Etiologies of epilepsy: A comprehensive review

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 861-876

  Bhalla, Devender ^a   Godet, Bertrand ^a   Druet Cabanac, Michel ^a   Preux, Pierre Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE LIMOGES   (France)

Author keywords

epidemiology; epilepsy; etiology; genetic; metabolic; risk factors; seizure; structural

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CLONAZEPAM; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUBERIN; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX 1 PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ABSENCE; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN MALARIA; BRAIN SURGERY; CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA; CHROMOSOME DISORDER; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTOGENESIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GRAND MAL SEIZURE; HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; INJURY SEVERITY; INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOMA; MYOCLONUS SEIZURE; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; NONHUMAN; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROPATHY; PERINATAL PERIOD; REVIEW; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; TOXOCARIASIS; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; VACCINATION; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS MENINGITIS;

EPILEPSY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79958255525     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.51     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Preux PM, Druet-Cabanac M. Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol. 4(1), 21-31 (2005). (Pubitemid 40023233)
2. Mac TL, Tran DS, Quet F, Odermatt P, Preux PM, Tan CT. Epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical management of epilepsy in Asia: a systematic review Lancet Neurol. 6(6), 533-543 (2007). (Pubitemid 46738628)
3. Burneo JG, Tellez-Zenteno J, Wiebe S. Understanding the burden of epilepsy in Latin America: a systematic review of its prevalence and incidence. Epilepsy Res. 66(1-3), 63-74 (2005). (Pubitemid 41398097)
4. Johnson MR, Sander JW. The clinical impact of epilepsy genetics. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70(4), 428-430 (2001). (Pubitemid 32269675)
5. Lopes-Cendes I. The genetics of epilepsies. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 84(4 Suppl.), S33-S39 (2008).
6. Gourfinkel-An I. [Genetic aspects of epilepsy]. EMC Neurologie 160(17), 1-14 (2009).
7. Engel J. Epilepsy, A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Williams, PA, USA (2008).
8. Galvan-Manso M, Campistol J, Conill J, Sanmarti FX. Analysis of the characteristics of epilepsy in 37 patients with the molecular diagnosis of Angelman syndrome. Epileptic Disord. 7(1), 19-25 (2005). (Pubitemid 40342340)
9. Sorge G, Sorge A. Epilepsy and chromosomal abnormalities. Ital. J. Pediatr. 36, 36 (2010).
10. Liigant A, Haldre S, Oun A, et al. Seizure disorders in patients with brain tumors. Eur. Neurol. 45(1), 46-51 (2001). (Pubitemid 32041387)
11. van Breemen MS, Wilms EB, Vecht CJ. Epilepsy in patients with brain tumours: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Neurol. 6(5), 421-430 (2007). (Pubitemid 46551867)
12. Mangano FT MA, Schneider SJ. Brain tumors and epilepsy. In: Managing Epilepsy and Co-existing Disorders. Butterworth- Heinemann, MA, USA, 175-194 (2002).
13. Luyken C, Blumcke I, Fimmers R, et al. The spectrum of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors: long-term seizure and tumor outcome and neurosurgical aspects. Epilepsia 44(6), 822-830 (2003). (Pubitemid 36754008)
14. Sperling MR, Ko J. Seizures and brain tumors. Semin. Oncol. 33(3), 333-341 (2006). (Pubitemid 43849932)
15. Lote K, Stenwig AE, Skullerud K, Hirschberg H. Prevalence and prognostic significance of epilepsy in patients with gliomas. Eur. J. Cancer 34(1), 98-102 (1998). (Pubitemid 28123388)
16. Vecht CJ, van Breemen M. Optimizing therapy of seizures in patients with brain tumors. Neurology 67(12 Suppl. 4), S10-S13 (2006). (Pubitemid 44967990)
17. Kim OJ, Yong Ahn J, Chung YS, et al. Significance of chronic epilepsy in glial tumors and correlation with surgical strategies. J. Clin. Neurosci. 11(7), 702-705 (2004). (Pubitemid 39164981)
18. Ivens S, Kaufer D, Flores LP, et al. TGF-b receptor-mediated albumin uptake into astrocytes is involved in neocortical epileptogenesis. Brain 130(Pt 2), 535-547 (2007). (Pubitemid 46181106)
