Cellular and molecular biology of glycosphingolipid glycosylation

Journal of Neurochemistry

Volumn 117, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 589-602

  MacCioni, Hugo J F ^a   Quiroga, Rodrigo ^a   Ferrari, Mariana L ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA   (Argentina)

Author keywords

gangliosides; glycosphingolipids; glycosyltransferases; Golgi; Golgi retention motifs

Indexed keywords

GANGLIOSIDE; GLYCOLIPID; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE;

CELL TRANSPORT; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COMPLEX FORMATION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; GLYCOSYLATION; GOLGI COMPLEX; HUMAN; LIPOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GLYCOLIPIDS; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; GLYCOSYLATION; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES; GOLGI APPARATUS; HUMANS; PROTEIN FOLDING;

EID: 79954988198     PISSN: 00223042     EISSN: 14714159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07232.x     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Allende M. L., Li J., Darling D. S., Worth C. A., and, Young W. W., (2000) Evidence supporting a late Golgi location for lactosylceramide to ganglioside GM3 conversion. Glycobiology 10, 1025-1032.
2. Aoki D., Lee N., Yamaguchi N., Dubois C., and, Fukuda M. N., (1992) Golgi retention of a trans-Golgi membrane protein, galactosyltransferase, requires cysteine and histidine residues within the membrane-anchoring domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4319-4323.
3. Aquino D. A., Bisby M. A., and, Ledeen R. W., (1985) Retrograde axonal transport of gangliosides and glycoproteins in the motoneurons of rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurochem. 45, 1262-1267. (Pubitemid 16252069)
4. Bieberich E., and, Yu R. K., (1999) Multi-enzyme kinetic analysis of glycolipid biosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1432, 113-124. (Pubitemid 29299237)
5. Bieberich E., Tencomnao T., Kapitonov D., and, Yu R. K., (2000) Effect of N-glycosylation on turnover and subcellular distribution of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase I and sialyltransferase II in neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 74, 2359-2364. (Pubitemid 30314211)
6. Bieberich E., MacKinnon S., Silva J., Li D. D., Tencomnao T., Irwin L., Kapitonov D., and, Yu R. K., (2002) Regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis by enzyme complex formation of glycosyltransferases. Biochemistry (Mosc) 41, 11479-11487.
7. Bonifacino J. S., and, Glick B. S., (2004) The mechanisms of vesicle budding and fusion. Cell 116, 153-166. (Pubitemid 38167309)
8. Caputto R., Maccioni H. J., and, Arce A., (1974) Biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 4, 97-106.
9. Cole N. B., Ellenberg J., Song J., DiEuliis D., and, Lippincott-Schwartz J., (1998) Retrograde transport of Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J. Cell Biol. 140, 1-15. (Pubitemid 28070889)
10. Coste H., Martel M. B., and, Got R., (1986) Topology of glucosylceramide synthesis in Golgi membranes from porcine submaxillary glands. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 858, 6-12. (Pubitemid 16069123)
11. Crespo P. M., Zurita A. R., Giraudo C. G., Maccioni H. J. F., and, Daniotti J. L., (2004) Ganglioside glycosyltransferases and newly synthesized gangliosides are excluded from detergent-insoluble complexes of Golgi membranes. Biochem. J. 377, 561-568. (Pubitemid 38221828)
12. Crespo P. M., Silvestre D. C., Gil G. A., Maccioni H. J., Daniotti J. L., and, Caputto B. L., (2008) c-Fos activates glucosylceramide synthase and glycolipid synthesis in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 31163-31171.
13. Crespo P. M., Demichelis V. T., and, Daniotti J. L., (2010) Neobiosynthesis of glycosphingolipids by plasma membrane-associated glycosyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 29179-29190.
14. D'Alessio C., Caramelo J. J., and, Parodi A. J., (2010) UDP-GlC:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase-glucosidase II, the ying-yang of the ER quality control. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 21, 491-499.
