Biomarkers of immunotoxicity for environmental and public health research

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1388-1401

  Duramad, Paurene ^a   Holland, Nina T ^b  

^a GENENTECH INC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Asthma; Biomarker validation; COPD; Immunoinformatics; Immunome; Immunotoxicity; Luminex

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE;

ASTHMA; ATOPY; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOTOXICITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TOXICOGENETICS;

EID: 79957886918     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8051388     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Finn, O.J. Cancer immunology. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358, 2704-2715.
2. Hansson, G.K.; Nilsson, J. Introduction: Atherosclerosis as inflammation: A controversial concept becomes accepted. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 263, 462-463.
3. Libby, P. The molecular mechanisms of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 263, 517-527.
4. Chou, M.Y.; Hartvigsen, K.; Hansen, L.F.; Fogelstrand, L.; Shaw, P.X.; Boullier, A.; Binder, C.J.; Witztum, J.L. Oxidation-specific epitopes are important targets of innate immunity. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 263, 479-488.
5. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group; Atkinson, A.J.; Colburn, W. A.; DeGruttola, V.G.; DeMets, D.L.; Downing, G.J.; Hoth, D.F.; Oates, J.A.; Peck, C.C.; Schooley R.T.; Spilker, B.A.; Woodcock, J.; Zeger, S.L. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2001, 69, 89-95.
6. Altar, C.A. The biomarkers consortium: On the critical path of drug discovery. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2008, 83, 361-364.
7. Swenberg, J.A.; Fryar-Tita, E.; Jeong, Y.C.; Boysen, G.; Starr, T.; Walker, V.E.; Albertini, R.J. Biomarkers in toxicology and risk assessment: Informing critical dose-response relationships. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2008, 21, 253-265.
8. Baker, M. In biomarkers we trust? Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 297-304.
9. Dieterle, F.; Marrer, E. New technologies around biomarkers and their interplay with drug development. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 390, 141-154.
10. Banerji, U.; de Bono, J.; Judson, I.; Kaye, S. Biomarkers in early clinical trials: The committed and the skeptics. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 2512:3-2512:4.
11. Bohler, T.; Nolting, J.; Kamar, N.; Gurragchaa, P.; Reisener, K.; Glander, P.; Neumayer, H.-H.; Budde, K.; Klupp, J. Validation of immunological biomarkers for the pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs in humans. Ther. Drug Monit. 2007, 29, 77-86.
12. Metcalf, S.W.; Orloff, K.G. Biomarkers of exposure in community settings. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2004, 67, 715-726.
13. Lesko, L.J.; Atkinson, A.J., Jr. Use of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in drug development and regulatory decision making: Criteria, validation, strategies. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2001, 41, 347-366.
14. Buyse, M.; Molenberghs, G.; Burzykowski, T.; Renard, D.; Geys, H. The validation of surrogate endpoints in meta-analyses of randomized experiments. Biostatistics 2000, 1, 49-67.
15. Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, 3rd ed.; Luebke, R.W., House, R., Kimber, I., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007.
16. De Jong, W.H.; Van Loveren, H. Screening of xenobiotics for direct immunotoxicity in an animal study. Methods 2007, 41, 3-8.
17. Descotes, J. Methods of evaluating immunotoxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2006, 2, 249-259.
18. Descotes, J.; Testud, F. Toxicovigilance: A new approach for the hazard identification and risk assessment of toxicants in human beings. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207, 599-603.
19. Winkler, O.; Hadnagy, W.; Idel, H. Cytokines detectable in saliva of children as appropriate markers of local immunity of the oral cavity-An approach for the use in air pollution studies. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2001, 204, 181-184.
20. Soo-Quee Koh, D.; Choon-Huat Koh, G. The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine. Occup. Environ. Med. 2007, 64, 202-210.
21. Simpson, J.L.; Wood, L.G.; Gibson, P.G. Inflammatory mediators in exhaled breath, induced sputum and saliva. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2005, 35, 1180-1185.
22. Robroeks, C.M.; Jobsis, Q.; Damoiseaux, J.G.; Heijmans, P.; Rosias, P.; Hendriks, H.; Dompeling, E. Cytokines in exhaled breath condensate of children with asthma and cystic fibrosis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006, 96, 349-355.
