Legume genetic resources: Management, diversity assessment, and utilization in crop improvement

Euphytica

Volumn 180, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 27-47

  Upadhyaya, H D ^a   Dwivedi, S L ^a   Ambrose, M ^b   Ellis, N ^b   Berger, J ^c   Smykal P ^d   Debouck, D ^e   Duc, G ^f   Dumet, D ^g   Flavell, A ^h   Sharma, S K ⁱ   Mallikarjuna, N ^a   Gowda, C L L ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI ARID TROPICS ICRISAT   (India)

^b JOHN INNES CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

^d AGRITEC Ltd   (Czech Republic)

^e INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE CIAT   (Colombia)

^f CEMAGREF   (France)

^g INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE   (Nigeria)

^h UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ CSKHP Krishi Vishwavidyalaya ^*  (India)

Author keywords

Biodiversity loss; Core collection; FIGS; Genetic erosion; Genetic resources and human health; Genetic stocks and mutants; Germplasm exchange; Global conservation strategies; Introgression libraries; Population structure and diversity; Wild relatives

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957887992     PISSN: 00142336     EISSN: 15735060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10681-011-0449-3     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Acosta-Gallego JA, Kelly JD, Gepts P (2007) Prebreeding in common bean and uses of genetic diversity from wild germplasm. Crop Sci 47(S3): S44-S59.
2. Allard RW (1988) Genetic changes associated with the evolution of adaptedness in cultivated plants and their wild progenitors. J Hered 79: 225-238.
3. Ayad WG, Hodgkin T, Jaradat A, Rao VR (eds) (1997) Molecular genetic techniques for plant genetic resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
4. Baranger A, Aubert G, Arnao G, Laine AL, Denoit G, Potier J, Weinachter C, Lejeune-Henaut I, Lallemand J, Burstin J (2004) Genetic diversity within Pisum sativum using protein and PCR-based markers. Theor Appl Genet 108: 1309-1321.
5. Baur E (1914) Die Bedeutung der primitiven Kulturrasen und der wilden Verwandten unserer Kulturpflanzen fur die Pflanzenzuchtung. Jb Deut Landw Ges 29: 104-109.
6. Beaumont MA, Rannala B (2004) The Bayesian revolution in genetics. Nat Rev 5: 251-261.
7. Ben-David R, Abbo S, Berger JD (2010) Stress gradients select for ecotype formation in Cicer judaicum Boiss., a wild relative of domesticated chickpea. Genet Resour Crop Evol 57: 193-202.
8. Bennett SJ (1997) Genetic variation between and within two populations of Trifolium glomeratum (cluster clover) in Western Australia. Aust J Agric Res 48: 969-976.
9. Berger JD (2007) Ecogeographic and evolutionary approaches to improving adaptation of autumn-sown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to terminal drought: the search for reproductive chilling tolerance. Field Crops Res 104: 112-122.
10. Berger JD, Turner NC (2007) The ecology of chickpea: evolution, distribution, stresses and adaptation from an agro-climatic perspective. In: Yadav SS, Redden R, Chen W, Sharma B (eds) Chickpea breeding and management. CABI, Wallingford, pp 47-71.
11. Berger JD, Turner NC, Siddique KHM, Knights EJ, Brinsmead RB, Mock I, Edmondson C, Khan TN (2004) Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement. Aust J Agric Res 55: 1071-1084.
12. Berger JD, Ali M, Basu PS, Chaudhary BD, Chaturvedi SK, Deshmukh PS, Dharmaraj PS, Dwivedi SK, Gangadhar GC, Gaur PM, Kumar J, Pannu RK, Siddique KHM, Singh DN, Singh DP, Singh SJ, Turner NC, Yadav HS, Yadav SS (2006) Genotype by environment studies demonstrate the critical role of phenology in adaptation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to high and low yielding environments of India. Field Crops Res 98: 230-244.
13. Berger JD, Adhikari KN, Wilkinson S, Buirchell BJ, Sweetingham MW (2008a) Ecogeography of the Old World Lupins. 1. Ecotypic variation in yellow lupin (Lupineus luteus L.). Aust J Agric Res 59: 691-701.
14. Berger JD, Speijers J, Shrestha D, Ludwig C, Palta JA, Buirchell B (2008b) Ecogeography of the old world lupins: 2 characterizing the Habitat Range. In: Palta JA, Berger JD (eds) Proceedings of 12th international lupin conference, on lupins for health and wealth. Fremantle, Western Australia.