15. D'Angelo G., Polishchuk E., Di Tullio G., et al. (2007) Glycosphingolipid synthesis requires FAPP2 transfer of glucosylceramide. Nature 449, 62-67. (Pubitemid 47373773)
16. Daniotti J. L., Landa C. A., Rösner H., and, Maccioni H. J., (1991) GD3 prevalence in adult rat retina correlates with the maintenance of a high GD3-/GM2-synthase activity ratio throughout development. J. Neurochem. 57, 2054-2058. (Pubitemid 21922857)
17. Daniotti J. L., Martina J. A., Giraudo C. G., Zurita A. R., and, Maccioni H. J., (2000) GM3 alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase): protein characterization and sub-golgi location in CHO-K1 cells. J. Neurochem. 74, 1711-1720. (Pubitemid 30163994)
18. De Matteis M. A., Di Campli A., and, D'Angelo G., (2007) Lipid-transfer proteins in membrane trafficking at the Golgi complex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771, 761-768. (Pubitemid 46863504)
19. Den H., Kaufman B., McGuire E. J., and, Roseman S., (1975) The sialic acids. XVIII. Subcellular distribution of seven glycosyltransferases in embryonic chicken brain. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 739-746.
20. Dukhovny A., Yaffe Y., Shepshelovitch J., and, Hirschberg K., (2009) The length of cargo-protein transmembrane segments drives secretory transport by facilitating cargo concentration in export domains. J. Cell Sci. 122, 1759-1767.
21. Eichberg J., Whittaker V. P., and, Dawson R. M. C., (1964) Distribution of lipids in subcellular particles of guinea-pig brain. Biochem. J. 92, 91-100.
22. Ferrari M. L., (2010) Topological Organization of Glycolipid Glycosyltransferases in Golgi Complex Membranes, 107 pp. Departamento de Química Biolõgica, Vol. PhD, Universidad Nacional de Cõrdoba, Cõrdoba.
23. Fleischer B., Fleischer S., and, Ozawa H., (1969) Isolation and characterization of Golgi membranes from bovine liver. J. Cell Biol. 43, 59-79.
24. Forman D. S., and, Ledeen R. W., (1972) Axonal transport of gangliosides in the goldfish optic nerve. Science 177, 630-633.
25. Füllekrug J., and, Nilsson T., (1998) Protein sorting in the Golgi complex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1404, 77-84. (Pubitemid 28375707)
26. Futerman A. H., and, Pagano R. E., (1991) Determination of the intracellular sites and topology of glucosylceramide synthesis in rat liver. Biochem. J. 280 (Pt 2), 295-302.
27. Gil G. A., Bussolino D. F., Portal M. M., Pecchio A. A., Renner M. L., Borioli G. A., Guido M. E., and, Caputto B. L., (2004) c-Fos activated phospholipid synthesis is required for neurite elongation in differentiating PC12 cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 1881-1894. (Pubitemid 38401836)
28. Giraudo C., and, Maccioni H., (2003a) Endoplasmic reticulum export of glycosyltransferases depends on interaction of a cytoplasmic dibasic motif with Sar1. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 3753-3766. (Pubitemid 37151624)
29. Giraudo C. G., and, Maccioni H. J. F., (2003b) Ganglioside glycosyltransferases organize in distinct multienzyme complexes in CHO-K1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 40262-40271. (Pubitemid 37248594)
30. Giraudo C. G., {Rosales Fritz} V. M., and, Maccioni H. J., (1999) GA2/GM2/GD2 synthase localizes to the trans-golgi network of CHO-K1 cells. Biochem. J. 342, 633-640. (Pubitemid 29452648)
31. Giraudo C. G., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J., (2001) Physical and functional association of glycolipid N-acetyl-galactosaminyl and galactosyl transferases in the Golgi apparatus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98, 1625-1630. (Pubitemid 32165549)
32. Guo Y., and, Linstedt A. D., (2006) COPII-Golgi protein interactions regulate COPII coat assembly and Golgi size. J. Cell Biol. 174, 53-63. (Pubitemid 43992896)
33. Halter D., Neumann S., van Dijk S. M., et al. (2007) Pre- and post-Golgi translocation of glucosylceramide in glycosphingolipid synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 179, 101-115. (Pubitemid 47606687)
34. Hanada K., Kumagai K., Tomishige N., and, Yamaji T., (2009) CERT-mediated trafficking of ceramide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1791, 684-691.
