New imaging modalities in bone

Current Rheumatology Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 241-250

  Griffith, James F ^a   Genant, Harry K ^b  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone quality; Computed tomography; Image analysis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Osteoporosis; Radiography

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HIGH RESOLUTION PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGING SYSTEM; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; BONE AND BONES; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOPOROSIS; SPINAL FRACTURES; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 79957477811     PISSN: 15233774     EISSN: 15346307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-011-0174-x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. TM Link 2010 The Founder's Lecture 2009: advances in imaging of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis Skeletal Radiol 39 943 55 20563801 10.1007/s00256-010-0987-0 This is a comprehensive, easy-to understand overview of recent advances in bone imaging of osteoporosis with a historical perspective
2. CJ Hernandez TM Keaveny 2006 A biomechanical perspective on bone quality Bone 39 1173 81 16876493 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.001 1:STN:280: DC%2BD28jgt1yhsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44827914)
3. SR Cummings PM Cawthon KE Ensrud JA Cauley HA Fink ES Orwoll, et al. 2006 BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older men: a prospective study and comparison with older women J Bone Miner Res 21 1550 6 16995809 10.1359/jbmr.060708 (Pubitemid 44484599)
4. F Rivadeneira MC Zillikens CE De Laet A Hofman AG Uitterlinden TJ Beck, et al. 2007 Femoral neck BMD is a strong predictor of hip fracture susceptibility in elderly men and women because it detects cortical bone instability: the Rotterdam Study J Bone Miner Res 22 1781 90 17638578 10.1359/jbmr.070712 (Pubitemid 351235145)
5. O Johnell JA Kanis A Oden H Johansson C De Laet P Delmas, et al. 2005 Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures J Bone Miner Res 20 1185 94 15940371 10.1359/JBMR.050304 Erratum in: J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:774 (Pubitemid 40863806)
6. EM Lewiecki CM Gordon S Baim MB Leonard NJ Bishop ML Bianchi, et al. 2008 International society for clinical densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions Bone 43 1115 21 18793764 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.106
7. JA Kanis H Johansson A Oden EV McCloskey 2009 Assessment of fracture risk Eur J Radiol 71 392 7 19716672 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.04.061
8. LG Dasher CD Newton L Lenchik 2010 Dual X-ray absorptiometry in today's clinical practice Radiol Clin North Am 48 541 60 20609891 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.02. 019
9. HK Genant J Li CY Wu JA Shepherd 2000 Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: a new method for clinical assessment J Clin Densitom 3 281 90 11090235 10.1385/JCD:3:3:281 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FovVCmsQ%3D%3D
10. EV McCloskey S Vasireddy J Threlkeld J Eastaugh A Parry N Bonnet, et al. 2008 Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) with a densitometer predicts future fractures in elderly women unselected for osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 23 1561 8 18505372 10.1359/jbmr.080515
11. P Rüegsegger U Elsasser M Anliker H Gnehm H Kind A Prader 1976 Quantification of bone mineralization using computed tomography Radiology 121 93 7 959563
12. HK Genant DP Boyd 1977 Quantitative bone mineral analysis using dual energy computed tomography Invest Radiol 12 545 51 591258 10.1097/00004424- 197711000-00015 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXhtVWhsr8%3D (Pubitemid 8258543)
13. HK Genant CE Cann RS Pozzi-Mucelli AS Kanter 1983 Vertebral mineral determination by quantitative computed tomography: clinical feasibility and normative data J Comput Assist Tomogr 7 554 10.1097/00004728-198306000-00046
14. AF Heuck J Block CC Glueer P Steiger HK Genant 1989 Mild versus definite osteoporosis: comparison of bone densitometry techniques using different statistical models J Bone Miner Res 4 891 900 2610023 10.1002/jbmr.5650040614 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7hvV2lsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20065699)
15. DM Black SL Greenspan KE Ensrud L Palermo JA McGowan TF Lang, et al. 2003 PaTH Study Investigators. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 349 1207 15 14500804 10.1056/NEJMoa031975 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXns1Kmsrw%3D (Pubitemid 37152030)
16. CH McCollough L Guimarães JG Fletcher 2009 In defense of body CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 193 28 39 19542392 10.2214/AJR.09.2754
17. Mueller DK, Kutscherenko A, Bartel H, Vlassenbroek A, Ourednicek P, Erckenbrecht J. Phantom-less QCT BMD system as screening tool for osteoporosis without additional radiation. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Mar 9. [Epub ahead of print]. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the precision and clinical applicability of phantom-less QCT analyses that can be applied in cross-sectional observational studies even retrospectively, but are not recommended for longitudinal study.
