Compounded disadvantage: Race, incarceration, and wage growth

Social Problems

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 257-280

  Lyons, Christopher J ^a   Pettit, Becky ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Incarceration; Labor market; Race; Stratification; Wages

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955491346     PISSN: 00377791     EISSN: 15338533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/sp.2011.58.2.257     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Anderson, Elijah. 1999. The Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.
2. Antecol, Heather and Kelly Bedard 2004. "The Racial Wage Gap: The Importance of Labor Force Attachment Differences across Black, Mexican, and White Men." The Journal of Human Resources 39:564-83.
3. Apel, Robert and Gary Sweeten. 2010. "The Impact of Incarceration on Employment during the Transition to Adulthood." Social Problems 57(3):448-79.
4. Becker, Gary. 1968. "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach." Journal of Political Economy 76:169-217.
5. Beckett, Katherine, Kris Nyrop, Lor Pfingst, and Melissa Bowen. 2005. "Drug Use, Drug Possession, and the Question of Race: Lessons from Seattle." Social Problems 52(3):419-41. (Pubitemid 41230220)
6. Bridges, George S. and Sara Steen. 1998. "Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attribution Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms." American Sociological Review 63(4):554-70. (Pubitemid 128769036)
7. Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bowen, William G. and Derek Curtis Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9. Burstein, Paul. 1979. "Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation and the Income of Women and Non-Whites." American Sociological Review 44:367-91.
10. Bushway, Shawn. 1998. "The Impact of an Arrest on the Job Stability of Young White American Men." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:454-79. (Pubitemid 28481846)
11. Bushway, Shawn, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. 2007. "Introduction." Pp. 1-26 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by S. Bushway, M. Stoll, and D. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
12. Clear, Todd R. 2007. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Communities Worse. New York: Oxford University Press
13. Clear, Todd R., Dina R. Rose, and Judith A. Ryder. 2001. "Incarceration and Community: The Problem of Removing and Returning Offenders." Crime and Delinquency 47(3):335-51.
14. Correll, Joshua, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, and Bernd Wittenbrink. 2002. "The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:1314-29.
15. Darity, William A. and P. L. Mason. 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(2):63-90. (Pubitemid 128457437)
16. Darity, William A. and Samuel L. Myers. 1998. Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945. Northampton, MA: Elgar.
17. Duncan, Birt L. 1976. "Differential Social Perception and Attribution of Intergroup Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping Blacks." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34:590-98.
18. Duster, Troy. 1997. "Pattern, Purpose, and Race in the Drug War. Pp. 260-87 in Crack in America, edited by Craig Reinarman and Harry Levine. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19. Eberhardt, Jennifer, Philip Abita Goff, Valerie J. Purdie, and Paul G. Davies. 2004. "Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87(6):876-93. (Pubitemid 39621136)
20. Grannovetter, Mark. 1993. "Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.
21. Greene, Jay P. 2002. "School Graduation Rates in Washington State." New York: Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved March 7, 2010 (www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr-27.htm).
22. Grodsky, Eric and Devah Pager. 2001. "The Structure of Disadvantage: Individual and Occupational Determinants of the Black-White Wage Gap." American Sociological Review 66:542-67. (Pubitemid 32793142)
23. Grogger, Jeffrey. 1995. "The Effects of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110:51-71.
24. Fuller, Slyvia. 2008. "Job Mobility and Wage Trajectories for Men and Women in the United States." American Sociological Review 73:158-83.
25. Hagan, John. 1993. "The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment." Criminology 31:465-91.
26. Harding, David. 2003. "Counterfactual Models of Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Dropping Out and Teenage Pregnancy." American Journal of Sociology 109(3):676-719. (Pubitemid 38421907)
27. Heckman, James. 1989. "The Impact of Government on the Economic Status of African Americans." Pp. 50-80 in The Question of Discrimination, edited by Steven Shulman, William Darity, and Robert Higgs. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
28. Hedeker, Donald. 2004. "An Introduction to Growth Curve Modeling." Pp. 215-34 in The Sage Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences, edited by D. Kaplan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
29. Hoffman, Saul. 1978. "Black-White Earnings Differences over the Life-Cycle." Pp. 247-71 in Five Thousand American Families-Patterns of Economic Progress, edited by Greg Duncan and James Morgan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research.
30. Holzer, Harry. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Holzer, Harry, Steven Raphael, and Michael Stoll. 2003. "Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders." Paper prepared for Reentry Roundtable on "The Employment Dimensions of Prisoner Reentry: Understanding the Nexus between Prisoner Reentry and Work." New York, New York University, May 19-20.
32. Horney, Julie, D. Wayne Osgood, and Ineke Helen Marshall. 1995. "Criminal Careers in the Short-Term: Intra-Individual Variability in Crime and its Relation to Local Life Circumstances." American Sociological Review 60(5):655-73.