15. Berger JD, Milroy SP, Turner NC, Siddique KHM, Imtiaz M, Malhotra RS (2011) Chickpea evolution has selected for contrasting phenological mechanisms among different habitats. Euphytica. doi: 10. 1007/s10681-011-0391-4.
16. Biggs R, Simons H, Bakkenes M, Scholes RJ, Eickhout B, van Vuuren D, Alkemade R (2008) Scenarios of biodiversity loss in southern Africa in the 21st century. Global Environ Change 18: 296-309.
17. Bisht IS, Mahajan RK, Patel DP (1998) The use of characterization data to establish the Indian mungbean core collection and assessment of genetic diversity. Genet Resour Crop Evol 45: 127-133.
18. Blair MW, Díaz LM, Buendía HF, Duque MC (2009) Genetic diversity. Seed size association and population structure of a core collection of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet 119: 955-972.
19. Blair MW, Chaves A, Tofiño A, Calderón JF, Palacio JD (2010) Extensive diversity and inter-genepool introgression in a world-wide collection of intermediate snap bean accessions. Theor Appl Genet 120: 1381-1391.
20. Breese EL (1989) Regeneration and multiplication of germplasm resources in seed genebanks: the scientific background. International Board of Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
21. Brick MA, Byrne PF, Schwartz HF, Ogg JB, Otto O, Fall AL, Gilbert J (2006) Reaction to three races of Fusarium wilt in the Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. Crop Sci 46: 1245-1252.
22. Brown AHD (1989) Core collections: a practical approach to genetic resources management. Genome 31: 818-824.
23. Byrne OM, Hardie DC, Khan TN, Speijers J, Yan G (2008) Genetic analysis of pod and seed resistance to pea weevil in a Pisum sativum × P. fulvum interspecific cross. Aust J Agric Res 59: 854-862.
24. CGIAR (2009) An integrated approach to genetic resources in support of the CGIAR′s mission. A position paper developed by the Inter-Centre Working Group on Genetic Resources. http://www/sgrp. cgiar/.
25. Cieslarová J, Smýkal P, Dočkalová Z, Hanáček P, Procházka S, Hýbl M, Griga M (2011) Molecular evidence of genetic erosion in pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm after long-term maintenance. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58: 439-451.
26. Collard BCY, Ades PK, Pang ECK, Brouwer JB, Taylor PWJ (2001) Prospecting for sources of resistance to ascochyta blight in wild Cicer species. Aust Plant Pathol 30: 271-276.
27. Corander J, Gyllenberg M, Koske T (2007) Random partition models and exchangeability for Bayesian identification of population structure. Bull Math Biol 69: 797-815.
28. Coyne CJ, Grusak MA, Razai L, Baik BK (2005) Variation for seed protein concentration in the USDA Pisum core collection. Pisum Genet 37: 5-9.
29. Crépon K, Marget P, Peyronnet C, Carrouéet B, Arese P, Duc G (2010) Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food. Field Crops Res 115: 329-339.
30. Cyr PD, Weaver B, Millard MJ, Gardner CA, Bohning MA, Emberland GP, Sinnott QP, Kinard GR, Franco T, Mackay M, Guarino L, Bretting PK (2009) GRIN-Global: an international project to develop a global plant genebank and information management system [abstract]. In: Plant & animal genome XVII: international conference on the status of plant & animal genome research. Poster abstract number 800, p 136.
31. de Vicente MC (2004) The evolving role of genebanks in the fast-developing field of molecular genetics. Issues in genetic resources no. XI, August 2004. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
32. de Vilmorin P (1913) Pois 'Réceptions et excursions' in Ive conférence internationale de Génétique-Paris 1911. Masson, Paris, p 548.
33. Duc G (1997) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Res 53: 99-109.
34. Duc G, Bao S, Baum M, Redden B, Sadiki M, Suso MJ, Vishniakova M, Zong X (2009) Diversity maintenance and uses of Vicia faba L. genetic resources. Field Crops Res 115: 270-278.
35. Durán Y, Pérez de la Vega M (2004) Assessment of genetic variation and species relationships in a collection of Lens using RAPD and ISSR. Spanish J Agric Res 2: 538-544.
