From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 79, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 385-397

  Prislin, Radmila ^a   Limbert, Wendy M ^b   Bauer, Evamarie ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL VALUES;

EID: 0034277673     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Barron, R. S., Kerr, N. L., & Miller, N. (1992). Group processes, group decision, and group action. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
2. Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., & Otten, S. (1995). Perceptions of relative group size and group status: effects on intergroup discrimination in negative evaluations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 231-247.
3. Boninger, D. S., Krosnick, J. A., Berent, M. K., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1995). The cause and consequences of attitude importance. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 159-189). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Breakwell, G. M., & Lyons, E. (1996). Changing European identities: The social psychological analysis of change. Oxford, England: Butterworth Heinemann.
5. Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268-275.
6. Chaiken, S., & Stangor, C. (1987). Attitude and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 575-630.
7. Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 151-192). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
8. Clark, R. D. (1990). Minority influence: The role of argument refutation of the majority position and social support for the minority position. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 489-497.
9. Clement, R., & Krueger, J. (1998). Liking persons versus liking groups: A dual-process hypothesis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 457-469.
10. Crano, W. D., & Chen, X. (1998). The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1437-1450.
11. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 504-595). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
12. De Dreu, C. K. W., De Vries, N. K., Gordijn, E. H., & Schuurman, M. S. (1999). Convergent and divergent processing of majority and minority arguments: Effects on focal and related attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 329-348.
13. Dutton, D. G. (1973). Attribution of cause for opinion change and liking for audience members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 208-216.
14. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Forth Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
15. Ellemers, N., Doosje, B. J., Van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. (1992). Status protection in high status minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 123-140.
16. Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (1999). Self-categorization, commitment to the group and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 371-389.
17. Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57, 271-282.
18. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
19. Finchilescu, G., & Dawes, A. (1998). Catapulted into democracy: South African adolescents' sociopolitical orientations following rapid social change. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 563-583.
20. Granberg, D., Jefferson, N. L., Brent, E. E., & King, M. (1981). Membership group, reference group, and the attribution of attitudes to groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 833-842.
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336-355.
22. Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-163). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
23. Harris, I. D., Howard, K. I., & Howard, A. (1986). Psychological consequences of majority-minority status: A questionnaire study of two high schools. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 147, 19-30.
24. Hensley, V., & Duval, S. (1976). Some perceptual determinants of perceived similarity, liking, and correctness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 159-168.
25. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291.
26. Kanouse, D. E., & Hanson, L. R., Jr. (1971). Negativity in evaluations. In E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attributions: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 47-62). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
27. Kerr, N. L., MacCoun, R. J., Hansen, C. H., & Hymes, J. A. (1987). Gaining and losing social support: Momentum in decision-making groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 119-145.
28. Kiesler, C. A., & Pallak, M. S. (1975). Minority influence: The effect of majority reactionaries and defectors, and minority and majority compromisers, upon majority opinion and attraction. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 237-256.
29. Levine, J. M. (1989). Reaction to opinion deviance in small groups. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence (pp. 187-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1998). Small Groups. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 415-469). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
31. Levine, J. M., Sroka, K. R., & Snyder, H. N. (1977). Group support and reaction to stable and shifting agreement/disagreement. Sociometry, 40, 214-224.
32. Lewicka, M., Czapinski, J., & Peeters, G. (1992). Positive-negative asymmetry or "when the heart needs a reason." European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 425-434.
33. Leyens, J-P., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1992). The ingroup overexclusion effect: Impact of valence and confirmation on stereotypical information search. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 549-569.
34. Lott, A. J., & Lott, B. E. (1965). Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 259-309.
35. Mackie, D. M. (1987). Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 41-52.
36. Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. (1988). The "black sheep effect": Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1-16.
37. McGuire, W. J., & McGuire, C. V. (1992). Cognitive-versus-affective positivity asymmetries in thought systems. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 549-569.
38. Moscovici, S. (1976). Social influence and social change. New York: Academic Press.
39. Moscovici, S. (1993). The invention of society: Psychological explanations for social phenomena. Oxford, England: Polity Press.
40. Moscovici, S. (1994). Three concepts: Minority, conflict, and behavioral style. In S. Moscovici, A. Mucchi-Faina, & A. Maas (Eds.), Minority influence (pp. 233-251). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
41. Moscovici, S., & Faucheux, C. (1972). Social influence, conformity bias, and the study of active minorities. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 149-202). New York: Academic Press.
42. Mugny, G., Kaiser, C., Papastamou, S., & Pérez, J. A. (1984). Intergroup relations, identification and social influence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 317-322.
43. Ng, S., & Cram, F. (1988). Intergroup bias by defensive and offensive groups in majority and minority conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 749-757.
44. Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational effects. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 33-60). Chichester, England: Wiley.
45. Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. R. (1999, February). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent me ta-analytic findings. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Claremont Symposium on Applied Psychology, Claremont, CA.
46. Porter, J. R., & Washington, R. E. (1993). Minority identity and self-esteem. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 139-161.
47. Ross, M. (1989). Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96, 341-357.
48. Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 46, 190-207.
49. Schwartz, N., Wänke, M., & Bless, H. (1994). Subjective assessment and evaluations of change: Some lessons from social cognition research. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.). European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 181-210). Chichester, England: Wiley.
50. Sidanius, J. (1999, February). Social dominance: The interaction between gender and ethnic discrimination. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, Claremont, CA.
51. Sigall, H. (1970). Effects of competence and consensual validation on a communicator's liking for the audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 251-258.
52. Simon, B. (1998). Individuals, groups, and social change: On the relationship between individual and collective self-interpretations and collective action. In C. Sedikides, J. Schloper, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and behavior (pp. 257-282). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Simon, B., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 699-711.
54. Simon, B., Pantaleo, G., & Mummendey, A. (1995). Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of individual self versus collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 106-119.
55. Tajfel, H. (1981). Differentiation between social groups. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
56. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
57. Taylor, D. M., & Dube, L. (1986). Two faces of identity: The "I" and the "we." Journal of Social Issues, 42, 81-98.
58. Thomsen, C. J., Borgida, E., & Lavine, H. (1995). The causes and consequences of personal involvement. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 191-214). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Tversky, A. (1994). Contingent preferences: Loss aversion and tradeoff contrast in decision making. Japanese Psychological Research, 36, 3-9.
60. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 1039-1061.
61. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. A., Busceme, S., & Blackstone, T. (1994). Minority influence: A meta-analytic review of social influence processes. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 323-345.
62. Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leek, K., & Purvis, D. (1996). Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1181-1193.