33. Huebner, Beth M. 2007. "Racial Differences in the Likelihood of Employment: The Effect of Incarceration." Justice Quarterly 24(1):156-83.
34. Jargowsky, Paul. 1997. Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
35. Kirschenman, Joleen and Kathryn Neckerman. 1991. "'We'd Love to Hire Them, But.. .': The Meaning of Race for Employers." Pp. 152-61 in Race and Ethnic Conflict, edited by J. Kirschenman and K. Neckerman. Boulder, CO: Westview.
36. Kling, Jeffrey. 2006. "Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings." American Economic Review 96(3): 863-76. (Pubitemid 44273985)
37. Kornfeld, Robert and Howard Bloom. 1991. "Measuring Program Impacts on Earnings and Employment: Do Unemployment Insurance Wage Records Agree with Survey Reports of Individuals?" Journal of Labor Economics 17:168-97.
38. Massey, Douglas and Nancy Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Maume, David J. 2004. "Wage Discrimination Over the Life Course: A Comparison of Explanations." Social Problems 51(4):505-27.
40. Myers, Samuel L. 1983. "Racial Differences in Postprison Employment." Social Science Quarterly 64(3): 655-69.
41. Nagin, Daniel and Joel Waldfogel. 1998. "The Effect of Conviction on Income through the Life Cycle." International Review of Law and Economics 18:25-40. (Pubitemid 128344466)
42. Oliver, Melvin and Thomas Shapiro. 1995. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
43. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of A Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108: 937-75. (Pubitemid 37374313)
44. -. 2007a. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. -. 2007b. "Two Strikes and You're Out: The Intensification of Racial and Criminal Stigma." Pp. 151-73 in The Impact of Incarceration on Labor Market Outcomes, edited by David Weiman, Shawn Bushway, and Michael Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
46. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski. 2009. "Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment." American Sociological Review 74(5):777-99.
47. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Naomi Sugie. 2009. "Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 623(1):195-213.
48. Payne, B. Keith. 2001. "Prejudice and Perception: The Role of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Misperceiving a Weapon." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:1-12.
49. Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. 2004. "Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration." American Sociological Review 69:151-69. (Pubitemid 38727981)
50. -. 2007. "Status and the Stigma of Incarceration: The Labor Market Effects of Incarceration by Race, Class, and Criminal Involvement." Pp. 203-26 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by S. Bushway, M. Stoll, and D. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
51. -. 2009. "Incarceration, Employment, and Wages over the Life Course." Law and Society Review 43(4): 725-56.
52. Pew Research Center for the States (Pew). 2008. "One in One Hundred: Behind Bars in America in 2008." Retrieved March 7, 2010 (www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/One%20in%20100.pdf).
53. Phillips, Julie A. 2006. "Explaining Discrepant Findings in Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses: An Application to U.S. Homicide Rates." Social Science Research 35(4):948-74. (Pubitemid 44644997)
54. Phillips, Julie A. and David F. Greenberg. 2008. "A Comparison of Methods for Analyzing Criminological Panel Data." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24:51-72.
55. Rank, Mark R. and Thomas A. Hirschl. 1999. "The Economic Risk of Childhood in America: Estimating the Probability of Poverty across the Formative Years." Journal of Marriage and the Family 62:1058-67.
56. Raphael, Steven. 2007. "Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood." Pp. 278-306 in The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood, edited by Sheldon Danzinger and Cecilia Rouse. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
57. Rosenfeld, Rachel A. 1980. "Race and Sex Differences in Career Dynamics." American Sociological Review 45:583-609.
58. Rugh, Jacob S. and Douglas S. Massey. 2010. "Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis." American Sociological Review 75(5):629-51.
59. Singer, Judith D. and John B. Willet. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
60. Smith, James P. and Finis Welch. 1989. "Black Economic Progress after Myrdal." Journal of Economic Literature 27(2):519-64.
61. Snijders, Tom A. B. and Roel J. Bosker. 1999. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. London, UK: Sage publishers.
62. Sullivan, Mercer L. 1989. Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
63. Uggen, Christopher. 2000. "Work as a Turning Point in the Life Course of Criminals: A Duration Model of Age, Employment and Recidivism." American Sociological Review 65:529-46.
64. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. 2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. C17001 Series Data Tables. Retrieved December 10, 2010 (http://factfinder.census.gov).
65. West, Heather, and William Sabol. 2008. Prisoners in 2007. Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
66. Western, Bruce. 2002. "The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality." American Sociological Review 64:526-46.
67. -. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
68. Western, Bruce, Jeffrey R. Kling, and David F. Weiman. 2001. "The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration." Crime and Delinquency 47:410-27.
69. Wu, Huoying, 2007. "Can the Human Capital Approach Explain Life-Cycle Wage Differentials between Races and Sexes?" Economic Inquiry 45(1):24-39.