36. Dwivedi SL, Blair MW, Upadhyaya HD, Serraj R, Balaji J, Buhariwalla HK, Ortiz R, Crouch JH (2005) Using genomics to exploit grain legume biodiversity in crop improvement. Plant Breed Rev 26: 171-357.
37. Dwivedi SL, Upadhyaya HD, Stalker HT, Blair MW, Bertioli DJ, Nielen S, Ortiz R (2008) Enhancing crop gene pools with beneficial traits using wild relatives. Plant Breed Rev 30: 179-294.
38. Ehrman T, Cocks PS (1996) Reproductive patterns in annual legume species on an aridity gradient. Vegetatio 122: 47-59.
39. El Bouhssini M, Street K, Joubi A, Ibrahim Z, Rihawi F (2009) Sources of wheat resistance to Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton, in Syria. Genetic Resour Crop Evol 56: 1065-1069.
40. Enjalbert J, Goldringer I, Paillard S, Brabant P (1999) Molecular markers to study genetic drift and selection in wheat populations. J Expt Bot 50: 283-290.
41. FAO/IPGRI (1994) Genebank standards. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
42. Fondevilla S, Rubiales D, Moreno MT, Torres AM (2008) Identification and validation of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the gene Er3 conferring resistance to Erysiphe pisi DC in pea. Mol Breed 22: 193-200.
43. Frankel OH (1984) Genetic perspective of germplasm conservation. In: Arber W, Limensee K, Peacock WJ, Stralinger P (eds) Genetic manipulations: impact on man and society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 161-170.
44. Furman BJ (2006) Methodology to establish a composite collection: case study in lentil. Plant Genetic Resour 4: 2-12.
45. Gaiji S, Debouck DG (2009) Flujos de germplasma en las Américas: 30 años de distributión de muestras de frijol por parte del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Recursos Naturales y Ambiente 53: 54-61.
46. GCDT (2007) The role of the global crop diversity trust in helping the long term conservation and availability of PGRFA. www. croptrust. org.
47. Geda AK, Rastogi NK, Pandey RL, Saxena R (2005) Selection criteria to develop low toxin lines through study on biochemical characters of Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus L.)-a rich protein food. J Food Sci Technol (Mysore, India) 42: 76-82.
48. Getahun H, Mekonnen A, TekleHaimanot R, Lambein F (1999) Epidemic of neurolathyrism in Ethiopia. Lancet 354: 306-307.
49. Goldringer I, Prouin C, Rousset M, Galic N, Bonnin I (2006) Rapid differentiation of experimental populations of wheat for heading time in response to local climatic conditions. Ann Bot 98: 805-817.
50. Goodman MM (1990) Genetic and germplasm stocks worth conserving. J Hered 81: 11-16.
51. Graham PH, Vance CP (2003) Legumes: importance and constraints to greater use. Plant Physiol 131: 872-877.
52. Gur A, Zamir D (2004) Unused natural genetic variation can uplift yield barriers in plant breeding. PLoS Biol 2: 1610-1615.
53. Guralnick RP, Wieczorek J, Beaman R, Hijmans RJ (2006) BioGeomancer: automated georeferencing to map the world's biodiversity data. PLoS Biol 4: e381.
54. Hamwieh A, Udupa SM, Sarker A, Jung C, Baum M (2009) Development of new microsatellite markers and their application in the analysis of genetic diversity in lentils. Breed Sci 59: 77-86.
55. Hayman DS (1983) The physiology of vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. Can J Bot 61: 944-963.
56. Heywood V, Casas A, Ford-Lloyd B, Kell S, Maxted N (2007) Conservation and sustainable use of crop wild relatives. Agric Ecosyst Environ 124: 245-255.
57. Hijmans RJ, Guarino L, Cruz M, Rojas E (2001) Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Plant Genet Resour Newslett 127: 15-19.
58. Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25: 1965-1978.
59. Hirano R, Jato SA, Kawase M, Kikuchi A, Watanabe KN (2009) Consequences of ex situ conservation on the genetic integrity of germplasm held at different genebanks: a case study of bread wheat collected in Pakistan. Crop Sci 49: 2160-2166.
60. Hoey BK, Crowe KR, Jones VM, Polans NO (1996) A phylogenetic analysis of Pisum based on morphological characters, allozyme and RAPD markers. Theor Appl Genet 92: 92-100.
61. IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: synthesis report, summary for policy makers. Technical report. http://www. ipcc. ch/ipccreports/ar4-syr. htm.