19. Rajneesh KF, Binder DK. Tumor-associated epilepsy. Neurosurg. Focus 27(2), E4 (2009).
20. Shamji MF, Fric-Shamji EC, Benoit BG. Brain tumors and epilepsy: pathophysiology of peritumoral changes. Neurosurg. Rev. 32(3), 275-284; discussion 284-276 (2009).
21. Maas S, Patt S, Schrey M, Rich A. Underediting of glutamate receptor GluR-B mRNA in malignant gliomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(25), 14687-14692 (2001). (Pubitemid 33121452)
22. Kang TC, An SJ, Park SK, Hwang IK, Bae JC, Won MH. Changed vesicular GABA transporter immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following spontaneous seizure and vigabatrin administration. Neurosci. Lett. 335(3), 207-211 (2003). (Pubitemid 36071635)
23. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia 34(3), 453-468 (1993). (Pubitemid 23184580)
24. Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy after head injury: an overview. Epilepsia 50(Suppl. 2), 4-9 (2009).
25. Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB, Sidenius P, Olsen J, Vestergaard M. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 373(9669), 1105-1110 (2009).
26. Raymont V, Salazar AM, Lipsky R, Goldman D, Tasick G, Grafman J. Correlates of posttraumatic epilepsy 35 years following combat brain injury. Neurology 75(3), 224-229 (2010).
27. Agrawal A, Timothy J, Pandit L, Manju M. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 108(5), 433-439 (2006).
28. Shorvon S. Handbook of Epilepsy Treatment. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK (2010).
29. Shorvon S. Handbook of Epilepsy Treatment: Forms, Causes and Therapy in Children and Adults. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK (2005).
30. Pomeroy SL, Holmes SJ, Dodge PR, Feigin RD. Seizures and other neurologic sequelae of bacterial meningitis in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 323(24), 1651-1657 (1990).
31. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Beghi E, Nicolosi A, Kurland LT. The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis. Neurology 38(9), 1407-1410 (1988).
32. Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H. Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat. Neurosci. 10(11), 1387-1394 (2007). (Pubitemid 350014685)
33. Galic MA, Riazi K, Heida JG, et al. Postnatal inflammation increases seizure susceptibility in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 28(27), 6904-6913 (2008).
34. Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat. Med. 16(4), 413-419 (2010).
35. Karatas H, Gurer G, Pinar A, et al. Investigation of HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-8 DNA by real-time PCR in surgical resection materials of epilepsy patients with mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 264(1-2), 151-156 (2008). (Pubitemid 350184088)
36. Misra UK, Tan CT, Kalita J. Viral encephalitis and epilepsy. Epilepsia 49(Suppl. 6), 13-18 (2008).
37. Misra UK, Kalita J. Seizures in encephalitis: predictors and outcome. Seizure 18(8), 583-587 (2009).
38. Whitley R. Herpes simplex virus. In: Infections of the Central Nervous System. WM Scheld, RW, DT Durack (Eds). Lippincott-Raven, PA, USA, 73-89 (1997).
39. Yamada S, Kameyama T, Nagaya S, Hashizume Y, Yoshida M. Relapsing herpes simplex encephalitis: pathological confirmation of viral reactivation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74(2), 262-264 (2003). (Pubitemid 36160695)
40. Sanders VJ, Felisan SL, Waddell AE, et al. Presence of herpes simplex DNA in surgical tissue from human epileptic seizure foci detected by polymerase chain reaction: preliminary study. Arch. Neurol. 54(8), 954-960 (1997). (Pubitemid 27330403)
41. Wu HM, Huang CC, Chen SH, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 inoculation enhances hippocampal excitability and seizure susceptibility in mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18(12), 3294-3304 (2003).
