Vitiligo: A review of the published work

Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 419-431

  Yaghoobi, Reza ^a   Omidian, Mohammad ^a   Bagherani, Nooshin ^a,b  

^a AHVAZ JUNDISHAPUR UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b Emam Khomeini Hospital   (Iran)

Author keywords

association; autoimmunity; pathogenesis; treatment; vitiligo

Indexed keywords

AYURVEDIC DRUG; BETAMETHASONE VALERATE; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CALCIPOTRIOL; CLOBETASOL; CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; CORTICOSTEROID; COSMETIC; DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT; FLUOROURACIL; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GLUCOCORTICOID; HLA ANTIGEN; LEVAMISOLE; MELAGENINA I; MELAGENINA II; MELANIN; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MINOXIDIL; MONOBENZONE; PHENYLALANINE; PIMECROLIMUS; PLASMA PROTEIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PSORALEN; STEROID; SUNSCREEN; TACROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE; ZINC ALPHA 2 GLYCOPROTEIN;

ANXIETY; ATROPHY; AUTOIMMUNITY; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDER; BALNEOTHERAPY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLIMATOTHERAPY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DEPRESSION; DERMOEPIDERMAL JUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; DYSTHYMIA; EPIDERMIS; ESTHETICS; EXCIMER LASER; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GINKGO BILOBA; GRAVES DISEASE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMEOPATHY; HUMAN; HYPERKERATOSIS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION; MELANOCYTE; MONOTHERAPY; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PENTACHROME VITILIGO; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PHOTOALLERGY; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHOTOTOXICITY; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PUVA; QUADRICHROME VITILIGO; QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN BLEEDING; SKIN CANCER; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPLIT THICKNESS SKIN GRAFT; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; TATTOOING; TELANGIECTASIA; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; TRICHROME VITILIGO; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; VITILIGO;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VITILIGO;