35. Hanton S. L., Bortolotti L. E., Renna L., Stefano G., and, Brandizzi F., (2005) Crossing the divide - transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in plants. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 6, 267-277. (Pubitemid 40425980)
36. Haraguchi M., Yamashiro S., Furukawa K., Takamiya K., and, Shiku H., (1995) The effects of the site-directed removal of N-glycosylation sites from beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase on its function. Biochem. J. 312 (Pt 1), 273-280.
37. Hassinen A., Rivinoja A., Kauppila A., and, Kellokumpu S., (2010) Golgi N-glycosyltransferases form both homo- and heterodimeric enzyme complexes in live cells. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 17771-17777.
38. Iber H., Zacharias C., and, Sandhoff K., (1992) The c-series gangliosides GT3, GT2 and GP1c are formed in rat liver Golgi by the same set of glycosyltransferases that catalyse the biosynthesis of asialo-, a- and b-series gangliosides. Glycobiology 2, 137-142.
39. Jackson C. L., (2009) Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex. J. Cell Sci. 122, 443-452.
40. Jeckel D., Karrenbauer A., Burger K. N., {Van Meer} G., and, Wieland F., (1992) Glucosylceramide is synthesized at the cytosolic surface of various Golgi subfractions. J. Cell Biol. 117, 259-267.
41. Jungmann J., and, Munro S., (1998) Multi-protein complexes in the cis Golgi of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity. EMBO J. 17, 423-434. (Pubitemid 28045483)
42. Jungmann J., Rayner J. C., and, Munro S., (1999) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Mnn10p/Bed1p is a subunit of a Golgi mannosyltransferase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6579-6585. (Pubitemid 29111075)
43. Keenan T. W., Morré D. J., and, Basu S., (1974) Ganglioside biosynthesis. Concentration of glycosphingolipid glycosyltransferases in Golgi apparatus from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 310-315.
44. Kingsley D. M., Kozarsky K. F., Segal M., and, Krieger M., (1986) Three types of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mutant have pleiotropic defects in the synthesis of N-linked, O-linked, and lipid-linked carbohydrate chains. J. Cell Biol. 102, 1576-1585. (Pubitemid 16078742)
45. Kizuka Y., Matsui T., Takematsu H., Kozutsumi Y., Kawasaki T., and, Oka S., (2006) Physical and functional association of glucuronyltransferases and sulfotransferase involved in HNK-1 biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13644-13651. (Pubitemid 43855280)
46. Klemm R. W., Ejsing C. S., Surma M. A., et al. (2009) Segregation of sphingolipids and sterols during formation of secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network. J. Cell Biol. 185, 601-612.
47. Kohyama-Koganeya A., Sasamura T., Oshima E., Suzuki E., Nishihara S., Ueda R., and, Hirabayashi Y., (2004) Drosophila glucosylceramide synthase: a negative regulator of cell death mediated by proapoptotic factors. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 35995-36002. (Pubitemid 39100607)
48. Kono M., Yoshida Y., Kojima N., and, Tsuji S., (1996) Molecular cloning and expression of a fifth type of alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (ST8Sia V). Its substrate specificity is similar to that of SAT-V/III, which synthesize GD1c, GT1a, GQ1b and GT3. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 29366-29371. (Pubitemid 26382653)
49. Kornfeld R., and, Kornfeld S., (1985) Assembly of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54, 631-664. (Pubitemid 15073660)
50. Krieger M., Reddy P., Kozarsky K., Kingsley D., Hobbie L., and, Penman M., (1989) Analysis of the synthesis, intracellular sorting, and function of glycoproteins using a mammalian cell mutant with reversible glycosylation defects. Methods Cell Biol. 32, 57-84.
51. Landa C. A., Maccioni H. J., Arce A., and, Caputto R., (1977) The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Separation of membranes with different ratios of ganglioside sialylating activity to gangliosides. Biochem. J. 168, 325-332. (Pubitemid 8246916)
52. Landa C. A., Defilpo S. S., Maccioni H. J., and, Caputto R., (1981) Disposition of gangliosides and sialosylglycoproteins in neuronal membranes. J. Neurochem. 37, 813-823. (Pubitemid 12209318)
