Diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis: Current approach and future directions

Current Gastroenterology Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 240-246

  Dellon, Evan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Endoscopy; Eosinophilic esophagitis; Eosinophils

Indexed keywords

PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIAGNOSTIC REASONING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY; ESOPHAGUS BIOPSY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; SYMPTOM;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS; EOSINOPHILS; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 79955909531     PISSN: 15228037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-011-0183-y     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1342-63. This consensus document is a major publication in the field and was the first attempt to publish guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of EoE.
2. Rothenberg ME. Biology and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1238-49.
3. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:940-1.
4. Ronkainen J, Talley NJ, Aro P, et al. Prevalence of oesophageal eosinophils and eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults: the population-based Kalixanda study. Gut. 2007;56:615-20. (Pubitemid 46662925)
5. Straumann A, Simon HU. Eosinophilic esophagitis: escalating epidemiology? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:418-9.
6. Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1055-61.
7. Dellon ES, Gibbs WB, Fritchie KJ, et al. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;104:2695-703.
8. Kapel RC, Miller JK, Torres C, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a prevalent disease in the United States that affects all age groups. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1316-21. (Pubitemid 351615360)
9. Dellon ES, Aderoju A, Woosley JT, et al. Variability in diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2300-13. (Pubitemid 47493837)
10. Zink DA, Amin M, Gebara S, Desai TK. Familial dysphagia and eosinophilia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:330-4. (Pubitemid 46148905)
11. Collins MH, Blanchard C, Abonia JP, et al. Clinical, pathologic, and molecular characterization of familial eosinophilic esophagitis compared with sporadic cases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:621-9.
12. Putnam PE. Evaluation of the child who has eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29:1-10.
13. Straumann A. Clinical evaluation of the adult who has eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29:11-8.
14. Prasad GA, Talley NJ, Romero Y, et al. Prevalence and predictive factors of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients presenting with dysphagia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2627-32. This prospective study found that the prevalence of EoE in adult patients undergoing upper endoscopy for dysphagia was 15%. This reference, and reference 19, provide justification for obtaining esophageal biopsies in patients with dysphagia.
15. Veerappan GR, Perry JL, Duncan TJ, et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in an adult population undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:420-6. This prospective study found that the prevalence of EoE in adult patients undergoing upper endoscopy for any reason was 6.5%.
16. Desai TK, Stecevic V, Chang CH, et al. Association of eosinophilic inflammation with esophageal food impaction in adults. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:795-801. (Pubitemid 40779406)
17. Kerlin P, Jones D, Remedios M, Campbell C. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults with food bolus obstruction of the esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:356-61. (Pubitemid 46573061)
18. Liacouras CA, Wenner WJ, Brown K, Ruchelli E. Primary eosinophilic esophagitis in children: successful treatment with oral corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;26:380-5. (Pubitemid 28160684)
19. Poh CH, Gasiorowska A, Navarro-Rodriguez T, et al. Upper GI tract findings in patients with heartburn in whom proton pump inhibitor treatment failed versus those not receiving antireflux treatment. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:28-34.
20. Garcia-Compean D, Gonzalez Gonzalez JA, Marrufo Garcia CA, et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis. 2010.
21. Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and children: evidence for a food allergy component in many patients. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7:274-8. (Pubitemid 46725772)
22. Penfield JD, Lang DM, Goldblum JR, et al. The role of allergy evaluation in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009.
23. Chehade M, Aceves SS. Food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10:231-7.
24. Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Beausoleil JL, et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48:30-6.
25. Assa'ad AH, Putnam PE, Collins MH, et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: an 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:731-8.
26. Roy-Ghanta S, Larosa DF, Katzka DA. Atopic characteristics of adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:531-5.
27. Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Grize L, et al. Natural history of primary eosinophilic esophagitis: a follow-up of 30 adult patients for up to 11.5 years. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1660-9. (Pubitemid 37500430)
28. Collins MH. Histopathologic features of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:59-71. viii-ix.
29. Odze RD. Pathology of eosinophilic esophagitis: what the clinician needs to know. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:485-90.
30. Sperry SLW, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Toward uniformity in the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): the effect of guidelines on variability of diagnostic criteria for EoE. Submitted, 2010.