EID: 79955464748     PISSN: 03852407     EISSN: 13468138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01139.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C,. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 7th edn, Vol. II. Blackwell Science, Oxford 2004; 39: 52-57.
2. Koranue RV, Sachdeva KG,. Vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 1988; 27: 676-681. (Pubitemid 19015050)
3. Birlea SA, Fain PR, Spritz RA,. A Romanian population isolate with high frequency of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 310-316. (Pubitemid 351439113)
4. Howitz J, Brodthagen H, Schwartz M, Thomsen K,. Prevalence of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113: 47-52.
5. Helmy MI, Gayyar EIMA, Hawas S, Eissa EA,. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. J Pan-Arab League Dermatologist 2004; 15: 97-105.
6. Spritz RA,. The genetics of generalized vitiligo. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2008; 10: 244-257.
7. Jin Y, Riccardi SL, Gowan K, Fain PR, Spritz RA,. Fine-mapping of vitiligo susceptibility loci on chromosomes 7 and 9 and interactions with NLPR1 (NALP1). J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130: 774-783.
8. Huang Cl, Nordlund JJ, Biossy R,. Vitiligo: a manifestation of apoptosis? Clin Dermatol 2002; 3: 301-308. (Pubitemid 34753682)
9. Shameer P, Prasad PVS, Kaviarasan PK,. Serum zinc level in vitiligo: a case control study. Indian J Dermatol Veneol Leprol 2005; 71: 206-207. (Pubitemid 40898212)
10. Namazi MR,. Phnytoin as a novel anti-vitiligo weapon. J Autoimmune Dis 2005; 2: 11.
11. Mantovani S, Garbelli S, Palermo B, et al. Molecular and functional bases of self-antigen recognition in long-term persistent melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells in one vitiligo patient. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 308-314. (Pubitemid 36969905)
12. Whitton ME, Ashcroft DM, González U,. Therapeutic intervention for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 713-717.
13. Daneshpazhooh M, Mostofizadeh GM, Behjati J, Akhyani M, Mahmoud Robati R,. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and vitiligo: a controlled study. BMC Dermatol 2006; 6: 3.
14. Alkahateeb A, Fain PR, Thody A, Bennett DC, Spritz Ra,. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune disease in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16: 208-214. (Pubitemid 36597056)
15. Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ,. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th edn, Vol. I. Mac Graw Hill, USA 2007; 616-621.
16. Papadopoulos L, Bor R, Legg C,. Coping with the disfiguring effects of vitiligo: a preliminary investigation into the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Br J Med Psychol 1999; 72: 385-396. (Pubitemid 29465543)
17. Torello L, Alessia G, Zanieri F, Colucci R, Moretti S,. Vitiligo: new and emerging treatments. Dermatol Ther 2008; 21: 110-117. (Pubitemid 351499214)
18. Moretti S, Amato L, Bellandi S, Fabbri P,. Focus on vitiligo: a generalized skin disorder. Eur J Inflamm 2006; 4: 21-30.
19. Lebwohl MG, Heymann WR, Berth-Jones J, Coulson I,. Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies, 2nd edn. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA 2006; 683-687.
20. Szczurko O, Boon HS,. A systematic review of natural heath product treatment for vitiligo. BMC Dermatol 2008; 8: 2.
21. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A,. Effective of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28: 285-287. (Pubitemid 36713819)
22. Sehgal VN, Srivastava G,. Vitiligo: compendium of clinico-epidemiological features. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007; 73: 149-156. (Pubitemid 46918507)
23. Mohr J,. Vitiligo in a pair of monovular twins. Acta Genet Stat Med 1951; 2: 252-255.
24. James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM,. Andrews Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology, 10th edn. Saunders Elsivier, Philadelphia, USA 2006; 860-863.
25. Tonsi A,. Vitiligo and its management update: a review. Pak J Med Sci 2004; 20: 242-247. (Pubitemid 39265714)
26. Halder RM, Nootheti PK,. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48 (6S): 143-148.
27. Behl PN, Bhatia RK,. 400 cases of vitiligo-a clinicotherapeutic analysis. Indian J Dermatol 1971; 17: 51-53.
28. Mehta HR, Shah KC, Theodore C,. Epidemiological study of vitiligo in Surat area South Gujarat. Indian J Med Res 1973; 61: 145-154.
29. Barona M, Arrunategui A, Falabella R, Alzate A,. An epidemiologic case-control study in a population with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33: 621-625.
30. Manolache L, Benea V,. Stress in patients with alopecia areata and vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 921-928. (Pubitemid 47103722)
31. Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini R,. Dermatology, 2nd edn, Vol. I. Mosby Elsivier, USA 2008; 913-920.
32. Galadari I, Bener A, Hadi S, Lestringant GG,. Clinical and immunological studies in vitiligo in the United Arab Emirates. Allerg Immunol 1997; 29: 297-299.