23. Holland, N.T.; Pfleger, L.; Berger, E.; Ho, A.; Bastaki, M. Molecular epidemiology biomarkers-Sample collection and processing considerations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 206, 261-268.
24. Hsieh, S.Y.; Chen, R.K.; Pan, Y.H.; Lee, H.L. Systematical evaluation of the effects of sample collection procedures on low-molecular-weight serum/plasma proteome profiling. Proteomics 2006, 6, 3189-3198.
25. Baggerly, K.A.; Morris, J.S.; Coombes, K.R. Reproducibility of SELDI-TOF protein patterns in serum: Comparing datasets from different experiments. Bioinformatics 2004, 20, 777-785.
26. Diamandis, E.P. Point: Proteomic patterns in biological fluids: Do they represent the future of cancer diagnostics? Clin. Chem. 2003, 49, 1272-1275.
27. Diamandis, E.P. Analysis of serum proteomic patterns for early cancer diagnosis: Drawing attention to potential problems. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 2004, 96, 353-356.
28. Jason, J.; Larned, J. Single-cell cytokine profiles in normal humans: Comparison of flow cytometric reagents and stimulation protocols. J. Immunol. Method. 1997, 207, 13-22.
29. Duramad, P.; McMahon, C.W.; Hubbard, A.; Eskenazi, B.; Holland, N.T. Flow cytometric detection of intracellular TH1/TH2 cytokines using whole blood: Validation of immunologic biomarker for use in epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13, 1452-1458.
30. Luque-Garcia, J.L.; Neubert, T.A. Sample preparation for serum/plasma profiling and biomarker identification by mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 2007, 1153, 259-276.
31. Richens J.L.; Urbanowicz, R.A.; Metcalf, R.; Corne, J.; O'Shea, P.; Fairclough, L. Quantitative validation and comparison of multiplex cytokine kits. J. Biomol. Screen. 2010, 15, 562-568.
32. Lash, G.E.; Pinto, L.A. Multiplex cytokine analysis technologies. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2010, 9, 1231-1237.
33. Maecker, H.T.; McCoy, J.P., Jr.; Amos, M.; Elliott, J.; Gaigalas, A.; Wang, L.; Aranda, R.; Banchereau, J.; Boshoff, C.; Braun, J. et al. A model for harmonizing flow cytometry in clinical trials. Nat. Immunol. 2010, 11, 975-978.
34. Cosio, M.G.; Majo, J.; Cosio, M.G. Inflammation of the airways and lung parenchyma in COPD: Role of T cells. Chest 2002, 121, 160S-165S.
35. Hogg, J.C. Infection and COPD. Exp. Lung Res. 2005, 31, 72-73.
36. Baraldo, S.; Lokar, O.K.; Turato, G.; Zuin, R.; Saetta, M. The role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14, 2250-2256.
37. Bottema, R.W.; Reijmerink, N.E.; Kerkhof, M.; Koppelman, G.H.; Stelma, F.F.; Gerritsen, J.; Thijs, C.; Brunekreef, B.; van Schayck, C.P.; Postma, D.S. IL13, CD14, pet and tobacco smoke influence atopy in 3 Dutch cohorts: The allergenic study. Eur. Resp. J. 2008, 32, 593-602.
38. Heaton, T.; Rowe, J.; Turner, S.; Aalberse, R.C.; de Klerk, N.; Suriyaarachchi, D.; Serralha, M.; Holt, B.J.; Hollams, E.; Yerkovich, S. et al. An immunoepidemiological approach to asthma: Identification of in vitro T-cell response patterns associated with different wheezing phenotypes in children. Lancet 2005, 365, 142-149.
39. Feleszko, W.; Zawadzka-Krajewska, A.; Matysiak, K.; Lewandowska, D.; Peradzyńska, J.; Dinh, Q.T.; Hamelmann, E.; Groneberg, D.A.; Kulus, M. Parental tobacco smoking is associated with augmented IL-13 secretion in children with allergic asthma. J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117, 97-102.