42. Chuang MJ, Chang WN, Chang HW, et al. Predictors and long-term outcome of seizures after bacterial brain abscess. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 81(8), 913-917 (2010).
43. Chadha DS, Handa A, Sharma SK, Varadarajulu P, Singh AP. Seizures in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Assoc. Physicians India 48(6), 573-576 (2000).
44. Fredj M, Mrabet H, Gouider R, Mrabet A. [Cerebral tuberculomas]. Revue Neurologique 159(8-9), 795-798 (2003). (Pubitemid 37173652)
45. Ripamonti D, Barbo R, Rizzi M, et al. New times for an old disease: intracranial mass lesions caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 5 HIV-negative African immigrants. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(5), e35-e45 (2004).
46. Garcia HH, Gilman R, Martinez M, et al. Cysticercosis as a major cause of epilepsy in Peru. The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (CWG). Lancet 341(8839), 197-200 (1993). (Pubitemid 23048081)
47. Bern C, Garcia HH, Evans C, et al. Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29(5), 1203-1209 (1999). (Pubitemid 30265640)
48. Del Brutto OH. [Neurocysticercosis: up-dating in diagnosis and treatment]. Neurologia 20(8), 412-418 (2005).
49. Montano SM, Villaran MV, Ylquimiche L, et al. Neurocysticercosis: association between seizures, serology, and brain CT in rural Peru. Neurology 65(2), 229-233 (2005).
50. Nicoletti A, Bartoloni A, Sofia V, et al. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural Bolivia: a population-based survey. Epilepsia 46(7), 1127-1132 (2005). (Pubitemid 40962159)
51. Nsengiyumva G, Druet-Cabanac M, Ramanankandrasana B, Bouteille B, Nsizabira L, Preux PM. Cysticercosis as a major risk factor for epilepsy in Burundi, east Africa. Epilepsia 44(7), 950-955 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842186)
52. Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SD, Ngoungou EB, Nicoletti A, Preux PM. Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia 51(5), 830-837 (2010).
53. Carpio A, Hauser WA. Prognosis for seizure recurrence in patients with newly diagnosed neurocysticercosis. Neurology 59(11), 1730-1734 (2002). (Pubitemid 35424454)
54. Carpio A, WA Hauser. Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. In: Taenia Solium Cysticercosis: from Basic to Clinical Science. Singh G, Prabhakar S (Eds). CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK, 211-220 (2002).
55. DeGiorgio CM, Medina MT, Duron R, Zee C, Escueta SP. Neurocysticercosis. Epilepsy Curr. 4(3), 107-111 (2004).
56. Ngoungou EB, Preux PM. Cerebral malaria and epilepsy. Epilepsia 49(Suppl. 6), 19-24 (2008).
57. Carter JA, Neville BG, White S, et al. Increased prevalence of epilepsy associated with severe falciparum malaria in children. Epilepsia 45(8), 978-981 (2004). (Pubitemid 39062823)
58. Versteeg AC CJ, Dzombo J, Neville BG, Newton CR. Seizure disorders among relatives of Kenyan children with severe falciparum malaria. Trop. Med. Int. Health 8, 12-16. (2003). (Pubitemid 36151571)
59. Carter JA, Neville BG, Newton CR. Neuro-cognitive impairment following acquired central nervous system infections in childhood: a systematic review. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 43(1), 57-69 (2003). (Pubitemid 37130080)
60. Toro G, Roman G. Cerebral malaria. A disseminated vasculomyelinopathy. Arch. Neurol. 35(5), 271-275 (1978). (Pubitemid 8311540)
61. Aleem MA. Epilepsy in malaria. Epilepsia 46(4), 601; author reply 601-602 (2005).
62. Idro R, Marsh K, John CC, Newton CR. Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome. Pediatr. Res. 68(4), 267-274 (2010).