33. Onunu AN, Kubeyinje EP,. Vitiligo in the Nigerian African: a study of 351 patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42: 800-802. (Pubitemid 37304044)
34. Lerner AB,. On the etiology of vitiligo and grey hair. Am J Med 1971; 51: 141-147.
35. Le Poole IC, Das PK, Van den Wijngaard RM, Bos JD, Westerhof W,. Review of the etiopathomechanism of vitiligo: a convergence theory. Exp Dermatol 1993; 2: 145-153. (Pubitemid 24009468)
36. Chan S, Gerson B, Subramaniam S,. The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health. Clin Lab Med 1998; 18: 673-685. (Pubitemid 28531294)
37. Boisy RE, Spritz RA,. Frontiers and controversies in the pathobiology of vitiligo: separating the wheat from chaff. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18: 583-585.
38. Mahoney JA, Rosen A,. Apoptosis and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17: 583-588. (Pubitemid 41506901)
39. Gauthier Y, Cario Andre M, Taieb A,. A critical appraisal of vitiligo etiologic theories. Is melanocyte loss a melanocytorrhagy? Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16: 322-332. (Pubitemid 36950564)
40. Aghaei SH, Sodaifi M, Jafari P, Mazharinia N, Finlay AY,. DLQI scores in vitiligo: reliability and validity of the Persian version. BMC Dermatol 2004; 4: 8.
41. Al-Abadie MSK, Kent G, Gawkrodger DJ,. The relationship between stress and the onset and exacerbation of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130: 199-203. (Pubitemid 24204615)
42. Laberge G, Mailloux CM, Gowan K, et al. Early disease onset and increased risk of other autoimmune diseases in familial generalized vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res 2005; 18: 300-305. (Pubitemid 41032889)
43. Pichler R, Sfetsos K, Badics B, Gutenbrunner S, Berg J, Auböck J,. Lymphocyte imbalance in vitiligo patients indicated by elevated CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio. Wien Med Wochenschr 2009; 159: 337-341.
44. Van den wijngaard R, Wankowicz-Kalinska A, Pals S, Weening J, Das P,. Autoimmune melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. Lab Invest 2001; 81: 1061-1067. (Pubitemid 32772066)
45. Ongenae K, Van Geel N, Naeyeert JM,. Evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16: 90-100. (Pubitemid 36596954)
46. Le Poole IC, Luiten RM,. Autoimmune etiology of generalized vitiligo. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2008; 10: 227-243.
47. Mandelcorn-Monson RL, Shear NH, Yau E, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivity to gp100, melan A/MART I, and tyrosinase, in HLA-A2-positive vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 550-556. (Pubitemid 37072267)
48. Moretti S, Spallanzani A, Amato L, et al. New insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo: imbalance of epidermal cytokines at sites of lesions. Pigment Cell Res 2002; 15: 87-92. (Pubitemid 34536320)
49. Sharquie KE, Mehenna SH, Naji AA, Al-Azzawi H,. Inflammatory changes in vitiligo: stage I and II depigmentation. Am J Dermatopathol 2004; 26: 108-112. (Pubitemid 38429058)
50. Jimbow K, Chen H, Park JS, Thomas PD,. Increased sensitivity of melanocytes to oxidative stress and abnormal expression of tyrosine-related protein in vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 55-65. (Pubitemid 32154593)
51. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Berger J,. Low catalase level in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97: 1081-1085.
52. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Pittelkow MR,. Regulation of melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis by tetrahydrobiopterin. Science 1994; 263: 1444-1446. (Pubitemid 24137834)
53. Maresca V, Rocella M, Roccella F,. Increased sensitivity to peroxidative agents as a possible pathogenic factor of melanocyte damage in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109: 310-313. (Pubitemid 27394643)
54. Gauthier Y, Cario-Andre M, Lepreux S, Pain C, Taieb A,. Melanocyte detachment after skin friction in non lesional skin of patients with generalized vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 95-101. (Pubitemid 36114868)
55. Hale LP,. Zinc α-2-glycoprotein regulates melanin production by normal and malignant melanocytes. J Invest Dermato 2002; 119: 464-470. (Pubitemid 35001958)
56. Burgi W, Schmid K,. Preparation and properties of Zn α2- glycoprotein of normal human plasma. J Biol Chem 1961; 236: 1061-1074.
57. Anchez LM, Chirino AJ, Bjorkman PJ,. Crystal structure of human ZAG, a fat-depleting factor related to MHC molecules. Science 1999; 283: 1914-1919. (Pubitemid 129504143)
58. Bolognia JL, Pawelek JM,. Biology of hypopigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 217-255.
59. Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL Jr, Murphy GF, Xu X,. Lever's Histopathology of the Skin, 10th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York 2009; 694-695.
60. Brown J, Winkelmann RK, Wolfe K,. Langerhans' cells in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1967; 49: 386-390.
61. Ogg GS, Dunbat PR, Romero P, Chen JL, Cerundulo V,. High frequency of skin homing melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 1203-1208. (Pubitemid 28443344)