40. Duramad, P.; Harley, K.; Lipsett, M.; Bradman, A.; Eskenazi, B.; Holland, N.T.; Tager, I.B. Early environmental exposures and intracellular Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in 24-month-old children living in an agricultural area. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 1916-1922.
41. Friedrich, N.; Husemoen, L.L.; Petersmann, A.; Nauck, M.; Völzke, H.; Linneberg, A. The association between alcohol consumption and biomarkers of alcohol exposure with total serum immunoglobulin E levels. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 983-990.
42. Costa, C.; Rufino, R.; Traves, S.L.; Silva, J.R.L.; Barnes, P.J.; Donnelly, L.E. CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 2008, 133, 26-33.
43. Smyth, L.J.; Starkey, C.; Vestbo, J.; Singh, D. CD4-regulatory cells in COPD patients. Chest 2007, 132, 156-163.
44. Hacievliyagil, S.S.; Gunen, H.; Mutlu, L.C.; Karabulut, A.B.; Temel, I. Association between cytokines in induced sputum and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Res. Med. 2006, 100, 846-854.
45. Niemela, O. Biomarkers in alcoholism. Clin. Chim. Acta 2007, 377, 39-49.
46. Barnes, P.J. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat. Rev. 2008, 8, 183-192.
47. Saetta, M.; Mariani, M.; Panina-Bordignon, P.; Turato, G.; Buonsanti, C.; Baraldo, S.; Bellettato, C.M.; Papi, A.; Corbetta, L.; Zuin, R. et al. Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 165, 1404-1409.
48. Snell, N.; Newbold, P. The clinical utility of biomarkers in asthma and COPD. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2008, 8, 222-235.
49. Chung, K.F.; Barnes, P.J. Cytokines in asthma. Thorax 1999, 54, 825-857.
50. Ngoc, P.L.; Gold, D.R.; Tzianabos, A.O.; Weiss, S.T.; Celedón, J.C. Cytokines, allergy, and asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 5, 161-166.
51. Macfarlane, A.J.; Kon, O.M.; Smith, S.J.; Zeibecoglou, K.; Khan, L.N.; Barata, L.T.; McEuen, A.R.; Buckley, M.G.; Walls, A.F.; Meng, Q. et al. Basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in atopic and nonatopic asthma and in late-phase allergic reactions in the lung and skin. J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 2000, 105, 99-107.
52. Marone, G.; Triggiani, M.; de Paulis, A. Mast cells and basophils: Friends as well as foes in bronchial asthma? Trends Immunol. 2005, 26, 25-31.
53. Yssel, H.; Abbal, C.; Pene, J.; Bousquet, J. The role of IgE in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1998, 28 (Suppl. 5), 104-109.
54. Brown, V.; Warke, T.J.; Shields, M.D.; Ennis, M. T cell cytokine profiles in childhood asthma. Thorax 2003, 58, 311-316.
55. Yeatts, K.; Sly, P.; Shore, S.; Weiss, S.; Martinez, F.; Geller, A.; Bromberg, P.; Enright, P.; Koren, H.; Weissman, D.; Selgrade, M.J. A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence research. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 634-640.
56. Baldini, M.; Lohman, I.C.; Halonen, M.; Erickson, R.P.; Holt M P.G.; Martinez, F.D. A Polymorphism* in the 5' flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999, 20, 976-983.
57. Kaneko, H.; Matsui, E.; Asano, T.; Kato, Z.; Teramoto, T.; Aoki, M.; Kawamoto, N.; Lian, L.A.; Kasahara, K.; Kondo, N. Suppression of IFN-gamma production in atopic group at the acute phase of RSV infection. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2006, 17, 370-375.
58. Machura, E.; Mazur, B.; Kwiecien, J.; Karczewska, K. Intracellular production of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha by peripheral blood CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in children with atopic dermatitis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2007, 166, 789-795.
59. Hollams, E.M.; Deverell, M.; Serralha, M.; Suriyaarachchi, D.; Parsons, F.; Zhang, G.; de Klerk, N.; Holt, B.J.; Ladyman, C.; Sadowska, A. et al. Elucidation of asthma phenotypes in atopic teenagers through parallel immunophenotypic and clinical profiling. J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 2009, 124, 463-470.
60. Benninghoff, A.D. Toxicoproteomics-The next step in the evolution of environmental biomarkers. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 95, 1-4.
