effects of size and task type on group performance and member reactions. Sociometry 33(1) 37-54.
25. Hambrick, D. C. 1994. Top management groups: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the "team" label. Res. Organ. Behav. 16 171-213.
26. Hastie, R., T. Kameda. 2005. The robust beauty of majority rules in group decisions. Psych. Rev. 112(2) 494-508.
27. Hastie, R., S. D. Penrod, N. Pennington. 1983. Inside the Jury. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
28. Heath, C., R. P. Larrick, J. Klayman. 1998. Cognitive repairs: How organizations compensate for the shortcomings of individual learners. Res. Organ. Behav. 20 1-37.
29. Heider, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
30. Hines, T. M. 1990. An odd effect: Lengthened reaction times for judgments about odd digits. Memory Cognition 18(1) 40-46.
31. Hoffman, L. R., R. T. Stein. 1983. The hierarchical model of problem-solving groups. L. R. Hoffman, R. T. Stein, eds. Small Groups. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
32. Hogg, M. A., D. Abrams. 1993. Group Motivation: Social Psychological Perspectives. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, UK.
33. Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
34. Karau, S. J., K. D. Williams. 1993. Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 65(4) 681-706.
35. Kerr, N. L., G. Stasser, J. H. Davis. 1979. Model testing, model fitting, and social decision schemes. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 23(3) 399-410.
36. Kreft, I., J. DeLeeuw. 1998. Introducing Multilevel Modeling. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
37. Latané, B., S. Wolf. 1981. The social impact of majorities and minorities. Psych. Rev. 88(5) 438-453.
38. Lau, D. C., J. K. Murnighan. 2005. Interactions within groups and subgroups: The dynamic effects of demographic faultlines. Acad. Management J. 48(4) 645-660.
39. Levine, J. M., R. L. Moreland. 1990. Progress in small group research. Annual Rev. Soc. Psych. 41 585-634.
40. Levine, J. M., R. L. Moreland. 1991. Culture and socialization in work groups. L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, S. D. Teasdale, eds. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 257-279.
41. Levine, J. M., R. L. Moreland. 1998. Small groups. D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, G. Lindzey, eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 415-469.
42. Levine, J. M., L. Thompson. 1996. Conflict in groups. E. T. Higgins, A. W. Kruglanski, eds. Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. Guilford Press, New York, 45-776.
43. Loyd, D. L., J. White, M. Kern. 2008. Duo status: Disentangling the complex interactions within a minority of two. K. W. Phillips, E. Mannix, M. A. Neale, eds. Research on Managing Groups and Teams. JAIPress, Amsterdam, 75-92.
44. Maier, N. R. 1972. Decision-making in three- vs. four-person groups. Personnel Psych. 25(3) 531-534.
45. Mannix, E. A. 1993. Organizations as resource dilemmas: The effects of power balance on group decision making. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 55(1) 1-22.
46. Marmaros, D., B. Sacerdote. 2006. How to friendships form? Quart. J. Econom. 121(1) 79-119.
47. Moreland, R. L., M. A. Hogg, S. Hains. 1994. Back to the future: Social psychological research on groups. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 30(6) 527-555.
48. Moreland, R. L., J. M. Levine, M. L. Wingert. 1996. Creating the ideal group: Composition effects at work. J. Davis, E. Witte, eds. Understanding Group Behavior, Vol. 2. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 11-35.
49. Morris, M. W., R. P. Larrick, S. K. Su. 1999. Misperceiving negotiation counterparts: When situationally-determined bargaining behaviors are attributed to personality traits. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 77(1) 52-67.
50. Moscovici, S. 1985. Social influence and conformity. G. Lindzey, E. Aronson, eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York, 347-412.
51. Mullen, B., C. Copper. 1994. The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psych. Bull. 115(2) 210-227.
52. Murnighan, J. K. 1978. Models of coalition behavior: Game theoretic, social psychological and political perspectives. Psych. Bull. 85(5) 1130-1153.
53. Murnighan, J. K., A. E. Roth. 1978. Large group bargaining in a characteristic function game. J. Conflict Resolution 22(2) 299-317.
54. Murnighan, J. K., A. E. Roth. 1980. Effects of group size and communication availability on coalition bargaining in a veto game. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 39(1) 92-103.
55. Nemeth, C. J. 1986. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psych. Rev. 93(1) 23-32.
56. Nishiyama, Y. 2006. A study of odd- and even-number cultures. Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc. 26(6) 479-484.
57. O'Dell, J. W. 1968. Group size and emotional interaction. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 8(1) 75-78.
58. O'Leary, M. B., M. Mortensen. 2010. Go (con)figure: Subgroups, imbalance, and isolates in geographically dispersed teams. Organ. Sci. 21(1) 115-131.
