Can humans force a return to a 'Cretaceous' climate?

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 235, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 5-26

  Hay, William W ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmospheric circulation; Cretaceous; Future climate; Greenhouse gases; Ocean structure; Paleoclimate

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; CARBON DIOXIDE; FOSSIL FUELS; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GLACIERS; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GASES; LAKES; MELTING; OCEAN CURRENTS; OCEAN STRUCTURES; POLES; SEA ICE; SEA LEVEL; SOLAR RADIATION;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE; CRETACEOUS; EAST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS; FUTURE CLIMATE; PALEOCLIMATES; TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES; WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS;

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS;

ALBEDO; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; BIOMASS BURNING; CRETACEOUS; GLOBAL WARMING; GYRE; HEAT TRANSFER; ICE SHEET; MELTING; OCEANIC CURRENT; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; POLAR REGION; SEA ICE; WATER MASS; WATER TEMPERATURE; WIND FORCING;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND; GREENLAND ICE SHEET;

EID: 79954997500     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.04.015     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Ahlberg, A., Herman, A.B., Raikevich, M., Rees, A., Spicer, R.A., 2002. Enigmatic Late Cretaceous high paleo-latitude lonestones in Chukotka, northeasternmost Asia. GFF 124, 197-199.
2. Alley, N.F., Frakes, L.A., 2003. First known Cretaceous glaciation: Livingston Tillite Member of the Cadna-owie Formation, South Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 139-144.
3. 18O variation in indurated pelagic carbonates at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463, central Pacific Ocean. Palaeoceano-graphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 260, 463-476.
4. Ando, A., Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K.G., Ohta, T., Khim, B.-K., 2009. Blake Nose stable isotopic evidence against the mid-Cenomannian glaciation hypothesis. Geology 37, 451-454.
5. 2.Climate Change 90, 283-297.
6. Arthur, M.A., Sageman, B.B., 1994. Marine black shales: depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 499-551.
7. Arthur, M.A., Jenkyns, H.C., Brumsack, H.J., Schlanger, S.O., 1990. Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanographyof organic-carbon-rich Cretacepus sequences. In: Ginsburg, R.N., Beaudopin, B. (Eds.), Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 75-119.
8. 2. Nature 329, 408-414.
9. 2 climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a reevaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43B, 83-91.
10. Barron, E.J., Washington, W.M., 1984. The role of geographic variables in explaining paleoclimates: results from Cretaceous climate model simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 1267-1279.
11. 2: Natural Variations Archaean to Present: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, vol. 32, pp. 546-553.
12. Beerling, D.J., Lomas, M.R., Gröcke, D.R., 2002. On the nature of methane gas-hydrate dissociation during the Toarcian and Aptian oceanic anoxic events. American Journal of Science 302, 28-49.
13. Bell, R.E., Studinger, M., Schuman, C.A., Fahnestock, M.A., Joughin, J., 2007. Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams. Nature 445, 904-907.
14. Berger, A., Loutre, M.F., 2002. An exceptionally long interglacial ahead? Science 297, 1287-1288.
15. 2. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 5653-5664.
16. 2 over Phanerozoic time. Geology 44, 413-415.
17. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science 301, 182-204.
18. 2 extremes of the Middle Cretaceous (late Albian-Turonian). Paleoceanography 17, 1070. doi:10.1029/2002PA000778.
19. Bice, K.L., Huber, B.T., Norris, R.D., 2003. Extreme polar warmth during the Cretaceous reenhouse? Paradox of the late Turonian δ18O record at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 511. Paleoceanography 18 (2), 1031. doi:10.1029/2002PA000848.
20. 2 concentrations. Paleoceanography 21, PA2002. doi:10.1029/2005PA001203.
21. Blanford, W.T., Blanford, H.F., Theobald, W., 1856. Onthe geological structure and relations of the Talcheer Coal Field, in the District of Cuttack. India Geological Survey Memoir 1 (Pt. 1), 33-89.
22. Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dällenbach, A., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Clausen, H.B., Hammer, C.U., Johnsen, S.J., 1998. Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period. Nature 394, 739-743.
23. Bornemann, A., Norris, R.D., Friedrich, O., Beckmann, B., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J., Vogel, J., Hofmann, P., Wagner, T., 2008. Isotopic evidence for glaciation during the Cretaceous Supergreenhouse. Science 319, 189-192.