62. Moellmann G, Klein-Angerer S, Scollay DA,. Extracellular granular material and degeneration of keratinocytes in the normally pigmented epidermis of patients with vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1982; 79: 321-330. (Pubitemid 12005689)
63. Galadari E, Mehregan AH, Hashimoto K,. Ultrastructural study of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32: 269-271. (Pubitemid 23124203)
64. Gokhale BB, Mehta LN,. Histopathology of vitiliginous skin. Int J Dermatol 1983; 22: 477-480. (Pubitemid 13009601)
65. Birbeck MS, Breathnach AS, Everall JD,. An electron microscope study of basal melanocytes and high level-clear cells (Langerhans cells) in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1961; 37: 51-54.
66. Le Poole IC, Das PK, Van der Wijngard RM, Westerhof W, Dutrieux RP, Das PK,. Presence or absence of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions: an immunohistochemical investigation. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100: 816-822. (Pubitemid 23151246)
67. Dippel E, Haas N, Grabbe J, Schadendorf D, Hamann K, Czarnetzki BM,. Expression of the c-kit receptor in hypomelanosis: a comparative study. Br J Dermatol 2006; 132: 182-189.
68. Dawber RPR,. Clinical associations of vitiligo. Postgrad Med J 1970; 46: 276-277.
69. Ortonne JP, Bose SK,. Vitiligo: where do we stand? Pigment Cell Res 1993; 6: 61-72.
70. Koga M, Tango T,. Clinical features and course of type A and type B vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 1988; 118: 223-228.
71. Nordlund JJ, Lerner AB,. Vitiligo. It is important. Arch Dermatol 1982; 118: 5-8. (Pubitemid 12207195)
72. Zettinnig G, Tanew A, Fischer G, Mayr W, Dudczak R, Weissel M,. Autoimmune disease in vitiligo: do anti-nuclear antibodies decrease thyroid volume? Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131: 347-354. (Pubitemid 36205150)
73. Inamadar AC, Palit A,. Acrodermatitis entropathica with depigmented skin lesions simulating vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24: 668-669. (Pubitemid 350173697)
74. Bloch MH, Sowers JR,. Vitiligo and polyglandular autoimmune endocrinopathy. Cutis 1985; 36: 417-421.
75. Zhang Z, Xu SX, Zhang FY, et al. The analysis of genetics and associated autoimmune disease in Chinese vitiligo population. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 301: 167-173.
76. Castanet J, Ortonne JP,. Pathophysiology of vitiligo. Clin Dermatol 1997; 15: 845-851. (Pubitemid 27521611)
77. Ongenae K, Dierckxsens L, Brochez L, van Geel N, Naeyaert JM,. Quality of life and stigmatization profile in a cohort of vitiligo patients and effect of the use of camouflage. Dermatology 2005; 210: 279-285. (Pubitemid 40976734)
78. Tanioka M, Miyachi Y,. Camouflage for vitiligo. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22: 90-93.
79. Tanioka M, Yamamoto Y, Kato M, Miyachi Y,. Camouflage for patients with vitiligo vulgaris improved their quality of life. J Cosmet Dermatol 2010; 9: 72-75.
80. Forschner T, Buchholtz S, Stockfleth E,. Current state of vitiligo therapy-evidence based analysis of the literature. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007; 5: 467-475.
81. Grimes PE,. New insights and new therapies in vitiligo. JAMA 2005; 293: 730-735. (Pubitemid 40216043)
82. Ostovari N, Passeron T, Zakaria W, et al. Treatment of vitiligo by 308-nm excimer laser: an evaluation of variables affecting treatment response. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 35: 152-156. (Pubitemid 39150415)
83. Pasricha JS, Khera V,. Effect of prolonged treatment with levamisole on vitiligo limited and slow-spreading disease. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 584-587. (Pubitemid 24255810)
84. Tsuji T, Hamada T,. Topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119: 722-727. (Pubitemid 13051148)
85. Michaë G, Juhlin L, Vahlquist A,. Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113: 31-36. (Pubitemid 8020125)
86. Hillstrom L, Pettersson L, Hellbe L, Kjellin A, Leczinsky C, Nordwall C,. Comparisons of oral treatment with zinc sulphate and placebo in acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1997; 97: 681-684.
87. Burrows N, Turnbull A, Puchard N, Thompson R, Jones R,. A trial of oral zinc supplementation in psoriasis. Cutis 1994; 54: 117-118. (Pubitemid 24253607)
88. Westerhof W, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L,. Treatment of vitiligo with UV-B radiation vs topical psoralen plus UV-A. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 1525-1528.
89. Huggins H, Schwartz RA, Krysicka Janniger C,. Vitiligo. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2005; 14: 137-145. (Pubitemid 43028733)
90. Vasistha LK, Singh G,. Vitiligo and intralesional steroids. Indian J Med Res 1979; 69: 308-311. (Pubitemid 9156962)
91. Banerjee K, Barbhuiya JN, Ghosh AP, Dey SK, Karmakar PR,. The efficacy of low-dose oral corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo patient. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003; 69: 135-137. (Pubitemid 44057844)