53. Lannert H., Gorgas K., Meissner I., Wieland F. T., and, Jeckel D., (1998) Functional organization of the Golgi apparatus in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Lactosylceramide and subsequent glycosphingolipids are formed in the lumen of the late Golgi. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2939-2946. (Pubitemid 28133945)
54. Lippincott-Schwartz J., Yuan L. C., Bonifacino J. S., and, Klausner R. D., (1989) Rapid redistribution of Golgi proteins into the ER in cells treated with brefeldin A: evidence for membrane cycling from Golgi to ER. Cell 56, 801-813. (Pubitemid 19082516)
55. Lundbak J., Andersen O., Werge T., and, Nielsen C., (2003) Cholesterol-induced protein sorting: an analysis of energetic feasibility. Biophys. J. 84, 2080-2089. (Pubitemid 36322969)
56. Maccioni H., (2007) Glycosylation of glycolipids in the Golgi complex. J. Neurochem. 103, 81-90.
57. Maccioni H. J., Defilpo S. S., Landa C. A., and, Caputto R., (1978) The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Ganglioside-glycosylating activity in rat brain neuronal perikarya fraction. Biochem. J. 174, 673-680. (Pubitemid 9015238)
58. Maccioni H. J., Daniotti J. L., and, Martina J. A., (1999) Organization of ganglioside synthesis in the Golgi apparatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1437, 101-118. (Pubitemid 29242882)
59. Mancias J. D., and, Goldberg J., (2008) Structural basis of cargo membrane protein discrimination by the human COPII coat machinery. EMBO J. 27, 2918-2928.
60. Marsh B. J., Volkmann N., McIntosh J. R., and, Howell K. E., (2004) Direct continuities between cisternae at different levels of the Golgi complex in glucose-stimulated mouse islet beta cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5565-5570. (Pubitemid 38481196)
61. Martina J. A., and, Maccioni H. J., (1996) UDP-sugar pyrophosphatase of rat retina: subcellular localization and topography. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 485-491. (Pubitemid 26414575)
62. Martina J. A., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J., (1995) A UDP-sugar pyrophosphatase is developmentally regulated in the rat retina. J. Neurochem. 64, 1274-1280.
63. Martina J. A., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J., (1998) Influence of N-glycosylation and N-glycan trimming on the activity and intracellular traffic of GD3 synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3725-3731. (Pubitemid 28109801)
64. Martina J. A., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J., (2000) GM1 synthase depends on N-glycosylation for enzyme activity and trafficking to the Golgi complex. Neurochem. Res. 25, 725-731. (Pubitemid 30422007)
65. MaxzÃd M. K., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J., (1995) Functional coupling of glycosyl transfer steps for synthesis of gangliosides in Golgi membranes from neural retina cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20207-20214.
66. McCormick C., Duncan G., Goutsos K. T., and, Tufaro F., (2000) The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 form a stable complex that accumulates in the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the synthesis of heparan sulfate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 668-673. (Pubitemid 30070367)
67. Miller E., Beilharz T., Malkus P., Lee M., Hamamoto S., Orci L., and, Schekman R., (2003) Multiple cargo binding sites on the COPII subunit Sec24p ensure capture of diverse membrane proteins into transport vesicles. Cell 114, 497-509. (Pubitemid 37100997)
68. Morre J., Merlin L. M., and, Keenan T. W., (1969) Localization of glycosyl transferase activities in a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction isolated from rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37, 813-819.
69. Mossessova E., Bickford L. C., and, Goldberg J., (2003) SNARE selectivity of the COPII coat. Cell 114, 483-495. (Pubitemid 37100996)
70. Munro S., (1995) An investigation of the role of transmembrane domains in Golgi protein retention. EMBO J. 14, 4695-4704.
71. Nakayama J., Fukuda M. N., Hirabayashi Y., Kanamori A., Sasaki K., Nishi T., and, Fukuda M., (1996) Expression cloning of a human GT3 synthase. GD3 AND GT3 are synthesized by a single enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 3684-3691.
