The impact of incarceration on employment during the transition to adulthood

Social Problems

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 448-479

  Apel, Robert ^a   Sweeten, Gary ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Illegal income; Incarceration; Job quality; Labor supply

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954871463     PISSN: 00377791     EISSN: 15338533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.448     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Akers, Ronald L. 1968. "Problems in the Sociology of Deviance: Social Defnitions and Behavior." Social Forces 46:455-65.
2. Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W. W. Norton.
3. Becker, Howard S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.
4. Benson, Michael L. 1984. "The Fall from Grace: Loss of Occupational Status as a Consequence of Conviction for a White-Collar Crime." Criminology 22:573-93.
5. Blumstein, Alfred, Jose A. Canela-Cacho, and Jacqueline Cohen. 1993. "Filtered Sampling from Populations with Heterogeneous Event Frequencies." Management Science 39:886-99.
6. Bound, John and Richard B. Freeman. 1992. "What Went Wrong? The Erosion of Relative Earnings and Employment among Young Black Men in the 1980s." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107:201-32.
7. Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Burton, Velmer S., Jr., Francis T. Cullen, and Lawrence F. Travis III. 1987. "The Collateral Consequences of a Felony Conviction: A National Study of State Statutes." Federal Probation 51:52-60.
9. Bushway, Shawn D. 2004. "Labor Market Effects of Permitting Employer Access to Criminal History Records." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 20:276-91.
10. Bushway, Shawn and Peter Reuter. 2004. "Labor Markets and Crime." Pp. 191-224 in Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
11. Bushway, Shawn, Shauna Briggs, Faye Taxman, Meridith Thanner, and Mischelle Vann Brakle. 2007. "Private Providers of Criminal History Records: Do You Get What You Pay For?" Pp. 174-200 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn Bushway, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
12. Cameron, Stephen V. and James J. Heckman. 1993. "The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents." Journal of Labor Economics 11:1-47.
13. Center for Human Resource Research. 2002. NLSY97 User's Guide. Columbus, OH: Center for Human Resource Research.
14. Chaiken, Jan M. and Marcia R. Chaiken. 1982. Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Report No. R-2814-NIJ. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
15. Chiricos, Ted, Kelle Barrick, William Bales, and Stephanie Bontrager. 2007. "The Labeling of Convicted Felons and Its Consequences for Recidivism." Criminology 45:547-81.
16. Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The Prison Community. New York: Rinehart.
17. Cohen, Jacob. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2d ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Cook, Philip J. 1975. "The Correctional Carrot: Better Jobs for Parolees." Policy Analysis 1:11-51.
19. Dale, Mitchell W. 1976. "Barriers to the Rehabilitation of Ex-Offenders." Crime and Delinquency 22:322-37.
20. Davies, Scott and Julian Tanner. 2003. "The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment." Sociological Quarterly 44:385-404.
21. Elliott, James R. and Mario Sims. 2001. "Ghettos and Barrios: The Impact of Neighborhood Poverty and Race on Job Matching among Blacks and Latinos." Social Problems 48:341-61.
22. Fagan, Jeffrey and Richard B. Freeman. 1999. "Crime and Work." Pp. 225-90 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research: Vol. 25, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. Freudenberg, Nicholas, Jessie Daniels, Martha Crum, Tiffany Perkins, and Beth E. Richie. 2005. "Coming Home from Jail: The Social and Health Consequences of Community Reentry for Women, Male Adolescents, and Their Families and Communities." American Journal of Public Health 95:1725-36.
24. Geller, Amanda, Irwin Garfnkel, and Bruce Western. 2006. The Effects of Incarceration on Employment and Wages: An Analysis of the Fragile Families Survey. Working Paper No. 2006-01-FF. Princeton, NJ: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University.
25. Gottfredson, Denise C. and William H. Barton. 1993. " Deinstitutionalization of Juvenile Offenders." Criminology 31:591-611.
26. Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.
27. Greenwood, Peter with Allen Abrahamse. 1982. Selective Incapacitation. Report R-2815-NIJ. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
28. Grogger, Jeffrey. 1995. "The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men. " Quarterly Journal of Economics 110:51-71.
29. Hagan, John. 1993. "The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment." Criminology 31:465-91.
30. Hagan, John and Ronit Dinovitzer. 1999. "Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners." Pp. 121-62 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research: Vol. 26: Prisons, edited by Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Harrison, Paige M. and Allen J. Beck. 2006. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005. Research Bulletin No. NCJ 213133. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
32. Heckman, James J. and V. Joseph Hotz. 1989. "Choosing among Alternative Nonexperimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training." Journal of the American Statistical Association 84:862-74.
33. Henry, Jessica S. and James B. Jacobs. 2007. "Ban the Box to Promote Ex-Offender Employment." Criminology and Public Policy 6:755-62.
34. Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. -. 1986. "On the Compatibility of Rational Choice and Social Control Theories of Crime." Pp. 105-18 in The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending, edited by Derek B. Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke. New York: Springer-Verlag.
36. Hjalmarsson, Randi. 2008. "Criminal Justice Involvement and High School Completion. " Journal of Urban Economics 63:613-30.
37. Holzer, Harry J. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
38. Holzer, Harry J., Steven Raphael, and Michael A. Stoll. 2004. "Will Employers Hire Ex-Offenders? Employer Perceptions, Background Checks, and Their Determinants." Pp. 205-46 in Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration, edited by Mary Patillo-McCoy, David Weiman, and Bruce Western. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
39. Horney, Julie, D. Wayne Osgood, and Ineke Haen Marshall. 1995. "Criminal Careers in the Short-Term: Intra-Individual Variability in Crime and Its Relation to Local Life Circumstances." American Sociological Review 60:655-73.
40. Horney, Julie and Ineke Haen Marshall. 1991. "Measuring Lambda through Self-Reports." Criminology 29:471-95.
41. Huebner, Beth M. 2005. "The Effect of Incarceration on Marriage and Work over the Life Course." Justice Quarterly 22:281-303.
42. Jacobs, Bruce A. and Richard Wright. 1999. "Stick-Up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation. " Criminology 37:149-73.
43. Jensen, Gary F. 1972. "Delinquency and Adolescent Self-Conceptions: A Study of the Personal Relevance of Infraction. " Social Problems 20:84-103.
44. Johnson, Rucker and Stephen Rafael. 2006. "How Much Crime Reduction Does the Marginal Prisoner Buy?" Unpublished manuscript, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley.
45. Kerley, Kent R. and Heith Copes. 2004. "The Effects of Criminal Justice Contact on Employment Stability for White-Collar and Street-Level Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 48:65-84.
46. Kerley, Kent R., Michael L. Benson, Matthew R. Lee, and Francis T. Cullen. 2004. "Race, Criminal Justice Contact, and Adult Position in the Social Stratifcation System." Social Problems 51:549-68.
47. Kling, Jeffrey R. 2006. "Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings." American Economic Review 96:863-76.
48. LaLonde, Robert and Rosa Cho. 2008. "The Impact of Incarceration in State Prison on the Employment Prospects of Women. " Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24:243-65.
49. Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson. 2003. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
50. Lemert, Edwin M. 1972. Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
51. Li, Yunfei Paul, Kathleen J. Propert, and Paul R. Rosenbaum. 2001. "Balanced Risk Set Matching." Journal of the American Statistical Association 96:870-82.
52. Lorence, Jon and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 1985. "Job Involvement though the Life Course: A Panel Study of Three Age Groups." American Sociological Review 50:618-38.
53. Manski, Charles F. and Daniel S. Nagin. 1998. "Bounding Disagreements about Treatment Effects: A Case Study of Sentencing and Recidivism." Sociological Methodology 28:99-137.
54. Matsueda, Ross L., Rosemary Gartner, Irving Piliavin, and Michael Polakowski. 1992. "The Prestige of Criminal and Conventional Occupations: A Subcultural Model of Criminal Activity." American Sociological Review 57:752-70.
55. McCarthy, Bill and John Hagan. 2001. "When Crime Pays: Capital, Competence, and Criminal Success." Social Forces 79:1035-59.
56. Mears, Daniel P. and Jeremy Travis. 2004. "Youth Development and Reentry." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2:3-20.
57. Monk-Turner, Elizabeth. 1989. "Effect of High School Delinquency on Educational Attainment and Adult Occupational Status." Sociological Perspectives 32:413-18.
58. Moore, Whitney, Steven Pedlow, Parvati Krishnamurty, and Kirk Wolter. 2000. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97): Technical Sampling Report. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center.
59. Moss, Philip and Chris Tilly. 2001. Stories Employers Tell: Race, Skill, and Hiring in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Nagin, Daniel and Joel Waldfogel. 1995. "The Effects of Criminality and Conviction on the Labor Market Status of Young British Offenders." International Review of Law and Economics 15:109-26.
61. -. 1998. "The Effect of Conviction on Income through the Life Cycle." International Review of Law and Economics 18:25-40.
62. Neckerman, Kathryn M. and Joleen Kirschenman. 1991. "Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias, and Inner-City Workers." Social Problems 38:433-47.
63. Needels, Karen E. 1996. "Go Directly to Jail and Do Not Collect? A Long-Term Study of Recidivism, Employment, and Earnings Patterns among Prison Releasees." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:471-96.
64. Newman, Katherine S. 1999. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
65. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108:937-75.