63. Lang B, Newbold CI, Williams G, Peshu N, Marsh K, Newton CR. Antibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels in children with falciparum malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 191(1), 117-121 (2005). (Pubitemid 40041409)
64. Pion SD, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, et al. Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3(6), e461 (2009).
65. Boussinesq M, Pion SD, Demanga N, Kamgno J. Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96(5), 537-541 (2002). (Pubitemid 35386230)
66. Druet-Cabanac M, Boussinesq M, Dongmo L, Farnarier G, Bouteille B, Preux PM. Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology 23(3), 144-149 (2004). (Pubitemid 38490225)
67. Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM, Bouteille B, et al. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Central African Republic. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149(6), 565-570 (1999). (Pubitemid 29130024)
68. Marin B, Boussinesq M, Druet-Cabanac M, Kamgno J, Bouteille B, Preux PM. Onchocerciasis-related epilepsy? Prospects at a time of uncertainty. Trends Parasitol. 22(1), 17-20 (2006). (Pubitemid 43017199)
69. Duke BO, Vincelette J, Moore PJ. Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 27(2), 123-132 (1976).
70. Soboslay PT, Dreweck CM, Taylor HR, Brotman B, Wenk P, Greene BM. Experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. Cell-mediated immune responses, and production and effects of IL-1 and IL-2 with Onchocerca volvulus infection. J. Immunol. 147(1), 346-353 (1991).
71. Wang S, Cheng Q, Malik S, Yang J. Interleukin-1b inhibits g-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor current in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292(2), 497-504 (2000). (Pubitemid 30067411)
72. Wang Y, Ruan X, Zhang S, Sun X. Effect of interleukin-1b on the elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium of the cultured hippocampal neurons induced by l-glutamate. J. Tongji Med. Univ. 19(2), 120-123 (1999). (Pubitemid 33210487)
73. Kellinghaus C, Engbring C, Kovac S, et al. Frequency of seizures and epilepsy in neurological HIV-infected patients. Seizure 17(1), 27-33 (2008). (Pubitemid 350256998)
74. Yazar S, Arman F, Yalcin S, Demirtas F, Yaman O, Sahin I. Investigation of probable relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and cryptogenic epilepsy. Seizure 12(2), 107-109 (2003). (Pubitemid 36284984)
75. Palmer BS. Meta-analysis of three case controlled studies and an ecological study into the link between cryptogenic epilepsy and chronic toxoplasmosis infection. Seizure 16(8), 657-663 (2007). (Pubitemid 350018662)
76. da Silva RC, Langoni H. Toxoplasma gondii: host-parasite interaction and behavior manipulation. Parasitol. Res. 105(4), 893-898 (2009).
77. Nicoletti A. Toxocariasis. Epilepsies, 22(2), 120-125 (2010).
78. Quet F, Nicoletti A, Preux PM. Comment on 'Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii'. Seizure 17(3), 296 (2007).
79. Bachli H, Minet JC, Gratzl O. Cerebral toxocariasis: a possible cause of epileptic seizure in children. Childs Nerv. Syst. 20(7), 468-472 (2004). (Pubitemid 39077353)
80. Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet 363(9416), 1184-1186 (2004). (Pubitemid 38481843)
81. Ryvlin P, Montavont A, Nighoghossian N. Optimizing therapy of seizures in stroke patients. Neurology 67(12 Suppl. 4), S3-S9 (2006). (Pubitemid 44967989)
82. Olsen TS. Post-stroke epilepsy. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 3(4), 340-344 (2001).
83. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch. Neurol. 57(11), 1617-1622 (2000).
84. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 315(7122), 1582-1587 (1997). (Pubitemid 27522399)
85. Lamy C, Domigo V, Semah F, et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 60(3), 400-404 (2003). (Pubitemid 36188233)
86. Kelly KM. Poststroke seizures and epilepsy: clinical studies and animal models. Epilepsy Curr. 2(6), 173-177 (2002).
87. Nannucci S, Pescini F, Poggesi A, et al. Familial cerebral cavernous malformation: report of a further Italian family. Neurol. Sci. 30(2), 143-147 (2009).