62. IPCC (2008) Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva.
63. IPGRI (1996) Report of the internally commissioned external review of the CGIAR Genebank operations. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
64. Jarvis A, Lane A, Hijmans R (2008) The effect of climate changes on crop wild relatives. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126: 13-33.
65. Jing R, Johnson R, Seres A, Kiss G, Ambrose MJ, Knox MR, Ellis THN, Flavell A (2007) Gene-based sequence diversity analysis of field pea (Pisum). Genetics 177: 2263-2275.
66. Jing RC, Vershinin A, Grzebyta J, Shaw P, Smýkal P, Marshall D, Ambrose MJ, Ellis THN, Flavell AJ (2010) The genetic diversity and evolution of field pea (Pisum) studied by high throughput retrotransposon based insertion polymorphism (RBIP) marker analysis. BMC Evol Biol 10: 44.
67. Jung W, Yu O, Lau SMC, O'Keefe DP, Odell J, Fader G, McGonigle B (2000) Identification and expression of isoflavone synthase, the key enzyme for biosynthesis of isoflavones in legumes. Nat Biotechnol 18: 208-212.
68. Kaur N, Street K, Mackay M, Yahiaoui N, Keller B (2008) Molecular approaches for characterization and use of natural disease resistance in wheat. Eur J Plant Pathol 121: 387-397.
69. Kharkwal MC, Cagirgan MI, Toker C, Shah T, Islam MM, Nakagawa H, Xu X, Si P (2010) Legume mutant varieties for food, feed and environmental benefits. In: 5th International food legumes research conference (IFLRC) & 7th European conference on grain legumes (AEP VII), 26-30 April 2010, Antalya, Turkey, p 196.
70. Khoury C, Laliberté B, Guarino L (2010) Trends in ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources: a review of global crop and regional conservation strategies. Genet Resour Crop Evol 57: 625-639.
71. Kornegay J, Cardona C, Posso CE (1993) Inheritence of resistance to Mexican bean weevil in common bean, determined by bioassay and biochemical tests. Crop Sci 33: 589-594.
72. Kwak M, Gepts P (2009) Structure of genetic diversity in the two major gene pools of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae). Theor Appl Genet 118: 979-992.
73. Kwak M, Kami A, Gepts P (2009) The putative mesoamerican domestication center of Phaseolus vulgaris is located in the Lerma-Santiago Basin of Mexico. Crop Sci 49: 554-563.
74. Le Clerc V, Briard M, Granger J, Delettre J (2003) Genebank biodiversity assessments regarding optimal sample size and seed harvesting techniques for the regeneration of carrot accessions. Biodiv Conserv 12: 2227-2336.
75. Le Signor C, Dalmais M, Bruaud V, Thompson R, Bendahmane A (2009) High throughput identification of Pisum sativum mutant lines by TILLING: a tool for crop improvement using either forward or reverse genetic approaches. Grain Legumes 52: 18-19.
76. Liu J, Guan J-P, Xu D-X, Zhang XY, Gu J, Zong X-X (2008) Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in lentil (Lens culnaris Medik.) germplasm by SSR markers. Acta Agronomica Sinica 34: 1901-1909.
77. Lobell DB, Burke MB, Tebaldi C, Mastrandrea MD, Falcon W, Naylor R (2008) Prioritizing climate change adaptation need for food security in 2030. Science 319: 607-610.
78. Logozzo G, Donnoli R, Macaluso L, Papa R, Knüpffer H, Zeuli PS (2007) Analysis of the contribution of Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools to European common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm and strategies to establish a core collection. Genet Resour Crop Evol 54: 1763-1779.
79. Mahalakshmi V, Ng Q, Lawson M, Ortiz R (2007) Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) core collection defined by geographical, agronomical and botanical descriptors. Plant Genet Resour 5: 113-119.
80. Malhotra RS, Singh KB, Vito MD, Greco N, Saxena MC (2002) Registration of ILC 10765 and ILC 10766 chickpea germplasm lines resistant to cyst nematode. Crop Sci 42: 1756.
81. Mallikarjuna N, Saxena KB (2005) A new cytoplasmic male-sterility system derived from cultivated pigeonpea cytoplasm. Euphytica 142: 143-148.
82. Mallikarjuna N, Jadhav D, Reddy P (2006) Introgression of Cajanus platycarpus genome into C. cajan. Euphytica 149: 161-167.