31. Dellon ES, Fritchie KJ, Rubinas TC, et al. Inter- and intraobserver reliability and validation of a new method for determination of eosinophil counts in patients with esophageal eosinophilia. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55:1940-9.
32. Gonsalves N, Policarpio-Nicolas M, Zhang Q, et al. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:313-9. (Pubitemid 44233586)
33. Shah A, Kagalwalla AF, Gonsalves N, et al. Histopathologic variability in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:716-21.
34. Dohil R, Newbury R, Fox L, et al. Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2010.
35. Konikoff MR, Noel RJ, Blanchard C, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of fluticasone propionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1381-91. (Pubitemid 44780861)
36. Peery AF, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Practice patterns for the evaluation and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1373-82.
37. Peery AF, Cao H, Dominik R, et al. Variable reliability of endoscopic findings with white-light and narrow-band imaging for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Submitted, 2010.
38. Rodrigo S, Abboud G, Oh D, et al. High intraepithelial eosinophil counts in esophageal squamous epithelium are not specific for eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:435-42. (Pubitemid 351248715)
39. Kanakala V, Lamb CA, Haigh C, et al. The diagnosis of primary eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults: missed or misinterpreted? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:848-55.
40. Spechler SJ, Genta RM, Souza RF. Thoughts on the complex relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1301-6. (Pubitemid 46802025)
41. Ngo P, Furuta GT, Antonioli DA, Fox VL. Eosinophils in the esophagus - peptic or allergic eosinophilic esophagitis? Case series of three patients with esophageal eosinophilia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1666-70.
42. Sayej WN, Patel R, Baker RD, et al. Treatment with high-dose proton pump inhibitors helps distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from noneosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49:393-9.
43. Molina-Infante J, Ferrando-Lamana L, Ripoll C, et al. Esophageal eosinophilic infiltration responds to proton pump inhibition in most adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010.
44. Zhang X, Cheng E, Huo X, et al. In esophageal squamous epithelial cell lines from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), omeprazole blocks the stimulated secretion of eotaxin-3: a potential anti-inflammatory effect of omeprazole in EoE that is independent of acid Inhibition. Gastroenterology. 2010;138 Suppl 1:AB 877.
45. Aceves SS, Newbury RO, Dohil MA, et al. A symptom scoring tool for identifying pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and correlating symptoms with inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103:401-6.
46. Lucendo AJ, De Rezende LC, Gonzalez-Castillo S, et al. Chromoendoscopy with indigo-carmine improves the recognition of endoscopic mucosal findings in adult eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;136 Suppl 1:S1874.
47. Gupta SK. Noninvasive markers of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:157-67. xi.
48. Protheroe C, Woodruff SA, de Petris G, et al. A novel histologic scoring system to evaluate mucosal biopsies from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:749-55 e11. This very interesting study showed that the immunohistochemistry staining with eosinophil peroxidase is potentially useful for differentiating EoE and GERD.
49. Kephart GM, Alexander JA, Arora AS, et al. Marked deposition of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:298-307.
50. Bhattacharya B, Carlsten J, Sabo E, et al. Increased expression of eotaxin-3 distinguishes between eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Hum Pathol. 2007;38:1744-53. (Pubitemid 350179935)
51. Straumann A, Bauer M, Fischer B, et al. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with a T(H)2-type allergic inflammatory response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:954-61. (Pubitemid 33151548)
52. Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF, Kondratyuk T, HogenEsch H. Cytokine expression in normal and inflamed esophageal mucosa: a study into the pathogenesis of allergic eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:22-6. (Pubitemid 43061005)
53. Blanchard C, Wang N, Stringer KF, et al. Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:536-47. (Pubitemid 43228372)
54. Kirsch R, Bokhary R, Marcon MA, Cutz E. Activated mucosal mast cells differentiate eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44:20-6. (Pubitemid 46071787)
55. Mueller S, Neureiter D, Aigner T, Stolte M. Comparison of histological parameters for the diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis versus gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on oesophageal biopsy material. Histopathology. 2008;53:676-84. (Pubitemid 352768719)
56. Abonia JP, Blanchard C, Butz BB, et al. Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010.
57. Dellon ES, Chen X, Miller CR, et al. Tryptase staining of mast cells may differentiate eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. In press, 2010.
58. Konikoff MR, Blanchard C, Kirby C, et al. Potential of blood eosinophils, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and eotaxin-3 as biomarkers of eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1328-36. (Pubitemid 44716743)
59. Blanchard C, Mingler MK, Vicario M, et al. IL-13 involvement in eosinophilic esophagitis: transcriptome analysis and reversibility with glucocorticoids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:1292-300. (Pubitemid 350225686)