92. Kim SM, Lee HS, Hann SK,. The efficacy of low-dose oral corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo patients. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 546-550. (Pubitemid 29331937)
93. Seiter S, Ugurel S, Tilgen W, Reinhold U,. Use of high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy in patients with progressive and stable vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2000; 38: 624-627.
94. Lepe V, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP, Torres-Alvarez MB, Ortiz CA, Torres-Cava AB,. A double-blind randomized trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 581-585. (Pubitemid 36576373)
95. Silverberg NB, Lin P, Travis L, et al. Tacrolimus ointment promotes repigmentation of vitiligo in children: a review of 57 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 760-766. (Pubitemid 39516891)
96. Plettenberg H, Assmann T, Ruzicka T,. Childhood vitiligo and tacrolimus: immunomodulating treatment for an autoimmune disease. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 651-654. (Pubitemid 36576382)
97. Kim YJ, Chhung BS, Choi KC,. Depigmentation therapy with Q-switched ruby laser after tanning in Vitiligo universalis. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 969-970.
98. Mattoo SK, Handa S, Kaur I, Gupta N, Malhorta R,. Psychiatric morbidity in vitiligo: prevalence and correlates in indioa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002; 16: 573-578. (Pubitemid 35385745)
99. Parsad D, Dogra S, Kanwar AJ,. Quality of life in patients with vitiligo. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003; 1: 58.
100. Ongenae K, Beelaert L, Van Geel N, Naeyaert JM,. Psychological effects of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dematol Venereol 2006; 20: 1-8.
101. Porter J, Beuf AH, Nordlund JJ, AB L,. Response to cosmetic disfigurement: patients with vitilig. Cutis 1987; 39: 493-494. (Pubitemid 17089140)
102. Porter J, Beuf A, Lerner A, Nordlund J,. The effect of vitiligo on sexual relationship. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 221-222.
103. Salzar BA, Schallreuter KU,. Investigations of the personality structure in patients with vitiligo and a possible association with catecholamine metabolism. Dermatology 1995; 190: 109-115.
104. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Kumar B,. Dermatology life quality index score in vitiligo and its impact on the treatment outcome. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 373-374. (Pubitemid 36278994)
105. Hegedus L, Heidenheim M, Gervil M, Hjalgrim H, Hoier-Madsen M,. High frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol 1994; 74: 120-123. (Pubitemid 24102472)
106. Robert P,. Ueber die vitiligo. Dermatologica 1941; 84: 317-319.
107. Shong YK, Kim JA,. Vitiligo in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroidology 1991; 3: 89-91.
108. Tomer Y, Barbesino G, Greenberg DA, Concepcion E, Davies TF,. Mapping the major susceptibility loci for familial Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases: evidence for genetic heterogeneity and gene interactions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4656-4664.
109. Sakai K, Shirasawa S, Ishikawa N, et al. Identification of susceptibility loci for autoimmune thyroid disease to 5q31-q33 and Hashimoto's thyroiditis to 8q23-q24 by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis in Japanese. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 1379-1386. (Pubitemid 32640666)
110. Ai J, Leonhardt MJ, Heymann RW,. Autoimmune thyroid disease. Etiology, pathogenesis, and dermatologic manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48: 641-659. (Pubitemid 36583273)
111. Braverman L, Uitger RD, (eds). Werner and Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinic Text, 9th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York 2005: 363.
112. Grimes PE, Halder RM, Jones C, et al. Autoantibodies and their clinical significance in a black vitiligo population. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119: 300-303. (Pubitemid 13160917)
113. Mandry RC, Ortiz LJ, Lugo-Somolinos A, Sanchez JL,. Organ-specific autoantibodies in vitiligo patients and their relatives. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35: 18-21. (Pubitemid 26034118)
114. Morgan M, Castells A, Ramirez A,. Autoantibodies in vitiligo: clinical significance. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1986; 14: 139-142.
115. Dave S, D'Souza M, Thappa DM, Reddy KS, Bobby Z,. High frequency of thyroid dysfunction in Indian patients with vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol 2003; 48: 68-72.
116. Korkij W, Soltani K, Simjee S, Marcincin PG, Chuang TY,. Tissue-specific autoantibodies and autoimmune disorders in vitiligo and alopecia areata: a retrospective study. J Cutan Pathol 1984; 11: 522-530. (Pubitemid 15175263)
117. Betterle C, Caretto A, Dezio A, et al. Incudence and significance of organ-specific autoimmune disorders (clinical, latent or only autoantibodies) in patients with vitiligo. Dermatolgica 1985; 171: 419-423. (Pubitemid 16127755)