83. Mallikarjuna N, Sharma HC, Upadhyaya HD (2007) Exploitation of wild relatives of pigeonpea and chickpea for resistance to Helicoverpa armigera. SAT J Agric Res 3: 59-62.
84. Matzke MA, Scheid OM, Matzke AJM (1999) Rapid structural and epigenetic changes in polyploid and aneuploid genomes. BioEssays 21: 761-767.
85. Maxted N, Kell SP (2009) Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome, p 266.
86. Maxted N, Dulloo E, Ford-Lloyd BV, Iriondo JM, Jarvis A (2008) Gap analysis: a tool for complementary genetic conservation assessment. Divers Distrib 14: 1018-1030.
87. McCouch S (2004) Diversifying selection in plant breeding. PLoS Biol 2: e347.
88. McLaren CG, Bruskiewich RM, Portugal AM, Cosico AB (2005) The international rice information system. A platform for meta-analysis of rice crop data. Plant Physiol 139: 637-642.
89. McLaughlin JF, Hellmann JJ, Boggs CL, Ehrlich PR (2002) Climate change hasten population extinction. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 99: 6070-6074.
90. McPhee KE, Tullu A, Kraft JM, Muehlbauer FJ (1999) Resistance to Fusarium wilt race 2 in the Pisum core collection. J Am Soc Hort Sci 124: 28-31.
91. Meilleur BA, Hodgkin T (2004) In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and trends. Biodivers Conserv 13: 663-684.
92. Mikic A, Angelova S, Burstin J, Djuric B, Cupina B, Lejeune I, Sabeva M, Vishnyakov M, Duc G (2009) The pea genetic resources of the Balkans to represent the first cultivated peas of Europe. Grain Legumes 52: 16-17.
93. Motley TJ, Zerega N, Cross H (2006) Darwin′s Harvest. New approaches to the origins, evolution and conservation of crops. Columbia University Press, NY.
94. Muehlbauer FJ, Rajesh PN (2008) Chickpea, a common source of protein and starch in the semi-arid tropics. In: Moore PH, Ming R (eds) Genomics of tropical crop plants. Springer, New York, pp 171-186.
95. Nelson MN, Berger JD, Erskine W (2010) Flowering time control in annual legumes: prospects in a changing global climate. CAB reviews: perspectives in agriculture, veterinary science. Nutr Nat Resour 5: 14.
96. New M, Lister D, Hulme M, Makin I (2002) A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Clim Res 21: 1-25.
97. Nichols PGH, Cocks PS, Francis CM (2009) Evolution over 16 years in a bulk-hybrid population of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at two contrasting sites in south-western Australia. Euphytica 169: 31-48.
98. Ochatt SJ, Benabdelmouna A, Marget P, Aubert G, Moussy F, Pontecaille C, Jacas L (2004) Overcoming hybridization barriers between pea and some of its wild relatives. Euphytica 137: 353-359.
99. Padmavati M, Reddy AV (1999) Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cereal defense response: an emerging trend in crop biotechnology. Plant Biochem Biotechnol 8: 15-20.
100. Pande S, Kishore GK, Upadhyaya HD, Rao JN (2006) Identification of sources of multiple disease resistance in mini core collection of chickpea. Plant Dis 90: 1214-1218.
101. Parzies HK, Spoor V, Ennos RA (2000) Genetic diversity of barley landrace accessions (Hordeum vulgare ssp vulgare) conserved for different lengths of time in ex situ gene banks. Heredity 84: 476-486.
102. Pengelli BC, Maass BL (2001) Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet germplasm-diversity, potential use and determination of a core collection of this multipurpose tropical legumes. Genet Resour Crop Evol 48: 261-272.
103. Penteado MID, de Miera LES, dela Vega MP (1996) Genetic resources of Centrosema spp: genetic changes associated to the handling of an active collection. Genet Resour Crop Evol 43: 85-90.
104. Pérez-Vega E, Campa A, de la Rosa L, Giraldez R, Ferreira JJ (2009) Genetic diversity in a core collection established from the main bean genebank in Spain. Crop Sci 49: 1377-1386.
105. Perry JA, Wang TL, Welham TJ, Gardner S, Pike JM, Yoshida S, Parniske M (2003) A TILLING reverse genetics tool and a web-accessible collection of mutants of the legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol 131: 866-871.
