The kidneys and aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor system in salt-sensitive hypertension

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 109-115

  Shibata, Shigeru ^a   Fujita, Toshiro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Aldosterone; Alternative pathway; Metabolic syndrome; Mineralocorticoid receptor; Rac1; Salt sensitive hypertension

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR; EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; RAC1 PROTEIN; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE NEDD4;

ALDOSTERONE RELEASE; CONTROL SYSTEM; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY INJURY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ALDOSTERONE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY; RECEPTORS, MINERALOCORTICOID; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY;

EID: 79955950819     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0175-6     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Dahl LK, Heine M: Primary role of renal homografts in setting chronic blood pressure levels in rats. Circ Res 1975, 36:692-696.
2. Guyton AC: Blood pressure control - special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science 1991, 252:1813-1816.
3. Hall JE, Mizelle HL, Hildebrandt DA, Brands MW: Abnormal pressure natriuresis. A cause or a consequence of hypertension? Hypertension 1990, 15:547-559.
4. Kimura G, Saito F, Kojima S, et al.: Renal function curve in patients with secondary forms of hypertension. Hypertension 1987, 10:11-15. (Pubitemid 17104006)
5. Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS: Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001, 104:545-556. (Pubitemid 32201949)
6. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ 1988, 297:319-328.
7. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, et al.: The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nat Med 1995, 1:1009-1016.
8. Fujita T, Henry WL, Bartter FC, et al.: Factors influencing blood pressure in salt-sensitive patients with hypertension. Am J Med 1980, 69:334-344. (Pubitemid 10059678)
9. Morimoto A, Uzu T, Fujii T, et al.: Sodium sensitivity and cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 1997, 350:1734-1737. (Pubitemid 28036672)
10. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, et al.: Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by Rac1 GTPase: implication in proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med 2008, 14:1370-1376. This study identified the signaling interaction between Rac1 and MR as a mechanism to potentiate MR signaling both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the aldosterone/MR axis can be regulated by other mechanisms in addition to the ligand.
11. Bhalla V, Soundararajan R, Pao AC, et al.: Disinhibitory pathways for control of sodium transport: regulation of ENaC by SGK1 and GILZ. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 291:F714-721.
12. Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM, et al.: Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused bymutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell 1994, 79:407-414. (Pubitemid 24346056)
13. Diakov A, Korbmacher C: A novel pathway of epithelial sodium channel activation involves a serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase consensus motif in the C terminus of the channel's alpha-subunit. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:38134-38142. (Pubitemid 39295959)
14. Zhang W, Xia X, Reisenauer MR, et al.: Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 relieves Dot1a-Af9-mediated transcriptional repression of epithelial Na+ channel alpha. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:773-783. (Pubitemid 46348536)
15. Ayroldi E, Zollo O, Macchiarulo A, et al.: Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper inhibits the Raf-extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by binding to Raf-1. Mol Cell Biol 2002, 22:7929-7941. (Pubitemid 35217302)
16. Soundararajan R, Melters D, Shih IC, et al.: Epithelial sodium channel regulated by differential composition of a signaling complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:7804-7809.
17. Wilson FH, Disse-Nicodeme S, Choate KA, et al.: Human hypertension caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Science 2001, 293:1107-1112. (Pubitemid 32758085)
18. Ring AM, Leng Q, Rinehart J, et al.: An SGK1 site in WNK4 regulates Na+ channel and K+ channel activity and has implications for aldosterone signaling and K+ homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:4025-4029. (Pubitemid 47181572)
19. Rozansky DJ, Cornwall T, Subramanya AR, et al.: Aldosterone mediates activation of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter through an SGK1 and WNK4 signaling pathway. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:2601-2612.
20. Heise CJ, Xu BE, Deaton SL, et al.: Serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK) 1 and the epithelial sodium channel are regulated by multiple with no lysine (WNK) family members. J Biol Chem 2010, 285:25161-25167.
21. Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Snyder PM, Fejes-Toth G: The kidney-specific WNK1 isoform is induced by aldosterone and stimulates epithelial sodium channel-mediated Na+ transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:17434-17439. (Pubitemid 39657422)
22. Newhouse SJ, Wallace C, Dobson R, et al.: Haplotypes of the WNK1 gene associate with blood pressure variation in a severely hypertensive population from the British Genetics of Hypertension study. Hum Mol Genet, 2005, 14:1805-1814. (Pubitemid 41418052)
23. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al.: The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:709-717. (Pubitemid 29407370)
24. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al.: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1309-1321. (Pubitemid 36384098)
25. Quinkler M, Zehnder D, Eardley KS, et al.: Increased expression of mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in kidney biopsies of patients with heavy proteinuria. Circulation 2005, 112:1435-1443. (Pubitemid 41291769)
26. Williams GH, Burgess E, Kolloch RE, et al.: Efficacy of eplerenone versus enalapril as monotherapy in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:990-996. (Pubitemid 38479452)
27. Nagase M, Shibata S, Yoshida S, et al.: Podocyte injury underlies the glomerulopathy of Dahl salt-hypertensive rats and is reversed by aldosterone blocker. Hypertension 2006, 47:1084-1093. (Pubitemid 44289165)
28. Lee SH, Yoo TH, Nam BY, et al.: Activation of local aldosterone system within podocytes is involved in apoptosis under diabetic conditions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 297:F1381-1390.
29. Lin S, Li D, Jia J, et al.: Spironolactone ameliorates podocytic adhesive capacity via restoring integrin alpha 3 expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010, 11:149-157.
30. Nagai Y, Miyata K, Sun GP, et al. Aldosterone stimulates collagen gene expression and synthesis via activation of ERK 1/2 in rat renal fibroblasts. Hypertension 2005, 46:1039-1045.
31. Leroy V, De Seigneux S, Agassiz V, et al.: Aldosterone activates NF-kappaB in the collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:131-144.
32. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Desideri G, et al.: Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study. Hypertension 2006, 48:232-238. (Pubitemid 44309817)
33. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, et al.: A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/ aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature 1992, 355:262-265.
34. Doi M, Takahashi Y, Komatsu R, et al.: Salt-sensitive hypertension in circadian clock-deficient Cry-null mice involves dysregulated adrenal Hsd3b6. Nat Med 2010, 16:67-74. Using Cry knockout mice, the investigators provide evidence that aldosterone secretion is controlled by essential clock components, which can be relevant to the circadian control of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. The authors also indicate a role for HSD3B1 in the layer-specific biosynthesis of aldosterone.
35. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al.: A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:2293-2300. (Pubitemid 44873058)
36. Farquharson CA, Struthers AD: Aldosterone induces acute endothelial dysfunction in vivo in humans: evidence for an aldosterone-induced vasculopathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002, 103:425-431. (Pubitemid 35193248)
37. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, et al.: Podocyte as the target for aldosterone: roles of oxidative stress and Sgk1. Hypertension 2007, 49:355-364. (Pubitemid 46143013)
38. Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, et al.: Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet 2009, 373:829-835.
39. Bentley-Lewis R, Adler GK, Perlstein T, et al.: Body mass index predicts aldosterone production in normotensive adults on a high-salt diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:4472-4475. (Pubitemid 350074772)
40. Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Lamounier-Zepter V, Schraven A, et al.: Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:14211-14216. (Pubitemid 37499216)
41. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al.: The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:167-174.
42. Yokota K, Shibata H, Kurihara I, et al.: Coactivation of the N-terminal transactivation of mineralocorticoid receptor by Ubc9. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:1998-2010. (Pubitemid 47076701)
43. Krug AW, Allenhofer L, Monticone R, et al.: Elevated mineralocorticoid receptor activity in aged rat vascular smooth muscle cells promotes a proinflammatory phenotype via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent pathways. Hypertension 2010, 55:1476-1483. The investigators showed that enhanced MR sensitivity caused by the increased expression in aorta is involved in age-associated cardiovascular damage.
44. Zennaro MC, Souque A, Viengchareun S, et al.: A new human MR splice variant is a ligand-independent transactivator modulating corticosteroid action. Mol Endocrinol 2001, 15:1586-1598. (Pubitemid 32826411)
45. Mihailidou AS, Loan Le TY, Mardini M, Funder JW: Glucocorticoids activate cardiac mineralocorticoid receptors during experimental myocardial infarction. Hypertension 2009, 54:1306-1312.
46. Takai Y, Sasaki T, Matozaki T: Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:153-208. (Pubitemid 32098004)
47. Wu X, Tu X, Joeng KS, et al.: Rac1 activation controls nuclear localization of beta-catenin during canonical Wnt signaling. Cell 2008, 133:340-353. (Pubitemid 351508298)
48. Nagase M, Matsui H, Shibata S, et al.: Salt-induced nephropathy in obese spontaneously hypertensive rats via paradoxical activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor: role of oxidative stress. Hypertension 2007, 50:877-883. (Pubitemid 350287529)
49. Farjah M, Roxas BP, Geenen DL, Danziger RS: Dietary salt regulates renal SGK1 abundance: relevance to salt sensitivity in the Dahl rat. Hypertension 2003, 41:874-878. (Pubitemid 36418459)
50. Guilluy C, Bregeon J, Toumaniantz G, et al.: The Rho exchange factor Arhgef1 mediates the effects of angiotensin II on vascular tone and blood pressure. Nat Med 2010, 16:183-190.