24. Broecker, W.S., 1999. What if the conveyor were to shut down? Reflections on a possible outcome of the Great Global Experiment. GSA Today 9 (1), 1-7.
25. Broecker, W.S., Peng, T.-H., 1982. Tracers in the seas. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. Columbia University, Palisades, New York. 690 pp.
26. Budyko, M.I., 1969. The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth. Tellus 21, 611-619.
27. Budyko, M.I., Ronov, A.B., 1979. Chemical evolution of the atmosphere in the Phanerozoic. Geochemistry International 15, 1-9.
28. Budyko, M.I., Ronov, A.B., Yanshin, A.L., 1987. History of the Earth's Atmosphere. Springer Verlag, New York, USA. 139 pp.
29. Caldeira, K., Wickett, M.E., 2005. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, C09S04. doi:10.1029/2004JC002671.
30. 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104, 18866-18870.
31. Cerling, T.E., 1991. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosols. American Journal of Science 291, 377-400.
32. Chamberlin, T.C., 1899. An attempt to frame a working hypothesis of the cause of glacial periods on an atmospheric basis. Journal of Geology 7, 545-584, 667-685, 751-787.
33. Chamberlin, T.C., 1906. On a possible reversal of deep-sea circulation and its influence on geologic climates. Journal of Geology 14, 363-373.
34. Chin, K., Brassell, S., Harmon, R.J., 1991. Biogeochemistry and petrography of presumed dinosaurian coprolites; implications for dinosaur herbivory and Cretaceous carbon budgets. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 23/5, 180.
35. Chumakov, N.M., Zharkov, M.A., German, A.B., Doludenko, M.P., Kalandadze, N.N., Lebedev, Ye.L., Ponomarenko, A.G., Rautian, A.S., 1995. Klimaticheskiye poyasa v seredine melovogo perioda. Climatic belts of the Middle Cretaceous period. Stratigrafiya, Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya 3, 42-63.
36. Clarke, L.J., Jenkyns, H.C., 1999. New oxygen isotope evidence for long-term Cretaceous climatic change in the southern hemisphere. Geology 27, 699-702.
37. Covey, C., Barron, E.J., 1988. The role of ocean heat transport in climatic change. Earth Science Reviews 24, 429-445.
38. Covey, C., Thompson, S.L., 1989. Testing the effects of ocean heat transport on climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 75, 331-341.
39. d'Hondt, S., Arthur, M.A., 1996. Late Cretaceous oceans and the cool tropic paradox. Science 271, 1838-1841.
40. d'Omalius d'Halloy, J.J., 1823. Observations sur une essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays Bas, et des contrées voisines. Imprimerie de Madame Huzard (née Vallat la Chapelle), Paris, France, 29 pp., Map.
41. De Lurio, J.L., Frakes, L.A., 1999. Glendonites as a paleoenvironmental tool: implications for early Cretaceous high latitude climates in Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochi-mica Acta 63, 1039-1048.
42. DeConto, R.M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P.A., Pälike, H., Lear, C.H., Pagani, M., 2008. Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciaiton. Nature 455, 652-656.
43. Drewry, D.J., 1983. Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio. Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
44. Dyurgerov, M.B., Carter, C.L., 2004. Observational evidence of increases in freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 36, 117-122.
45. Ekart, D.D., Cerling, T.E., Montañez, I.P., Tabor, N.J., 1999. A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science 299, 805-827.
46. Embleton, B.J.J., 1984. Past global settings. (a) Continental palaeomagnetism. In: Veevers, J.J. (Ed.), Phanerozoic Earth History of Australia. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 11-16.
47. Emiliani, C., 1955. Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology 63, 538.
48. Emiliani, C., 1972. Quaternary hypsithermals. Quaternary Research 2, 270-273.
49. Erba, E., 2004. Calcareous nannofossils and Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Marine Micropaleontology 52, 85-106.
50. 2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 4115-4128.
51. Fischer, A.G., Arthur, M.A., 1977. Secular variations in the pelagic realm. In: Cook, H.E., Enos, P. (Eds.), Deep Water Carbonate Environments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 25. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp. 18-50.