106. Piano P, Pecetti L, Carroni AM (1996) Climatic adaptation in subterranean clover populations. Euphytica 92: 39-44.
107. Porch TG, Blair MW, Lariguet P, Galeano C, Pankhurst CE, Broughton WJ (2009) Generation of a mutant population for TILLING common bean genotype BAT 93. J Am HortSoc 134: 348-355.
108. Porter LD, Hoheisel G, Coffman VA (2009) Resistance of pea to Sclerotonia sclerotiorum in the Pisum core collection. Plant Pathol 58: 52-60.
109. Provvidenti R (1990) Inheritance of resistance to pea mosaic virus in Pisum sativum. J Heredity 81: 43-45.
110. Ramos ML, Huntley JJ, Maleki SJ, Ozias-Akins P (2008) Identification and characterization of a hypoallergenic ortholog of Ara h 2. 01. Plant Mol Biol 69: 325-335.
111. Redden RJ, Basford KE, Kroonenberg PM, Ellis R, Wang S-M, Cao Y-S, Zong X-X, Wang X-M (2009) Variation in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) germplasm grown in China. Crop Sci 49: 771-782.
112. Reedy ME, Knapp AD, Lamkey KR (1995) Isozyme allelic frequency changes following maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm regeneration. Maydica 40: 269-273.
113. Reif JC, Melchinger AE, Frisch M (2005) Genetical and mathematical properties of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients applied in plant breeding and seed bank management. Crop Sci 45: 1-7.
114. Rogers C, Wen J, Chen R, Giles O (2009) Deletion-based reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 151: 1077-1086.
115. Sackville HNR, Chorlton KH (1997) Regeneration of accessions in seed collections: a decision guide. Handbook for genebanks no. 5. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
116. Sanders FE, Tinker PB (1973) Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pest Sci 4: 385-395.
117. Santalla M, De Ron AM, De La Fuente M (2010) Integration of genome and phenotypic scanning gives evidence of genetic structure in Mesoamerican common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from the southwest of Europe. Theor Appl Genet 120: 1635-1651.
118. Sanz AM, Gonzalez SG, Syed NH, Suso MJ, Saldaña CC, Flavell AJ (2003) Genetic diversity analysis in Vicia species using retrotransposon-based SSAP markers. Mol Genet Genom 278: 433-441.
119. Saxena KB, Kumar RV, Dalvi VA, Mallikarjuna N, Gowda CLL, Singh BB, Tikka SBS, Wanjari KB, Pandet LB, Paralkar LM, Patel MK, Shiying B, Xuxiao Z (2005) Hybrid breeding in grain legumes-a success story of pigeonpea. In: Khairwal MC, Jain HK (eds) International food legume research conference. New Delhi, India, pp 18-22.
120. Saxena KB, Sultana R, Mallikarjuna N, Saxena RK, Kumar RV, Sawargaonkar SL, Varshney RK (2010) Male sterility systems in pigeonpea and their role in enhancing yield. Euphytica 129: 125-134.
121. Schindler F (1890) Welches Werthverhaltniss besteht zwishen den Landrassen landwirthschaflicher Kutlurpflanzen und den sogenanneten Zuchtunsrassen? Internationaler lan- und forstwirstchaflicher Congress zu Wiena 1890. Section I: Landwirthschaft. Subsection: Pflanzenbau. Frage 5. Heft 13: 19-24.
122. Singh KB, Bejiga G, Malhotra RS (1990) Association of some characters with seed yield in chickpea collection. Euphytica 49: 83-88.
123. Singh S, Gumber RK, Joshi N, Singh K (2005) Introgressions from wild Cicer reticulatum to cultivated chickpea for productivity and disease resistance. Plant Breed 124: 477-480.
124. Smartt J (1990) Grain legumes. Evolution and genetic resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
125. Smýkal P, Hýbl M, Corander J, Jarkovský J, Flavell AJ, Griga M (2008) Genetic diversity and population structure of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties derived from combined retrotransposon, microsatellite and morphological marker analysis. Theor Appl Genet 117: 413-424.
126. Smýkal P, Kenicer G, Flavell AJ, Kosterin O, Ellis NTH, Ambrose MJ (2009a) Morphological and molecular relationships in Pisum L. Grain Legume Mag 52: 22-23.