66. Patillo, Mary, David Weiman, and Bruce Western, eds. 2004. Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
67. Petersilia, Joan. 2003. When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. 2004. "Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U. S. Incarceration. " American Sociological Review 69:151-69.
69. Pettit, Becky and Christopher J. Lyons. 2007. "Status and the Stigma of incarceration: The Labor-Market Effects of Incarceration, by Race, Class, and Criminal Involvement." Pp. 203-26 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn Bushway, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
70. Raphael, Steven. 2007. "Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood." Pp. 278-305 in The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood, edited by Sheldon Danziger and Cecilia Elena Rouse. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
71. Raphael, Steven and David F. Weiman. 2007. "The Impact of Local Labor-Market Conditions on the Likelihood that Parolees Are Returned to Custody." Pp. 304-32 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn Bushway, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
72. Reuter, Peter, Robert MacCoun, and Patrick Murphy. 1990. Money from Crime: A Study of the Economics of Drug Dealing in Washington, DC. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
73. Rosenbaum, Paul R. and Donald B. Rubin. 1983. "The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects." Biometrika 70:41-55.
74. -. 1984. "Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassifcation on the Propensity Score." Journal of the American Statistical Association 79:516-24.
75. -. 1985. "Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods that Incorporate the Propensity Score." American Statistician 39:33-38.
76. Sabol, William J. 2007. "Local Labor-Market Conditions and Post-Prison Employment Experiences of Offenders Released from Ohio State Prisons." Pp. 257-303 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn Bushway, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Sabol, William J., Heather Couture, and Paige M. Harrison. 2007. Prisoners in 2006. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (No. NCJ 219416). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
78. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
79. -. 1997. "A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency." Pp. 133-61 in Advances in Criminological Theory, Volume 7: Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, edited by Terence P. Thornberry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
80. Schur, Edwin M. 1971. Labeling Deviant Behavior: Its Sociological Implications. New York: Harper and Row.
81. Sherman, Lawrence W. 1993. "Defance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction. " Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:445-73.
82. Smith, Douglas A. and Raymond Paternoster. 1990. "Formal Processing and Future Delinquency: Deviance Amplifcation as Selection Artifact." Law and Society Review 24:1109-32.
83. Solomon, Amy L., Jenny W. L. Osborne, Stefan F. LoBuglio, Jeff Mellow, and Debbie A. Mukamel. 2008. Life After Lockup: Improving Reentry from Jail to the Community. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
84. Steinberg, Laurence, He Len Chung, and Michelle Little. 2003. "Reentry of Young Offenders from the Justice System: A Developmental Perspective." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 1:1-18.
85. Stoll, Michael A. and Shawn D. Bushway. 2008. "The Effect of Criminal Background Checks on Hiring Ex-Offenders." Criminology and Public Policy 7:371-404.
86. Sweeten, Gary and Robert Apel. 2007. "Incapacitation: Revisiting an Old Question with a New Method and New Data." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23:303-26.
87. Topel, Robert H. and Michael P. Ward. 1992. "Job Mobility and the Careers of Young Men. " Quarterly Journal of Economics 107:439-79.
88. Turner, Ralph H. 1972. "Deviance Avowal as Neutralization of Commitment." Social Problems 19:308-21.
89. Tyler, John H. and Jeffrey R. Kling. 2007. "Prison-Based Education and Reentry into the Mainstream Labor Market." Pp. 227-56 in Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, edited by Shawn Bushway, Michael A. Stoll, and David F. Weiman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
90. Uggen, Christopher. 2000. "Work as a Turning Point in the Life Course of Criminals: A Duration Model of Age, Employment, and Recidivism." American Sociological Review 65:529-46.
91. Uggen, Christopher, Jeff Manza, and Melissa Thompson. 2006. "Citizenship, Democracy, and the Civic Reintegration of Criminal Offenders." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605:281-310.
92. Uggen, Christopher and Melissa Thompson. 2003. "The Socioeconomic Determinants of Ill-Gotten Gains: Within-Person Changes in Drug Use and Illegal Earnings." American Journal of Sociology 109:146-85.
93. Useem, Bert and Anne Morrison Piehl. 2008. Prison State: The Challenge of Mass Incarceration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
94. Waldfogel, Joel. 1994. "The Effect of Criminal Conviction on Income and the Trust 'Reposed in the Workmen'." Journal of Human Resources 29:62-81.
95. Western, Bruce. 2002. "The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality." American Sociological Review 67:526-46.
96. -. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
97. Western, Bruce, Jeffrey R. Kling, and David F. Weiman. 2001. "The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration. " Crime and Delinquency 47:410-27.
98. Wilson, David B., Catherine A. Gallagher, and Doris L. MacKenzie 2000. "A Meta-Analysis of Corrections-Based Education, Vocation, and Work Programs for Adult Offenders." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37:347-68.
99. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.