52. Fleming, J.R., 1998. Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 194 pp.
53. Forster, A., Schouten, S., Baas, M., Sinninghe Damsté, J., 2007a. Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Santonian) sea surface temperature record of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geology 35, 919-922.
54. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., Van Dorland, R., 2007b. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 129-234.
55. Frakes, L.A., 1979. Climates throughout Geologic Time. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. vii + 310 pp.
56. Frakes, L.A., 1999. Estimating the global thermal state from Cretaceous sea surface and continental temperature data. In: Barrera, E., Johnson, C.C. (Eds.), Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System: Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 332, pp. 49-57.
57. Frakes, L.A., Francis, J.E., 1990. Cretaceous paleoclimates. In: Ginsburg, R.N., Beaudoin, B. (Eds.), Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 273-287.
58. 2 levels. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6,185-198.
59. Gard, G., 1991. Late Quaternary coccoliths at the North Pole: evidence of ice-free conditions and rapid sedimentation in the central Arctic Ocean. Geology 21,227-230.
60. Gascard, J.-C, Festy, J., Legoff, H., Weber, M., Bruemmer, B., Offermann, M., Doble, M., Wadhams, P., Forsberg, R., Hanson, S., Skourup, H., Gerland, S., Nicolaus, M., Metaxian,J.-P., Gtangeon, J., Haapala, J., Rinne, E., Haas, C, Heygster, G., Jakobson, E., Palo, T., Wilkinson, J., Kaleschke, L, Claffey, K., Elder, B., Bottenheim, J., 2008. Exploring Arctic transpolar drift during dramatic sea ice retreat. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 89 (3), 21-28.
61. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., 2004. Geologic time scale 2004 - why, how, and where next! Lethaia 37,175-181.
62. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., Agterberg, F.P., Bleeker, W., Cooper, R.A., Davydov, V., Gibbard, P., Hinnov, L, House (†), M.R., Lourens, L, Luterbacher, H.-P., McArthur, J., Melchin, M.J., Robb, L.J., Shergold, J., Villeneuve, M., Wardlaw, B.R., Ali, J., Brinkhuis, H., Hilgen, F.J., Hooker, J., Howarth, R.J., Knoll, A.H., Laskar, J., Monechi, S., Powell, J., Plumb, K.A., Raffi, I., Röhl, U., Sanfilippo, A., Schmitz, B., Shackleton, N.J., Shields, G.A., Strauss, H., Van Dam, J., Veizer, J., van Kolfschoten, The., Wilson, D., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. 589 pp.
63. Gregory, J.M., Huybrechts, P., Raper, S.C.B., 2004. Threatened loss of the Greenland ice-sheet. Nature 428, 616.
64. Gustaffson, M., Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., 2003. Changes in Northeast Atlantic temperature and carbon flux during the Cenomanian/Turonian paleoceanographic event: the Goban Spur stable isotope record. Palaeoceanography, Palaeoclimatol-ogy, Palaeoecology 201, 51-66.
65. Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235,1156-1167.
66. Harrison, C.GA, 1990. Long-term eustasy and epeirogeny in continents. In: Revelle, R (Ed.), Sea Level Change. U.S. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C, pp. 141-158.
67. Hart, M.B., 1980. A water depth model for the evolution of the planktonic Foraminiferida. Nature 286, 252-254.
68. Hart, M.B., 1999. The evolution and biodiversity of Cretaceous planktonic Foraminiferida. Geobios 32, 247-255.
69. Haug, E., 1910. Traité de Géologie. Librarie Armand Colin, Paris, pp. 929-1396.
70. 2 based on stomata of the extinct conifer Pseudofrenelopsis (Cheirolepidiaceae). Geology 33, 749-752.
71. 2: Natural Variations, Archaean to Present: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, vol. 32, pp. 573-583.
72. Hay, W.W., 1995a. Cretaceous paleoceanography. Geologica Carpathica 46 (5), 1-11.
73. Hay, W.W., 1995b. Paleoceanography of marine organic-carbon-rich sediments. In: Huc, A.-Y. (Ed.), Paleogeography, Paleoclimate and Source Rocks: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, vol. 40, pp. 21-59.
74. Hay, W.W, 2000. Ocean circulation during the Cenozoic Abstracts Volume, 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, August 6-17,2000. CD-ROM. 4 pp.