61. Baken, K.A.; Vandebriel, R.J.; Pennings, J.L.; Kleinjansa, J.C.; van Loveren, H. Toxicogenomics in the assessment of immunotoxicity. Methods 2007, 41, 132-141.
62. Salam, M.T.; Gauderman, W.J.; McConnell, R.; Lin, P.-C.; Gilliland, F.D. Transforming growth factor-β1 C-509T polymorphism, oxidant stress, and early-onset childhood asthma. Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007, 176, 1192-1199.
63. Pruett, S.B.; Holladay, S.D.; Prater, M.R.; Yucesoy, B.; Luster, M.I. The promise of genomics and proteomics in immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology. In Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, 3rd ed.; Luebke, R.W., House, R., Kimber, I., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007; pp. 79-95.
64. Burns-Naas, L.A.; Kerkvliet, N.I.; Laskin, D.L.; Bortner, C.D.; Burchiel, S.W. The use of multiparameter flow cytometry in immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology. In Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, 3rd ed.; Luebke, R.W., House, R., Kimber, I., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007; pp. 97-122.
65. Diaz-Ramos, M.C.; Engel, P.; Bastos, R. Towards a comprehensive human cell-surface immunome database. Immunol. Lett. 2010, 134, 183-187.
66. Tomar, N.; De, R.K. Immunoinformatics: An integrated scenario. Immunology 2010, 131, 153-168.
67. Korber, B.; LaBute, M.; Yusim, K. Immunoinformatics comes of age. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2006, 2, e71:0484-e71:0494.
68. Tong, J.C.; Ren, E.C. Immunoinformatics: Current trends and future directions. Drug Discov. Today 2009, 14, 684-689.
69. Yan, Q. Immunoinformatics and systems biology methods for personalized medicine. Meth. Mol. B 2010, 662, 203-220.
70. Lassere, M.N. The biomarker-surrogacy evaluation schema: A review of the biomarker-surrogate literature and a proposal for a criterion-based, quantitative, multidimensional hierarchical levels of evidence schema for evaluating the status of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 2008, 17, 303-340.
71. Maksymowych, W.P.; Landewe, R.; Boers, M.; Garnero, P.; Geusens, P.; El-Gabalawy, H.; Heinegard, D.; Kraus, V.B.; Krause, V.; Lohmander, S. et al. Development of draft validation criteria for a soluble biomarker to be regarded as a valid biomarker reflecting structural damage endpoints in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis clinical trials. J. Rheumatol. 2007, 34, 634-640.
72. Lassere, M.N.; Johnson, K.R.; Boers, M.; Tugwell, P.; Brooks, P.; Simon, L.; Strand, V.; Conaghan, P.G.; Ostergaard, M.; Maksymowych, W.P. et al. Definitions and validation criteria for biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Development and testing of a quantitative hierarchical levels of evidence schema. J. Rheumatol. 2007, 34, 607-615.
73. Kant, A.K.; Graubard, B.I. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in variability in nutritional biomarkers. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1464-1471.
74. Duramad, P.; Tager, I.B.; Holland, N.T. Cytokines and other immunological biomarkers in children's environmental health studies. Toxicol. lett. 2007, 172, 48-59.
75. Colosio, C.; Birindelli, S.; Corsini, E.; Galli, C.L.; Maroni, M. Low level exposure to chemicals and immune system. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207, 320-328.
76. Shearer, W.T.; Rosenblatt, H.M.; Gelman, R.S.; Oyomopito, R.; Plaeger, S.; Stiehm, E.R.; Wara, D.W.; Douglas, S.D.; Luzuriaga, K.; McFarland, E.J. et al. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: The pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study. J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 2003, 112, 973-980.
77. Wolf, J.M.; Nicholls, E.; Chen, E. Chronic stress, salivary cortisol, and alpha-amylase in children with asthma and healthy children. Biol. Psychol. 2008, 78, 20-28.
78. Chen, E.; Fisher, E.B.; Bacharier, L.B.; Strunk, R.C. Socioeconomic status, stress, and immune markers in adolescents with asthma. Psychosom. Med. 2003, 65, 984-992.