18. MJ Budoff YS Hamirani YL Gao H Ismaeel FR Flores J Child, et al. 2010 Measurement of thoracic bone mineral density with quantitative CT Radiology 257 434 40 20807844 10.1148/radiol.10100132
19. JS Bauer TD Henning D Müeller Y Lu S Majumdar TM Link 2007 Volumetric quantitative CT of the spine and hip derived from contrast-enhanced MDCT: conversion factors AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 1294 301 17449773 10.2214/AJR.06.1006 (Pubitemid 46668511)
20. CI Lee HP Forman 2010 What we can and cannot see coming Radiology 257 313 14 20959544 10.1148/radiol.10101437
21. M Rachidi A Marchadier C Gadois E Lespessailles C Chappard CL Benhamou 2008 Laws' masks descriptors applied to bone texture analysis: an innovative and discriminant tool in osteoporosis Skeletal Radiol 37 541 8 18327577 10.1007/s00256-008-0463-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1crmvVCquw%3D%3D
22. AS Issever TM Link M Kentenich P Rogalla AJ Burghardt GJ Kazakia, et al. 2010 Assessment of trabecular bone structure using MDCT: comparison of 64- and 320-slice CT using HR-pQCT as the reference standard Eur Radiol 20 458 68 19711081 10.1007/s00330-009-1571-7
23. C Graeff W Timm TN Nickelsen J Farrerons F Marin C Barker, et al. 2007 Monitoring teriparatide-associated changes in vertebral microstructure by high-resolution CT in vivo: results from the EUROFORS study J Bone Miner Res 22 1426 33 17547537 10.1359/jbmr.070603 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVynsLjI (Pubitemid 351339687)
24. Y Kang K Engelke C Fuchs WA Kalender 2005 An anatomic coordinate system of the femoral neck for highly reproducible BMD measurements using 3D QCT Comput Med Imaging Graph 29 533 41 16143496 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2005.05.002 (Pubitemid 41606726)
25. K Engelke A Mastmeyer V Bousson T Fuerst JD Laredo WA Kalender 2009 Reanalysis precision of 3D quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine Bone 44 566 72 19070691 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.008
26. V Bousson A Le Bras F Roqueplan Y Kang D Mitton S Kolta, et al. 2006 Volumetric quantitative computed tomography of the proximal femur: relationships linking geometric and densitometric variables to bone strength. Role for compact bone Osteoporos Int 17 855 64 16547689 10.1007/s00198-006-0074-5 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283osVKlug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43781499)
27. K Engelke T Fuerst G Dasic RY Davies HK Genant 2010 Regional distribution of spine and hip QCT BMD responses after one year of once-monthly ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis Bone 46 1626 32 20226286 10.1016/j.bone.2010.03. 003 This study illustrates the benefit of applying automated anatomic coordinate systems to facilitate CT image analysis. Comparison of predetermined anatomic areas allows appreciation of how different bone areas may be responding to treatment and how improvements to those more structurally relevant areas helps explain observed changes in bone strength following treatment
28. RP Crawford CE Cann TM Keaveny 2003 Finite element models predict in vitrovertebral body compressive strength better than quantitative computed tomography Bone 33 744 50 14555280 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00210-2 (Pubitemid 37222401)
29. JH Keyak SA Rossi KA Jones HB Skinner 1998 Prediction of femoral fracture load using automated finite element modeling J Biomech 31 125 33 9593205 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00123-1 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3lsVSgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28195808)
30. JA MacNeil SK Boyd 2008 Bone strength at the distal radius can be estimated from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the finite element method Bone 42 1203 13 18358799 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.017
31. Christiansen BA, Kopperdahl DL, Kiel DP, Keaveny TM, Bouxsein ML. Mechanical contributions of the cortical and trabecular compartments contribute to differences in age-related changes in vertebral body strength in men and women assessed by QCT-based finite element analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]. This study explored how structural changes influence bone strength as assessed by FEA. It showed how increased vertebral body fragility in older women occurs as a result of trabecular thinning being accompanied by cortical thinning, while in men, vertebral cortical bone is less affected. In other words, it showed how males and females lose bone differently with age, with females having a relatively greater degree of vertebral body cortical bone loss that contributes to an increased prevalence of vertebral fracture.