88. Bertalanffy H, Benes L, Miyazawa T, Alberti O, Siegel AM, Sure U. Cerebral cavernomas in the adult. Review of the literature and analysis of 72 surgically treated patients. Neurosurg. Rev. 25(1-2), 1-53; discussion 54-55 (2002). (Pubitemid 36055919)
89. Raychaudhuri R, Batjer HH, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous angioma: a practical review of clinical and biological aspects. Surg. Neurol. 63(4), 319-328; discussion 328 (2005). (Pubitemid 40444693)
90. Sindou M (Ed.). Practical Handbook of Neurosurgery: From Leading Neurosurgeons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2009).
91. Di Rocco C, Iannelli A, Tamburrini G. Cavernomas of the central nervous system in children. A report of 22 cases. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 138(11), 1267-1274; discussion 1273-1264 (1996). (Pubitemid 26390425)
92. Del Curling O Jr, Kelly DL Jr, Elster AD, Craven TE. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous angiomas. J. Neurosurg. 75(5), 702-708 (1991).
93. Rocamora R, Mader I, Zentner J, Schulze-Bonhage A. Epilepsy surgery in patients with multiple cerebral cavernous malformations. Seizure 18(4), 241-245 (2009).
94. Frischer JM, Pipp I, Stavrou I, Trattnig S, Hainfellner JA, Knosp E. Cerebral cavernous malformations: congruency of histopathological features with the current clinical definition. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79(7), 783-788 (2008). (Pubitemid 351914724)
95. Williamson A, Patrylo PR, Lee S, Spencer DD. Physiology of human cortical neurons adjacent to cavernous malformations and tumors. Epilepsia 44(11), 1413-1419 (2003). (Pubitemid 37385850)
96. Awad I, Jabbour P. Cerebral cavernous malformations and epilepsy. Neurosurg. Focus 21(1), e7 (2006).
97. Baumann CR, Schuknecht B, Lo Russo G, et al. Seizure outcome after resection of cavernous malformations is better when surrounding hemosiderin-stained brain also is removed. Epilepsia 47(3), 563-566 (2006). (Pubitemid 43351561)
98. Kraemer DL, Awad IA. Vascular malformations and epilepsy: clinical considerations and basic mechanisms. Epilepsia 35(Suppl. 6), S30-S43 (1994). (Pubitemid 24193906)
99. Brown RD Jr, Wiebers DO, Forbes G, et al. The natural history of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations. J. Neurosurg. 68(3), 352-357 (1988). (Pubitemid 18067633)
100. Schauble B, Cascino GD, Pollock BE, et al. Seizure outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurology 63(4), 683-687 (2004). (Pubitemid 39100826)
101. Panayiotopoulos CP. The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Bladon Medical Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK (2005).
102. Spooner CG, Berkovic SF, Mitchell LA, Wrennall JA, Harvey AS. New-onset temporal lobe epilepsy in children: lesion on MRI predicts poor seizure outcome. Neurology 67(12), 2147-2153 (2006). (Pubitemid 46035466)
103. French JA, Williamson PD, Thadani VM, et al. Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: I. Results of history and physical examination. Ann. Neurol. 34(6), 774-780 (1993). (Pubitemid 23357889)
104. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(5), 311-318 (2001). (Pubitemid 32703233)
105. Dupont S, Tanguy ML, Clemenceau S, Adam C, Hazemann P, Baulac M. Long-term prognosis and psychosocial outcomes after surgery for MTLE. Epilepsia 47(12), 2115-2124 (2006). (Pubitemid 44952265)
106. Mathern GW, Babb TL, Vickrey BG, Melendez M, Pretorius JK. The clinical- pathogenic mechanisms of hippocampal neuron loss and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 118(Pt 1), 105-118 (1995).