75. Hay, W.W., 2002. A new view of Cretaceous paleoceanography. In: Michalik, J. (Ed.), Tethyan/Boreal Cretaceous Correlation. VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, pp. 11-37.
76. Hay, W.W., 2008. Evolving ideas about the Cretaceous climate and ocean. Cretaceous Research 29, 725-753.
77. Hay, W.W., 2009. Cretaceous oceans and ocean modeling. In: Hu, X., Wang, C, Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., Jansa, L. (Eds.), Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, pp. 243-271.
78. 2 in the Oceans. Marine Science Series, vol. 6. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 569-604.
79. Hay, W.W., DeConto, R.M., Wold, C.N., Wilson, K.M., Voigt, S., Schulz, M., Wold, A.R., Dullo, W.-Chr., Ronov, A.B., Balukhovsky, A.N., Söding, E., 1999. An alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography. In: Barrera, E., Johnson, C.C. (Eds.), Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System: Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 332, pp. 1-47.
80. Hay, W.W., Flögel, S., Söding, E., 2005. Is the initiation of glaciation on Antarctica related to a change in the structure of the ocean? Global and Planetary Change 45, 23-33.
81. Herman, A.B., Spicer, R.A., 1996. Paleobotanical evidence for a warm Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature 380, 330-333.
82. Herman, A.B., Akhmetiev, M.A., Kodrul, T.M., Moiseeva, M.G., Iakovleva, A.I., 2009. Flora development in northeastern Asia and northern Alaska during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transitional epoch. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 27, 79-97.
83. Higgins, J.A., Schrag, D.P., 2006. Beyond methane: towards a theory for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236, 523-537.
84. Howat, I.M., Joughin, I., Scambos, T.A., 2007. Rapid changes in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers. Science 315,1559-1561.
85. Hu, X.M., Jansa, L., Wang, C, Sarti, M., Bak, K., Wagreich, M., Michalik, J., Soták, J., 2005. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) in the Tethys: occurrences, lithofacies, age, and environments. Cretaceous Research 26, 3-20.
86. Hu, X.M., Jansa, L., Sarti, M., 2006a. Mid-Cretaceous oceanic red beds in the Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy: constraints on paleoceanography and paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 233,163-186.
87. Hu, X.M., Wang, C, Li, X., Jansa, L., 2006b. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in southern Tibert: lithofacies, envirnments and colour origin. Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences 49, 785-795.
88. Hu, X.M., Wang, C.S., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., Jansa, L. (Eds.), 2009. Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). ISBN: 978-1-56576-135-3. 276 pp.
89. Huber, B.T., 1998. Perspective: tropical paradise at the Cretaceous poles? Science 282, 2199-2200.
90. Huber, B.T., Norris, R.D., MacLeod, K.G., 2002. Deep sea paleotemperature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous. Geology 30, 123-126.
91. Huxley, T.H., 1868. On a Piece of Chalk: a Lecture to Working-men from Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews. Macmillans Magazine.
92. IPCC, 2001. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C.A. (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 881 pp.
93. IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 996 pp.
94. Jenkyns, H.C., 2003. Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Paleogene greenhouse world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 361, 1885-1916.
95. Jenkyns, H.C., Forster, A., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2004. High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature 432, 888-892.
96. Johnson, C.C., Barron, E.J., Kauffman, E.G., Arthus, M.A., Fawcett, P.J., Yasuda, M.K., 1996. Middle Cretaceous reef collapse linked to ocean heat transport.
97. Johnson, C.C., Sanders, D., Kauffman, E.G., Hay, W.W., 2002. Patterns and processes influencing Upper Cretaceous reefs. In: Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., Golonka, J. (Eds.), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication No. 72, pp. 549-585.
98. Kauffman, E.G., Johnson, C.C., 1988. The morphological and ecological evolution of middle and Upper Cretaceous reef-building rudistids. Palaios 3, 194-216.
99. Kazmin, V.G., Napatov, L.M. (Eds.), 1998. The Paleogeographic Atlas of Northern Eurasia, Institute of Tectonics of the Lithospheric Plates, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Moscow, Russia.
100. Kemper, E., 1987. Das Klima der Kreide-Zeit. Geologisches Jahrbuch A96, 5-185.
101. Klemme, H.D., Ulmishek, G.F., 1991. Effective petroleum source rocks of the world: stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 75, 1809-1851.