32. LJ Melton 3rd BL Riggs TM Keaveny SJ Achenbach D Kopperdahl JJ Camp, et al. 2010 Relation of vertebral deformities to bone density, structure, and strength J Bone Miner Res 25 1922 30 20533526 10.1002/jbmr.150 This study showed how structural and strength parameters are all reduced in individuals with more severe vertebral body fractures rather than those with milder vertebral fractures. Vertebral fracture severity is an additional indicator of bone strength, and mild vertebral deformities do represent early vertebral fractures
33. T Mawatari H Miura S Hamai T Shuto Y Nakashima K Okazaki, et al. 2008 Vertebral strength changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with alendronate, as assessed by finite element analysis of clinical computed tomography scans: a prospective randomized clinical trial Arthritis Rheum 58 3340 9 18975334 10.1002/art.23988 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsV2hs7nO
34. TM Keaveny D Donley P Hoffmann B Mitlak E Glass J San Martin 2007 Effects of teriparatide and alendronate on vertebral strength as assessed by finite element modeling of QCT scans in women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 22 149 57 17042738 10.1359/jbmr.061011 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVWnurk%3D (Pubitemid 46032608)
35. C Graeff Y Chevalier M Charlebois P Varga D Pahr TN Nickelsen, et al. 2009 Improvements in vertebral body strength under teriparatide treatment assessed in vivo by finite element analysis: results from the EUROFORS study J Bone Miner Res 24 1672 80 19419306 10.1359/jbmr.090416 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtlGgurfN This study showed how finite element modeling of volumetric CT data can be used to show improvements in vertebral bone strength over and above those predicated by density change alone. However, it does conclude that further study is required to confirm that this improved estimation of vertebral body strength translates into improved prediction of vertebral fracture
36. TM Keaveny DL Kopperdahl LJ Melton 3rd PF Hoffmann S Amin BL Riggs, et al. 2010 Age-dependence of femoral strength in white women and men J Bone Miner Res 25 994 1001 19874201 10.1002/jbmr.231 This study used FEA as a much more direct in vivo measure of bone strength to plot changes in proximal femoral strength with aging. Proximal femoral strength declines with age, particularly in women-much more so than would be predicted on the basis of BMDa changes. It also showed how low femoral strength is much more prevalent in older adults than osteoporosis as defined using BMDa
37. ES Orwoll LM Marshall CM Nielson SR Cummings J Lapidus JA Cauley Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group, et al. 2009 Finite element analysis of the proximal femur and hip fracture risk in older men J Bone Miner Res 24 475 83 19049327 10.1359/jbmr.081201 This is the first prospective study to evaluate the use of FEA in predicting proximal femoral fracture. Femoral strength assessment by FEA was more predictive of proximal femoral fracture than BMDa
38. J Borggrefe C Graeff TN Nickelsen F Marin CC Glüer 2010 Quantitative computed tomographic assessment of the effects of 24 months of teriparatide treatment on 3D femoral neck bone distribution, geometry, and bone strength: results from the EUROFORS study J Bone Miner Res 25 472 81 19778182 10.1359/jbmr.090820 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksl2ltbk%3D This study used FEA to study the effect of treatment on proximal femoral bone strength. Bone strength indices improved with treatment associated with an increase in proximal femoral cortical thickness
39. BL Riggs LJ Melton RA Robb JJ Camp EJ Atkinson L McDaniel, et al. 2008 A population-based assessment of rates of bone loss at multiple skeletal sites: evidence for substantial trabecular bone loss in young adult women and men J Bone Miner Res 23 205 14 17937534 10.1359/jbmr.071020 (Pubitemid 351160034)
40. K Engelke C Libanati Y Liu H Wang M Austin T Fuerst, et al. 2009 Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the forearm using general purpose spiral whole-body CT scanners: accuracy, precision and comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Bone 45 110 18 19345291 10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.669 This study showed how clinical CT units with a dedicated forearm phantom can be used as a good alternative to pQCT
41. HK Genant K Engelke DA Hanley JP Brown M Omizo HG Bone, et al. 2010 Denosumab improves density and strength parameters as measured by QCT of the radius in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density Bone 47 131 9 20399288 10.1016/j.bone.2010.04.594 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntVCrtLo%3D
42. YX Wang JF Griffith H Zhou KC Choi VW Hung DK Yeung, et al. 2009 Rat lumbar vertebrae bone densitometry using multidetector CT Eur Radiol 19 882 90 18958471 10.1007/s00330-008-1219-z This study showed how clinical CT units can be used as a good alternative to pQCT when studying longitudinal density changes in small animals
43. S Boutroy ML Bouxsein F Munoz PD Delmas 2005 In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 6508 15 16189253 10.1210/jc.2005-1258 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlaltLzI (Pubitemid 41759306)
44. KK Nishiyama HM Macdonald HR Buie DA Hanley SK Boyd 2010 Postmenopausal women with osteopenia have higher cortical porosity and thinner cortices at the distal radius and tibia than women with normal aBMD: an in vivo HR-pQCT study J Bone Miner Res 25 882 90 19839766