107. Park KI, Chu K, Jung KH, et al. Role of cortical dysplasia in epileptogenesis following prolonged febrile seizure. Epilepsia 51(9), 1809-1819 (2010).
108. Fauser S, Huppertz HJ, Bast T, et al. Clinical characteristics in focal cortical dysplasia: a retrospective evaluation in a series of 120 patients. Brain 129(Pt 7), 1907-1916 (2006). (Pubitemid 43999421)
109. Kasper BS, Stefan H, Paulus W. Microdysgenesis in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinicopathological study. Ann. Neurol. 54(4), 501-506 (2003). (Pubitemid 37176546)
110. Kanemoto K, Kawasaki J, Miyamoto T, Obayashi H, Nishimura M. Interleukin (IL)1b, IL-1a, and IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 47(5), 571-574 (2000). (Pubitemid 30261891)
111. Ozkara C, Uzan M, Tanriverdi T, et al. Lack of association between IL-1b/a gene polymorphisms and temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Seizure 15(5), 288-291 (2006). (Pubitemid 43812239)
112. Crompton DE, Scheffer IE, Taylor I, et al. Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a benign epilepsy syndrome showing complex inheritance. Brain 133(11), 3221-3231 (2010).
113. Romanelli MF MJ, Ashkin K, Coben LA. Advanced Alzheimer's disease is a risk factor for late-onset seizures. Arch. Neurol. 47, 847-850 (1990). (Pubitemid 20251713)
114. Förstl H BA, Levy R, Cairns N, Luthert P, Lantos P. Neurologic signs in Alzheimer's disease. Result of a prospective clinical and neuropathological study. Arch. Neurol. 49, 1038-1042 (1992).
115. Palop JJ, Mucke L. Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 66(4), 435-440 (2009).
116. Bernardi S, Scaldaferri N, Vanacore N, et al. Seizures in Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective study of a cohort of outpatients. Epileptic Disord. 12(1), 16-21 (2010).
117. Palop JJ, Chin J, Roberson ED, et al. Aberrant excitatory neuronal activity and compensatory remodeling of inhibitory hippocampal circuits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 55(5), 697-711 (2007). (Pubitemid 47321079)
118. Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J. Neurol. 253(2), 139-158 (2006). (Pubitemid 43255883)
119. Cabrejo L, Guyant-Marechal L, Laquerriere A, et al. Phenotype associated with APP duplication in five families. Brain 129(Pt 11), 2966-2976 (2006). (Pubitemid 44684517)
120. Ponomareva NV, Korovaitseva GI, Rogaev EI. EEG alterations in non-demented individuals related to apolipoprotein E genotype and to risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol. Aging 29(6), 819-827 (2008). (Pubitemid 351601898)
121. Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(15), 5644-5651 (2006).
122. Bien CG, Granata T, Antozzi C, et al. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. Brain 128(Pt 3), 454-471 (2005). (Pubitemid 40380182)
123. Bien CG, Schramm J. Treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis half a century after its initial description: promising prospects and a dilemma. Epilepsy Res. 86(2-3), 101-112 (2009).
124. Choi J, Koh S. Role of brain inflammation in epileptogenesis. Yonsei Med. J. 49(1), 1-18 (2008). (Pubitemid 351513640)
125. Cimaz R, Meroni PL, Shoenfeld Y. Epilepsy as part of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome). Lupus 15(4), 191-197 (2006).
126. Aykutlu E, Baykan B, Serdaroglu P, Gokyigit A, Akman-Demir G. Epileptic seizures in Behcet disease. Epilepsia 43(8), 832-835 (2002).
127. Joseph FG, Scolding NJ. Neuro-Behcet's disease in Caucasians: a study of 22 patients. Eur. J. Neurol. 14(2), 174-180 (2007). (Pubitemid 46148305)
128. Chroni E, Monastirli A, Polychronopoulos P, et al. Epileptic seizures as the sole manifestation of neuro-Behcet's disease: complete control under interferon-a treatment. Seizure 17(8), 744-747 (2008).