102. Knowlton, F.H., 1912. The relations of paleobotany to geology. The American Naturalist 46, 207-215.
103. Kominz, M.A., 1984. Ocean ridge volumes and sea-level change; an error analysis. In: Schlee, J.S. (Ed.), Interregional Unconformities and Hydrocarbon Accumulation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, vol. 36, pp. 109-127.
104. Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Mizintseva, S., Scotese, C.R., 2008. Late Cretaceous to Miocene sea-level estimates from the New Jersey and Delaware coastal plain coreholes: an error analysis. Basin Research 20, 211-226. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00354.x.
105. 2 concentrations during Cretaceous times. Nature 399, 342-345.
106. Lackner, K.S., Grimes, P., Ziock, H.-J., 2001. Capturing carbon dioxide from air. First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Session 7B. Capture V - Adsorption Studies. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. 15 pp.
107. Lenton, T.M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J.W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S., Schellnhuber, H.J., 2008. Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105, 1786-1793.
108. Levitus, S., 1982. Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Professional Paper 13. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
109. Li, Y.-X., Bralower, T.J., Montañez, I.P., Osleger, D.A., Arthur, M.A., Bice, D.M., Herbert, T.D., Erba, E., Premoli Silva, I., 2008. Toward an orbital chronology for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE1a, 120 Ma). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 271, 88-100.
110. Lord Kelvin, W.T., 1863. On the secular cooling of the earth. Philosophical Magazine 25 (4th series), 1-14.
111. Loutre, M.F., Berger, A., 2003. Marine Isotope Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36, 209-217.
112. Ludvigson, G.A., Gonzalez, L.A., Ufnar, D.F., Witzke, B.J., Brenner, R.L., 2002. Methane fluxes from mid-Cretaceous wetland soils: insights gained from carbon and oxygen isotopic studies of sphaerosiderites in paleosols. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 34/6, 212.
113. Ludvigson, G.A., Gonzalez, L.A., Ufnar, D.F., 2003. The enigma of polar warmth in greenhouse worlds: insights from the mid-Cretaceous terrestrial paleoclimatology of North America. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 35/2, 52.
114. Lyell, C., 1837. On the Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Danish islands of Seeland and Möen. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Series 2 (5), 243-257.
115. 2 during the Younger Dryas climate event. Climate Dynamics 15, 341-354.
116. Maslanik, J.A., Fowler, C., Stroeve, J., Drobot, S., Zwally, J., Yi, D., Emery, W., 2007. A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L24501. doi:10.1029/2007GL032043.
117. Maury, M.F., 1855. Physical Geography of the Sea. Harper and Brothers, New York. 274 pp + 18 plates.
118. McDonough, K.J., Cross, T.A., 1991. Late Cretaceous sea level from a paleoshoreline. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 6591-6607.
119. 2 pulse triggered the Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a and a biocalcification crisis. Geology 37, 819-822.
120. 13C stratigraphy though the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Alpine Tethys. Paleoceanography 13, 530-545.
121. Mercer, J.H., 1968. Antarctic ice and Sangamon sea level. International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, Publication No. 79, pp. 217-225.
122. 2 greenhouse effect: a threat of disaster. Nature 271, 321-325.
123. Miller, K.E., Barrera, E., Olsson, R.K., Sugarman, P.J., Savin, S.M., 1999. Does ice drive early Maastrichtian eustacy? Geology 27, 783-786.
124. Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Browning, J.V., Kominz, M.A., Hernández, J.C, Olsson, R.K., Wright, J.D., Feigenson, M.D., van Sickel, W., 2003. Late Cretaceous chronology of large, rapid sea-level changes: glacioeustasy during the greenhouse world. Geology 31, 585-588.
125. Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., Browning, J.V., 2005. Visions of ice sheets in a greenhouse world. Marine Geology 217, 215-231.
126. Moran, K., Backman, J., Brinkhuis, H., Clemens, S.C, Cronin, T., Dickens, G.R., Eynaud, F., Gattacceca, J., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, R.W., Kaminski, M., King, J., Koc, N., Krylov, A., Martinez, N., Matthiessen, J., McInroy, D., Moore, T.C., Onodera, J., O'Regan, M., Pälike, H., Rea, B., Rio, D., Sakamoto, T., Smith, D.C., Stein, R., St John, K., Suto, I., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, M., Farrell, J., Frank, M., Kubik, P., Jokat, W., Kristoffersen, Y., 2006. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature 441, 601-605.