45. AJ Burghardt KA Dais U Masharani TM Link S Majumdar 2008 In vivo quantification of intra-cortical porosity in human cortical bone using hr-pQCT in patients with type II diabetes J Bone Miner Res 23 S450
46. EK Li TY Zhu LS Tam VW Hung JF Griffith TK Li, et al. 2010 Bone microarchitecture assessment by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus taking corticosteroids J Rheumatol 37 1473 9 20472932 10.3899/jrheum.091231 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXhtVKlu7%2FM This study showed how structural parameters evident on HR-pQCT of the distal radius proved more discriminatory at distinguishing between systemic lupus erythematosus patients on steroids with and without vertebral fracture than spinal BMDa
47. WS Hinshaw PA Bottomley GN Holland 1977 Radiographic thin-section image of the human wrist by nuclear magnetic resonance Nature 270 22-29 722 3 593393 10.1038/270722a0 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FntFyjtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8239244)
48. B Ludescher P Martirosian S Lenk J Machann F Dammann F Schick, et al. 2005 High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone in the wrist at 3 tesla: initial results Acta Radiol 46 306 9 15981728 10.1080/ 02841850510021076 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzjtFSjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41663620)
49. CM Phan M Matsuura JS Bauer TC Dunn D Newitt EM Lochmueller, et al. 2006 Trabecular bone structure of the calcaneus: comparison of MR imaging at 3.0 and 1.5 T with micro-CT as the standard of reference Radiology 239 488 96 16569786 10.1148/radiol.2392050574
50. FW Wehrli B Gomberg P Saha H Song S Hwang P Snyder 2001 Digital topological analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance microimages of trabecular bone reveals structural implications of osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 16 1520 31 11499875 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.8.1520 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvltlejsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32675204)
51. FW Wehrli MB Leonard PK Saha BR Gomberg 2004 Quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals structural implications of renal osteodystrophy on trabecular and cortical bone J Magn Reson Imaging 20 83 9 15221812 10.1002/jmri.20085 (Pubitemid 38857520)
52. GJ Kazakia B Hyun AJ Burghardt R Krug DC Newitt AE de Papp, et al. 2008 In vivo determination of bone structure in postmenopausal women: a comparison of HR-pQCT and high-field MR imaging J Bone Miner Res 23 463 74 18052756 10.1359/jbmr.071116 (Pubitemid 351501886)
53. A Techawiboonwong HK Song FW Wehrli 2008 In vivo MRI of submillisecond T(2) species with two-dimensional and three-dimensional radial sequences and applications to the measurement of cortical bone water NMR Biomed 21 59 70 17506113 10.1002/nbm.1179 (Pubitemid 351227754)
54. H Cao JL Ackerman MI Hrovat L Graham MJ Glimcher Y Wu 2008 Quantitative bone matrix density measurement by water- and fat-suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI) with polymer calibration phantoms Magn Reson Med 60 1433 43 19025909 10.1002/mrm.21771 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjs1Wksw%3D%3D
55. H Cao A Nazarian JL Ackerman BD Snyder AE Rosenberg RM Nazarian, et al. 2010 Quantitative (31)P NMR spectroscopy and (1)H MRI measurements of bone mineral and matrix density differentiate metabolic bone diseases in rat models Bone 46 1582 90 20188225 10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.020 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXmsVShu7Y%3D This study showed for the first time how an MR-based technique can be used to noninvasively quantify the amount of bone matrix (ie, the collagenous component of bone) and accordingly distinguish between experimentally induced osteoporosis and osteomalacia
56. Y Wu MI Hrovat JL Ackerman TG Reese H Cao K Ecklund, et al. 2010 Bone matrix imaged in vivo by water- and fat-suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI) of animal and human subjects J Magn Reson Imaging 31 954 63 20373441 10.1002/jmri.22130
57. S Gehlbach C Bigelow M Heimisdottir S May M Walker J Kirkwood 2000 Recognition of vertebral fracture in a clinical setting Osteoporos Int 11 577 82 11069191 10.1007/s001980070078 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3crhtF2gtA%3D%3D
58. AL Williams A Al-Busaidi PJ Sparrow JE Adams RW Whitehouse 2009 Under-reporting of osteoporotic vertebral fractures on computed tomography Eur J Radiol 69 179 83 17913429 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.08.028
59. HK Genant CY Wu C van Kuijk MC Nevitt 1993 Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique J Bone Miner Res 8 1137 48 8237484 10.1002/jbmr.5650080915 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FlsFyhuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23261108)
60. M Grigoryan A Guermazi FW Roemer PD Delmas HK Genant 2003 Recognizing and reporting osteoporotic vertebral fractures Eur Spine J 12 Suppl 2 S104 12 13680316 10.1007/s00586-003-0613-0 (Pubitemid 37409928)
61. TM Link G Guglielmi C van Kuijk JE Adams 2005 Radiologic assessment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: diagnostic and prognostic implications Eur Radiol 15 1521 32 15841380 10.1007/s00330-005-2773-2 (Pubitemid 41102343)