129. Watemberg N, Greenstein D, Levine A. Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: pediatric perspective. J. Child Neurol. 21(1), 1-5 (2006). (Pubitemid 43778756)
130. Palace J, Lang B. Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 69(6), 711-714 (2000).
131. Anderson NE, Barber PA. Limbic encephalitis - a review. J. Clin. Neurosci. 15(9), 961-971 (2008).
132. McIntosh AM, McMahon J, Dibbens LM, et al. Effects of vaccination on onset and outcome of Dravet syndrome: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 9(6), 592-598 (2010).
133. Berkovic SF, Harkin L, McMahon JM, et al. De-novo mutations of the sodium channel gene SCN1A in alleged vaccine encephalopathy: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 5(6), 488-492 (2006).
134. Catenoix H, Marignier R, Ritleng C, et al. Multiple sclerosis and epileptic seizures. Mult. Scler. 17(1), 96-102 (2011).
135. Banwell B, Shroff M, Ness JM, Jeffery D, Schwid S, Weinstock-Guttman B. MRI features of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology 68(16 Suppl. 2), S46-S53 (2007). (Pubitemid 46626005)
136. Olafsson E, Benedikz J, Hauser WA. Risk of epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 40(6), 745-747 (1999). (Pubitemid 29260713)
137. Kinnunen E, Wikstrom J. Prevalence and prognosis of epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia 27(6), 729-733 (1986). (Pubitemid 17226914)
138. Moreau T, Sochurkova D, Lemesle M, et al. Epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: radiological-clinical correlations. Epilepsia 39(8), 893-896 (1998). (Pubitemid 128721657)
139. Truyen L, Barkhof F, Frequin ST, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of epilepsy in multiple sclerosis: a case control study. Implications for treatment trials with 4-aminopyridine. Mult. Scler. 1(4), 213-217 (1996). (Pubitemid 126701670)
140. Lionetti E, Francavilla R, Pavone P, et al. The neurology of coeliac disease in childhood: what is the evidence? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 52(8), 700-707 (2010).
141. Giordano L, Valotti M, Bosetti A, Accorsi P, Caimi L, Imberti L. Celiac disease-related antibodies in Italian children with epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol. 41(1), 34-36 (2009).
142. Samokhvalov AV, Irving H, Mohapatra S, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption, unprovoked seizures, and epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia, (2010).
143. Bartolomei F. Epilepsy and alcohol. Epileptic Disord. 8(S1), S72-S78 (2006). (Pubitemid 44032985)
144. Ng SK, Hauser WA, Brust JC, Susser M. Alcohol consumption and withdrawal in new-onset seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 319(11), 666-673 (1988).
145. Rogawski MA. Update on the neurobiology of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy Curr. 5(6), 225-230 (2005).
146. Mucha RF, Pinel JP. Increased susceptibility to kindled seizures in rats following a single injection of alcohol. J. Stud. Alcohol 40(3), 258-271 (1979). (Pubitemid 9162564)
147. Tsai G, Coyle JT. The role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Annu. Rev. Med. 49, 173-184 (1998). (Pubitemid 28197448)
148. Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GL, et al. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 105(5), 817-843 (2010).
149. Fujiwara T, Shigematsu H. Etiologic factors and clinical features of symptomatic epilepsy: focus on pediatric cases. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 58(3), S9-S12 (2004). (Pubitemid 38859023)
150. Guerrini R, Marini C. Genetic malformations of cortical development. Exp. Brain Res. 173(2), 322-333 (2006). (Pubitemid 44264897)
151. Chassoux F, Landre E, Rodrigo S, et al. Intralesional recordings and epileptogenic zone in focal polymicrogyria. Epilepsia 49(1), 51-64 (2008).
152. Kral T, von Lehe M, Podlogar M, et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: long term seizure outcome after surgical treatment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78(8), 853-856 (2007). (Pubitemid 47204592)
153. Phi JH, Cho BK, Wang KC, et al. Longitudinal analyses of the surgical outcomes of pediatric epilepsy patients with focal cortical dysplasia. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. 6(1), 49-56 (2010).