127. Müller, R.D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C, Steinberger, B., Heine, C, 2008. Long term sea-level fluctuations driven by ocean basin dynamics. Science 319,1357-1362.
128. Neumayr, M., 1883. Über klimatische Zonen während der Jura- und Kreidezeit Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematische-Natur-wissenschaftliche Klasse 47, 277-310.
129. Nordenskiöld, A.E., 1870. Redogorelse for en expedition till Gronland ar 1870. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. Öfversikt 10, 923-1082.
130. Norris, R.D., Bice, K.L., Magno, E.A., Wilson, P.A., 2002. Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous hothouse. Geology 30, 299-302.
131. Oppenheimer, M., 1998. Global warming and the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature 393, 325-332.
132. Oppenheimer, M., Alley, R.B., 2004. The West Antarctic ice sheet and long term climate policy. Climate Change 64,1-10.
133. Orr, J.C, Fabry, V.J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S.C, Feely, R.A., Gnanadsikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R.M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Moouchet, A., Najjar, R.G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K.B., Sabine, C.L., Sarmiento, J.L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R.D., Totterdell, I.J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., Yool, A., 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681-686.
134. Pachauri, R.K., Reisinger, A., 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report -Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp.
135. 4 grasses. Science 285, 876-879.
136. Pearson, P.N., Palmer, M.R., 2000. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature 406, 695-699.
137. Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K., Shackleton, N.J., Hall, MA, 2001. Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature 413,481-487.
138. Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, J., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V., Lorius, C, Pépin, L., Ritz, C, Saltzman, E., Stievenard, M., 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the Past 420, 000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429-436.
139. Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, J., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V., Lorius, C, Pépin, L., Ritz, C, Saltzman, E., Stievenard, M., 2001. Vostok Ice Core Data for 420,000 Years, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2001-076. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA
140. Pirsson, L.V., Schuchert, C, 1915. ATextbook of Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York x + 1051 pp.
141. Pollard, D., DeConto, R.M., 2005. Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic ice-sheet variations. Global and Planetary Change 45, 9-21.
142. Pollard, D., DeConto, R.M., 2009. Modelling West Antarctic ice sheet growth and collapse through the past five million years. Nature 458, 329-332.
143. Pollard, D., DeConto, R.M., Nyblade, A.A., 2005. Sensitivity of Cenozoic Antarctic ice sheet variations to geothermal heat flux. Global and Planetary Change 49, 63-74.
144. Quinn, P.K., Bates, T.S., Baum, E., Doubleday, N., Fiore, A.M., Flanner, M., Fridlind, A., Garrett, T.J., Koch, D., Menon, S., Shindell, D., Stohl, A., Warren, S.G., 2008. Shortlived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8,1723-1735.
145. Reimnitz, E., Dehtleff, D., Nürnberg, D., 2004. Contrasts in Arctic shelf sea-ice regimes and some implications: Beaufort Sea versus Laptev Sea. Marine Geology 119,215-225.
146. Retallack, G.J., 2001. A 300-million year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles. Nature 411, 287-290.
147. 2. Nature 407, 364-367.
148. Rignot, E., Casassa, G., Goginenei, P., Krabill, W., Rivera, A., Thomas, R., 2004. Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L18401. doi:10.1029/2004GL020697.
149. Rohling, E.J., Grant, K., Hemleben, Ch., Siddall, M., Hoogakker, B.A.A., Bolshaw, M., Kucera, M., 2007. High rates of sea-level rise during the last interglacial period. Nature Geoscience 1, 38-42.
150. Ronov, A.B., 1972. Evolution of rock composition and geochemical processes in the sedimentary shell of the earth. Sedimentology 19,157-172.
151. Ronov, A.B., 1976. Volcanism, carbonate deposition, and life (patterns of the global geochemistry of carbon). Geokhimiya n. 8,1252-1277 (In Russian).