127. Smýkal P, Coyne CJ, Ford R, Redden R, Hybl M, Flavell AJ, Warkentin T, Burstin J, Duc G, Ambrose M, Ellis T (2009b) Effort towards a world pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm core collection: the case for common markers and data compatibility. Pisum Genet 40: 11-15.
128. Smýkal P, Kenicer G, Flavell AJ, Corander J, Kosterin O, Redden RJ, Ford R, Coyne CJ, Maxted N, Ambrose MJ, Ellis NTH (2011) Phylogeny, phylogeography and genetic diversity of the Pisum genus. Plant Genet Resour 9: 4-18.
129. Soengas P, Cartea E, Lema M, Velasco P (2009) Effect of regeneration procedures on the genetic integrity of Brassica oleracea accessions. Mol Breed 23: 389-395.
130. Spagnoletti-Zeuli PL, Sergio L, Perrino P (1995) Changes in the genetic structure of wheat germplasm accessions during seed rejuvenation. Plant Breed 114: 193-198.
131. Spooner D, van Treuren R, de Vicente MC (2005) Molecular markers for genebank management. IPGRI technical bulletin no. 10. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
132. Steiner AM, Ruckenbauer P, Goecke E (1997) Maintenance in genebanks, a case study: contaminations observed in the Nurnberg oats of 1831. Genet Resour Crop Evol 44: 533-538.
133. Street K, Mackay M, Zuev E, Kaul N, El Bouhssini M, Konopka J, Mitrofanova O (2008) Swimming in the genepool-a rational approach to exploiting large genetic resource collections. In: Appels R, Eastwood R, Lagudah E, Langridge P, Mackay M, McIntyre L, Sharp P (eds) 11th International wheat genetics symposium. Sydney University Press, Sydney, pp 1-4. http://hd1. handle. net/2123/3390.
134. Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O (2007) Distinct, crucial roles of flavonoids during legume nodulation. Trends Plant Sci 12: 282-285.
135. Suso MJ, Gilsanz S, Duc G, Marget P, Moreno MT (2006) Germplasm management of faba bean (Vicia faba L.): monitoring intercrossing between accessions with inter-plot barriers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53: 1427-1439.
136. SWPGRFA (2009) Draft second report on the state of world plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture (CGRFA-12/09/Inf. rRev. 1). Twelth Regular Session, 19-23 Oct 2009, Rome, Italy.
137. Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed bank and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277: 1063-1066.
138. Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Yvonne C et al (2004) Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427: 145-148.
139. Tikka SBS, Parmar LD, Chauhan RM (1997) First record of cytoplasmic-genic male-sterility system in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) through wide hybridization. Gujrat Agri Univ Res J 22: 160-162.
140. UNEP (2002) United Nations Environment Programme. The Hague ministerial declaration of the conference of parties to the convention on biological diversity.
141. Upadhyaya HD (2008) Crop germplasm and wild relatives: a source of novel variation for crop improvement. Korean J Crop Sci 53: 12-17.
142. Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R (2001) A mini core subset for capturing diversity and promoting utilization of chickpea genetic resources. Theor Appl Genet 102: 1292-1298.
143. Upadhyaya HD, Bramel PJ, Singh Sube (2001) Development of a chickpea core collection using geographic distribution and quantitative traits. Crop Sci 41: 206-210.
144. Upadhyaya HD, Reddy LJ, Gowda CLL, Reddy KN, Singh S (2006) Development of a mini core subset for enhanced and diversified utilization of pigeonpea germplasm resources. Crop Sci 46: 2127-2132.
145. Upadhyaya HD, Dwivedi SL, Baum M, Varshney RK, Udupa SM, Gowda CLL, Hoisington D, Singh S (2008a) Genetic structure, diversity, and allelic richness in composite collection and reference set in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). BMC Plant Biol 8: 106.
146. Upadhyaya HD, Bhattacharjee R, Varshney R, Hoisington D, Reddy KN, Singh S (2008b) Assessment of genetic diversity in pigeonpea using SSR markers. Abstract 657-3. Joint annual meeting, 5-9 Oct 2008, Houston, Texas. http://acs. confex. com/crops/2008am/webprogram/paper40981. html.
147. Upadhyaya HD, Dwivedi SL, Gowda CLL, Singh S, Reddy KN (2009) Enhancing the value of plant genetic resources of chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut. In: Ali M, Kumar S (eds) Milestones in food legume research. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Army Printing Press, Kanpur, Lucknow, pp 178-205.
