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c = -0 88 ± 0.12 per mil (1 σ) for 24 R. roundata samples from a 100,000-year subset of our sampled interval at site 525A] [D. Whitaker, thesis, University of Rhode Island (1996)].
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The primary paleofloral evidence for warm tropical Late Cretaceous temperatures is the presence of mangrove biota in tropical fossil assemblages (4) Spinizonocolpites, interpreted to be pollen from the mangrove palm Nypa, provides the only evidence that a modern mangrove organism existed in the Late Cretaceous (4). The modern range of Nypa extends as far north as the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan (∼26°N) [P B. Tomlinson, The Botany of Mangroves (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986)], where modem cool-month SSTs are approximately 21°C (18) The geographic range of Nypa appears to have been much more limited in the Maastrichtian, because Maastrichtian Spinizonocolpites is only known from a few equatorial pollen assemblages of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (5)
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18O to almost 1 0 per mil [H. D. Holland, The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984)]. However, recent compilations suggest that sea floor spreading rates have varied by only a factor of 2 over the past 150 million years [R L. Larson, Geology 19, 547 (1991)]. Furthermore, estimates of Cretaceous weathering are generally higher than those of the present day [R. A Berner, Am J Sci. 294, 56 (1994)].
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We thank D. Walizer for technical support; P. J. Fawcett for GENESIS GCM simulations of Maastrichtian climate; E. Barron, T Crowley, B. Heikes, and H. Marshall for discussions of global heat transport and radiative balances; P. Johnson for scanning electron microscopy and photography, and N. M. Gorbea for expert plate layout. R. Pockalny and R. Larson helped with estimates of sea floor age and basement lithology. S. Wing and A. Traverse provided helpful comments on mangrove biology Discussions with K Howard and J. Knauss improved our understanding of the origin of modern SST distributions. Comments by L. Sloan and an anonymous reviewer improved an earlier draft of this manuscript. All isotopic analyses were undertaken at the Isotope Biogeochemistry Laboratory of Pennsylvania State University. This study was funded by the Marine Geology and Geophysics Program of NSF
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We thank D. Walizer for technical support; P. J. Fawcett for GENESIS GCM simulations of Maastrichtian climate; E. Barron, T Crowley, B. Heikes, and H. Marshall for discussions of global heat transport and radiative balances; P. Johnson for scanning electron microscopy and photography, and N. M. Gorbea for expert plate layout. R. Pockalny and R. Larson helped with estimates of sea floor age and basement lithology. S. Wing and A. Traverse provided helpful comments on mangrove biology Discussions with K Howard and J. Knauss improved our understanding of the origin of modern SST distributions. Comments by L. Sloan and an anonymous reviewer improved an earlier draft of this manuscript. All isotopic analyses were undertaken at the Isotope Biogeochemistry Laboratory of Pennsylvania State University. This study was funded by the Marine Geology and Geophysics Program of NSF.
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