152. Ronov, A.B., 1980, The earth's sedimentary shell (quantitative patterns of its structure, compositions, and evolution). - The 20th V. I. Vernadski Lecture, March 12,1978 (in Russian), In: Yaroshevskii, A. A., ed., The Earth's Sedimentary Shell (Quantitative Patterns of Its Structure, Compositions, and Evolution): Moscow, Nauka, p. 80 [English translation in Internat. Geol. Rev., v.24, no. 12, p. 1313-1388 (1982); also American Geological Institute Reprint Series, 5, 73 pp. (1983)].
153. Ronov, A.B., 1994. Phanerozoic transgressions and regressions on the continents: a quantitative approach based on areas flooded by the sea and areas of marine and continental deposition. American Journal of Science 294, 777-801.
154. Ronov, A.B., Khain, V.E., Balukhovsky, A.N., 1989. In: Barsukhov, V.L, Laviorov, N.P. (Eds.), Atlas of Lithological-Paleogeographical Maps of the World: Mesozoic and Cenozoic of Continents and Oceans. Editorial Publishing Group, Moscow, pp. 1-79.
155. Rooth, C, 1982. Hydrology and ocean circulation. Progress in Oceanography 11,131-149.
156. 2 change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches. Earth Science Reviews 54, 349-392.
157. 2 during part of the Tertiary. Science 292, 2310-3213.
158. Ruddiman, W.F., 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climate Change 61, 261-293.
159. Sahagian, D., Pinous, O., Olferiev, A, Zakaharov, V., Beisel, A., 1996. Eustatic curve for the Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous based on Russian platform and Siberian stratigraphy: zonal resolution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 80,1433-1458.
160. Schlanger, S.O., Jenkyns, H.C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw 55,179-184.
161. Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Schefuss, E., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2002. Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new organic proxy for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204, 265-274.
162. Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Forster, A., van Breugel, Y., Kuypers, M.M.M., Sininghe Damsté, J.S., 2003. Extremely high sea-surface temperatures at low latitudes during the middle Cretaceous as revealed by archaeal membrane lipids. Geology 31,1069-1072.
163. Schuhmacher, H., 1991. Korallenriffe. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Munich, Germany. 275 pp.
164. Schulz, M., Wold, C.N., Ronov, A.B., Hay, W.W., 1995. A forward and inverse transformation program for the "Atlas of Lithological-Paleogeographical Maps of the World". Computers and Geosciences 21, 07-911.
165. Sclater, J.G., Jaupart, C, Galson, D., 1980. The heat flow through oceanic and contiental crust and the heat loss of the Earth. Reviews of Geophysics nd Space Physics 18, 269-311.
166. Scotese, C.R., 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous plate tectonic reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 87,493-501.
167. Scotese, C.R., 2004. A continental drift flipbook. Journal of Geology 112, 729-741.
168. Scott, R.W., 1988. Evolution of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous reef biotas. Palaios 3, 184-193.
169. Selwyn, A.R.C., 1859. Geological notes of a journey in South Australia from Cape Jervis to Mount Serle: South Australia. Parliamentary Papers, No. 20.4 pp.
170. Siegert, M.J., Carter, S., Tabacco, I., Popov, S., Blankenship, D.D., 2005. A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes. Antarctic Science 17,453-460.
171. Sigman, D.M., Boyle, E.A., 2000. Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature 407, 859-869.
172. Skelton, P. (Ed.), 2003. The Cretaceous World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 360 pp.
173. 2 concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition. Geophysical Research Letters 24,1-4.
174. Spasojevič, S., Liu, L., Gurnis, M., Müller, R.D., 2008. The case for dynamic subsidence of the U.S. east coast since the Eocene. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L08305. doi:10.1029/2008GL033511.
175. Spicer, R.A., Ahlberg, A., Herman, A.B., Kelley, S.P., Raikevich, M.I., Rees, P.M., 2002. Palaeoenvironment and ecology of the middle Cretaceous Grebenka flora of northeastern Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 184,65-105.
176. Stanley, S.M., Hardie, LA, Blaustein, M.K., 1999. Hypercalcification; paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology. GSA Today 9 (2), 1-7.
177. Steffen, K., Nghiem, S.V., Huff, R., Neumann, G., 2004. The melt anomaly of 2002 on the Greenland Ice Sheet from active and passive microwave satellite observations. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L20402. doi:10.1029/2004GL020444.