154. Cross JH. Neurocutaneous syndromes and epilepsy-issues in diagnosis and management. Epilepsia 46(Suppl. 10), 17-23 (2005). (Pubitemid 44922017)
155. Devlin L, Shepherd CH, Crawford H, Morrison PJ. Tuberous sclerosis complex: clinical features, diagnosis, and prevalence within Northern Ireland. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 48, 495-499 (2006). (Pubitemid 43740913)
156. Curatolo P, Bombardieri R, Jozwiak S. Tuberous sclerosis. Lancet 372(9639), 657-668 (2008).
157. Talos DM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Cordero K, Black PM, Jensen FE. Cell-specific alterations of glutamate receptor expression in tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers. Ann.Neurol. 63(4), 454-465 (2008). (Pubitemid 351614711)
158. Valencia I, Legido A, Yelin K, Khurana D, Kothare SV, Katsetos CD. Anomalous inhibitory circuits in cortical tubers of human tuberous sclerosis complex associated with refractory epilepsy: aberrant expression of parvalbumin and calbindin- D28k in dysplastic cortex. J. Child Neurol. 21(12), 1058-1063 (2006). (Pubitemid 46128358)
159. Vivarelli R, Grosso S, Calabrese F, et al. Epilepsy in neurofibromatosis 1. J. Child Neurol. 18(5), 338-342 (2003). (Pubitemid 36798348)
160. Kulkantrakorn K, Geller TJ. Seizures in neurofibromatosis 1. Pediatr. Neurol. 19(5), 347-350 (1998). (Pubitemid 29011082)
161. Rosenfeld A, Listernick R, Charrow J, Goldman S. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and high-grade tumors of the central nervous system. Childs Nerv. Syst. 26(5), 663-667 (2010).
162. Jensen FE. Developmental factors regulating susceptibility to perinatal brain injury and seizures. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 18(6), 628-633 (2006). (Pubitemid 44747155)
163. Badawi N, Felix JF, Kurinczuk JJ, et al. Cerebral palsy following term newborn encephalopathy: a population-based study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 47(5), 293-298 (2005). (Pubitemid 40662867)
164. Lynch JK. Epidemiology and classification of perinatal stroke. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 14(5), 245-249 (2009).
165. Golomb MR, Garg BP, Carvalho KS, Johnson CS, Williams LS. Perinatal stroke and the risk of developing childhood epilepsy. J. Pediatr. 151(4), 409-413, 413 e401-402 (2007).
166. Sun Y, Vestergaard M, Pedersen CB, Christensen J, Basso O, Olsen J. Gestational age, birth weight, intrauterine growth, and the risk of epilepsy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167(3), 262-270 (2008). (Pubitemid 351197597)
167. Sun Y, Vestergaard M, Pedersen CB, Christensen J, Olsen J. Apgar scores and long-term risk of epilepsy. Epidemiology 17(3), 296-301 (2006).
168. Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Holsteen V, Larsen H, Rothman KJ, Sorensen HT. Postterm delivery and risk for epilepsy in childhood. Pediatrics 119(3), e554-561 (2007). (Pubitemid 46407526)
169. Rakhade SN, Jensen FE. Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5(7), 380-391 (2009).
170. Dzhala VI, Talos DM, Sdrulla DA, et al. NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain. Nat. Med. 11(11), 1205-1213 (2005). (Pubitemid 43093668)
171. Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolen CR, et al. Gene Reviews. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (1993).
172. Bahi-Buisson KM, Léger PL, Valayanopoulos V, et al. [Neonatal epilepsy and inborn errors of metabolism]. Archives Pédiatrie 13(3), 284-292 (2006). (Pubitemid 43293389)
173. Genton P, Malafosse A, Moulard B, et al. (Eds). Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris, France (2005).