148. Upadhyaya HD, Reddy KN, Shivali S, Varshney RK, Bhattacharjee R, Singh S, Gowda CLL (2011) Pigeonpea composite collection for enhanced utilization of germplasm in crop improvement programs. Plant Genet Resour Charact Util 9: 97-108.
149. van Hintum TJL, van De Wiel CCM, Visser DL, van Treuren R, Vosman B (2007) The distribution of genetic diversity in a Brassica oleracea genebank collection related to the effects on diversity of regeneration, as measured with AFLPs. Theor Appl Genet 114: 777-786.
150. Vargas-Vázquez MLP, Muruaga-Martínez JS, Pérez-Herrera P, Gill-Langarica HR, Esquivel G, Martínez-Damaián MA, Rosales-Serna R, Mayek-Pérez N (2008) Morpho-agronomic characterization of the INIFAP core collection of the cultivated form of common bean. Agrociencia (Montecillo) 42: 787-797.
151. Vershinin AV, Allnutt TR, Knox MR, Ambrose MJ, Ellis THN (2003) Transposable elements reveal the impact of introgression, rather than transposition, in Pisum diversity, evolution, and domestication. Mol Biol Evol 20: 2067-2075.
152. von Proskowetz E (1890) Welches Werthverhaltniss besteht zwishen den Landrassen landwirthschaflicher Kutlurpflanzen und den sogenanneten Zuchtunsrassen? Internationaler lan- und forstwirstchaflicher Congress zu Wiena 1890. Section I: Landwirthschaft. Subsection: Pflanzenbau. Frage 5. Heft 13: 3-18.
153. Wang S, Hu J, Cao Y, Redden RJ, Lawrence P, Islam FM (2001) The comprehensive evaluation and preliminary study on genetic diversity of Chinese adzuki germplasm. J Plant Genet Resour 2: 6-11.
154. Wang L-X, Chen X-Z, Wang S-H, Liang H, Zhao D, Xu C (2009) Genetic diversity of adzuki bean germplasm resources revealed by SSR markers. Acta Agron Sin 35: 1858-1865.
155. Weeden NF (2007) Genetic changes accompanying the domestication of Pisum sativum: is there a common genetic basis to the 'Domestication syndrome' for legumes? Ann Bot 100: 1017-1025.
156. Xu Y-H, Guan JP, Zong X-X (2007) Genetic diversity analysis of cowpea germplasm resources by SSR. Acta Agron Sin 33: 1206-1209.
157. Xu HX, Jing T, Tomooka N, Kaga A, Isemura T, Vaughman DA (2008) Genetic diversity of the azuki bean (Vigna vulgaris (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi) genepool as assessed by SSR markers. Genome 51: 728-738.
158. Xu N, Cheng X-Z, Wang L-X, Wang S-H, Liu C-Y, Sun L, Mei L (2009) Screening and application of SSR markers for genetic diversity analysis of Chinese Adzuki bean germplasm resources. Acta Agron Sin 35: 219-227.
159. Zamir D (2001) Improving plant breeding with exotic genetic libraries. Nat Rev Genet 2: 983-989.
160. Zhao W, Canaran P, Jurkuta R, Fulton T, Glaubitz J, Buckler E, Doebley J, Gaut B, Goodman M et al (2006) Panzea: a database and resource for molecular and functional diversity in the maize genome. Nucl Acids Res 34: D752-D757.
161. Zong X-X, Guan J-P, Wang S-M, Liu Q-C, Redden RR, Ford R (2008a) Genetic diversity and core collection of alien Pisum sativum L. germplasm. Acta Agron Sin 34: 1518-1528.
162. Zong X-X, Guan J-P, Wang S-M, Liu Q-C (2008b) Genetic diversity among Chinese pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces revealed by SSR markers. Acta Agron Sin 34: 1330-1338.
163. Zong X-X, Liu X-J, Guan J-P, Wang S-M, Liu Q-C, Paull J-G, Redden R (2009a) Molecular variation among Chinese and global winter faba bean germplasm. Theor Appl Genet 118: 971-978.
164. Zong X-X, Redden RJ, Liu Q-C, Wang S-M, Guan J-P, Liu J, Xu Y-H, Liu X-J, Gu J, Tan L, Ades P, Ford R (2009b) Analysis of diverse global Pisum sp. collection and comparison to a Chinese local P. sativum collection with microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet 118: 193-204.