178. Stoll, H.M., Schrag, D.P., 1996. Evidence for glacial control of rapid sea level changes in the Early Cretaceous. Science 272, 1771-1774.
179. Stoll, H.M., Schrag, D.P., 2000. High-resolution stable isotope records from the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Italy and Spain: glacial episodes in a greenhouse planet? Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 308-319.
180. Stroeve, J., Holland, M.M., Meier, W., Scambos, T., Serreze, M., 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L09501. doi:10.1029/2007GL029703.
181. Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., Scambos, T., 2008. Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 89, 13-14.
182. Sutherland, P.C., 1870. Notes on an ancient boulder-clay of Natal. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal 26, 514.
183. Tarasov, L., Peltier, W.R., 2003. Greenland glacial history, borehole constraints, and Eemian extent. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 2143. doi:10.1029/2001JB001731.
184. Tarasov, L., Peltier, W.R., 2005. Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Nature 435, 662-665.
185. Tarduno, J.A., Brinkman, D.B., Renne, P.R., Cottrell, R.D., Scher, H., Castillo, P., 1998. Evidence for extreme climatic warmth from Late Cretaceous Arctic vertebrates. Science 282, 2241-2243.
186. Tardy, Y., N'Kounku, R., Probst, J.L., 1989. The global water cycle and continental erosion during Phanerozoic time (570 my). American Journal of Science 289, 455-483.
187. Thomas, R., Rignot, E., Casassa, G., Kanagaratnam, P., Acuña, C., Akins, T., Breher, H., Frederick, E., Gogineni, P., Krabill, W., Manizade, S., Ramamoorthy, H., Rivera, A., Russell, R., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Yungel, J., Zwally, J., 2004. Accelerated sea-levl rise from West Antarctica. Science 306, 255-258.
188. Vail, P.R., Mitchum Jr., R.M., Thompson III, S., 1977. Global cycles of relative changes of sea level. In: Payton, C.E. (Ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea Level: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, vol. 26, pp. 83-97.
189. van de Wal, R.S.W., Boot, W., van de Broecke, M.R., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Reijmer, C.H., Donker, J.J.A., Oerlemans, J., 2008. Large and rapid melt-induced velocity changes in the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 321, 111-113.
190. Velicogna, I., Wahr, J., Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P., 2005. Short term mass variability in Greenland, from GRACE. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L05501. doi:10.1029/2004GL021948.
191. Voigt, S., Hay, W.W., Hoefling, R., DeConto, R.M., 1999. Biogeographic distribution of late Early to Late Cretaceous rudist-reefs in the Mediterranean as climate indicators. In: Barrera, E., Johnson, C. (Eds.), Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean/Climate Systems: Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 332, pp. 91-103.
192. Voigt, S., Gale, A.S., Flögel, S., 2004. Midlatitude shelf seas in the Cenomanian-Turonian greenhouse world; temperature evolution and North Atlantic circulation. Paleoceanography 19, PA4020. doi:10.1029/2004PA001015.
193. Wahr, J., Swenson, S., Velicoga, I., 2006. Accuracy of GRACE mass measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L06401. doi:10.1029/2005GL025305.
194. 2 and climate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 3005-3025.
195. Wang, C.S., Hu, X.M., Sarti, M., Scott, R.W., Li, X.H., 2005. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in southern Tibet: a major change from anoxic to oxic, deep-sea environments:. Cretaceous Research 26, 21-32.
196. Wang, C.S., Hu, X.M., Huang, Y.J., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., 2009. Overview of Cretaceous red beds (CORBs): a window on global oceanic and climate change. In: Hu, X.M., Wang, C.S., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., Jansa, L. (Eds.), Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). ISBN: 978-1-56576-135-3, pp. 13-33.
197. Wilson, P.A., Norris, R.D., 2001. Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature 412, 425-429.
198. Wold, C.N., Hay, W.W., 1990. Reconstructing ancient sediment fluxes. American Journal of Science 290, 1069-1089.
199. 2 pressure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 137, 71-82.
200. Zeebe, R.E., 2001. Seawater pH and isotopic paleotemperatures of Cretaceous oceans. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 170, 49-57.
201. Zwally, H.J., Abdalati, W., Herring, T., Larson, K., Saba, J., Steffen, K., 2002. Surface melt induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow. Science 297, 218-222.SS