59. O'Reilly, C. A., K. Y. Williams, S. Barsade. 1998. Group demography and innovation: Does diversity help? D. Gruenfeld, M. A. Neale, eds. Research on Managing in Groups and Teams, Vol. 1. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 183-207.
60. Peterson, R. S., C. J. Nemeth. 1996. Focus versus flexibility: Majority and minority influence can both improve performance. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 22(1) 14-23.
61. Peterson, R. S., P. D. Owens, P. E. Tetlock, E. Fan, P. Martorana. 1998. Group dynamics in top management teams: Groupthink, vigilance and alternative models of organizational failure and success. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 73(2/3) 272-305.
62. Phillips, K. W. 2003. The effects of categorically based expectations on minority influence: The importance of congruence. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 29(1) 3-13.
63. Phillips, K. W., K. A. Liljenquist, M. A. Neale. 2009. Is the pain worth the gain? The advantages and liabilities of agreeing with socially distinct newcomers. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 35(3) 336-350.
64. Phillips, K. W., E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale. D. H. Gruenfeld. 2004. Diverse groups and information sharing: The effects of congruent ties. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 40(4) 97-510.
65. Polzer, J. T., B. Crisp, S. L. Jarvenpaa, J. W. Kim. 2006. Extending the faultline concept to geographically dispersed teams: How colocated subgroups can impair group functioning. Acad. Management J. 49(4) 679-692.
66. Prislin, R., P. N. Christensen. 2005. Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psych. 16 75-111.
67. Prislin, R., W. M. Limbert, E. Bauer. 2000. From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 79(3) 385-397.
68. Rico, R., M. Sánchez-Manzanares, F. Gil, C. Gibson. 2008. Team implicit coordination processes: A team knowledge-based approach. Acad. Management Rev. 33(1) 63-184.
69. Ridgeway, C. 1991. The social construction of status value: Gender and other nominal characteristics. Soc. Forces 70(2) 367-386.
70. Riker, W. H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
71. Saks, M. J. 1977. Jury Verdicts: The Role of Group Size and Social Decision Rule. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
72. Schachter, S. 1951. Deviation, rejection and communication. J. Abnormal Soc. Psych. 46(2) 190-207.
73. Schopler, J., Insko, C. A. 1992. The discontinuity effect in interpersonal and intergroup relations: Generality and mediation. W. Stroebe, M. Hewstone, eds. European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 121-151.
74. Shears, L. M. 1967. Patterns of coalition formation in two games played by male tetrads. Behav. Sci. 12(2) 130-137.
75. Simmel, G. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Free Press, New York.
76. Stasser, G., N. L. Kerr, J. H. Davis. 1989. Influence processes and consensus models in decision making groups. P. B. Paulus, ed. Psychology of Group Influence, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 279-326.
77. Sulloway, F. J. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. Pantheon, New York.
78. Sunstein, C. R., D. A. Schkade, L. M. Ellman, A. Sawicki. 2006. Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary. Brookings Institution Press, ashington, DC.
79. Sutton, R. I., A. Hargadon. 1996. Brainstorming groups in context: Effectiveness in a product design firm. Admin. Sci. Quart. 41(4) 685-718.
80. Tajfel, H., J. C. Turner. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. S. Worchel, W. G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Nelson-Hall, Chicago, -24.
81. Thomas-Hunt, M. C., K. Phillips. 2003. Managing teams in the dynamic organization: The effects of revolving membership and changing task demands on expertise and status in groups. R. S. Peterson, E. A. Mannix, eds. Leading and Managing People in the Dynamic Organization. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 115-133.
82. Thomas, E. J., C. F. Fink. 1963. Effects of group size. Psych. Bull. 60(4) 371-384.
83. Thompson, L. 2008. Making the Team, 3rd ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
84. van Laar, C., S. Levin, S. Sinclair, J. Sidanius. 2005. The effect of university roommate contact on ethnic attitudes and behavior. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 41(4) 329-345.
85. Walt, S. M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
86. White, J. B., E. J. Langer. 1999. Horizontal hostility: Relations between similar minority groups. J. Soc. Issues 55(3) 537-559.
87. Williams, J. M., C. M. Hacker. 1982. Causal relationships among cohesion, satisfaction, and performance in women's intercollegiate field hockey teams. J. Sport Psych. 4(4) 24-337.
88. Willis, R. H. 1962. Coalitions in the tetrad. Sociometry 25(4) 358-376.
89. Wittenbaum, G. M., G. S. Stasser. 1995. The role of prior expectancy and group discussion in the attribution of attitudes. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 31(1) 82-105.
90. Wittenbaum, G. M., C. J. Merry, G. S. Stasser. 1996. Tacit coordination in anticipation of small group task completion. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 32(2) 129-152.