72. Neutra M., and, Leblond C. P., (1966) Radioautographic comparison of the uptake of galactose-H and glucose-H3 in the golgi region of various cells secreting glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides. J. Cell Biol. 30, 137-150.
73. Nilsson T., Rabouille C., Hui N., Watson R., and, Warren G., (1996) The role of the membrane-spanning domain and stalk region of N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase I in retention, kin recognition and structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells. J. Cell Sci. 109 (Pt 7), 1975-1989. (Pubitemid 26248643)
74. Nilsson T., Au C. E., and, Bergeron J. J. M., (2009) Sorting out glycosylation enzymes in the Golgi apparatus. FEBS Lett. 583, 3764-3769.
75. Opat A. S., Houghton F., and, Gleeson P. A., (2000) Medial Golgi but not late Golgi glycosyltransferases exist as high molecular weight complexes. Role of luminal domain in complex formation and localization. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11836-11845. (Pubitemid 30237751)
76. Opat A. S., van Vliet C., and, Gleeson P. A., (2001) Trafficking and localisation of resident Golgi glycosylation enzymes. Biochimie 83, 763-773. (Pubitemid 32821242)
77. Palade G., (1975) Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science 189, 867.
78. Panzetta P., Maccioni H. J., and, Caputto R., (1980) Synthesis of retinal gangliosides during chick embryonic development. J. Neurochem. 35, 100-108. (Pubitemid 10063211)
79. Patterson G. H., Hirschberg K., Polishchuk R. S., Gerlich D., Phair R. D., and, Lippincott-Schwartz J., (2008) Transport through the Golgi apparatus by rapid partitioning within a two-phase membrane system. Cell 133, 1055-1067. (Pubitemid 351795609)
80. Paulson J. C., and, Colley K. J., (1989) Glycosyltransferases. Structure, localization, and control of cell type-specific glycosylation. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17615-17618. (Pubitemid 19279214)
81. Pfeffer S. R., (2010) How the Golgi works: a cisternal progenitor model. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 1-5.
82. Pinhal M. A. S., Smith B., Olson S., Aikawa J.-I., Kimata K., and, Esko J. D., (2001) Enzyme interactions in heparan sulfate biosynthesis: uronosyl 5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase interact in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98 12984-12989. (Pubitemid 33054083)
83. Quintero C. A., Valdez-Taubas J., Ferrari M. L., Haedo S. D., and, Maccioni H. J., (2008) Calsenilin and CALP interact with the cytoplasmic tail of UDP-Gal:GA2/GM2/GD2 beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Biochem. J. 412, 19-26. (Pubitemid 351678331)
84. Quintero C. A., Giraudo C. G., Villarreal M., Montich G., and, Maccioni H. J. F., (2010) Identification of a site in Sar1 involved in the interaction with the cytoplasmic tail of glycolipid glycosyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 30340-30346.
85. Rabouille C., Hui N., Hunte F., Kieckbusch R., Berger E. G., Warren G., and, Nilsson T., (1995) Mapping the distribution of Golgi enzymes involved in the construction of complex oligosaccharides. J. Cell Sci. 108 (Pt 4), 1617-1627.
86. Rhee S. W., Starr T., Forsten-Williams K., and, Storrie B., (2005) The steady-state distribution of glycosyltransferases between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum is approximately 90:10. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 6, 978-990. (Pubitemid 41472457)
87. Ronchi P., Colombo S., Francolini M., and, Borgese N., (2008) Transmembrane domain-dependent partitioning of membrane proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol. 181, 105-118. (Pubitemid 351519768)
88. Roseman S., (1970) The synthesis of complex carbohydrates by multiglycosyltransferase systems and their potential function in intercellular adhesion. Chem. Phys. Lipids 5, 270-297.
89. Salganicoff L., and, DeRobertis E., (1965) Subcellular distribution of the enzymes of the glutamic acid, glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid cycles in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 12, 287-309.
90. Schaub B. E., Berger B., Berger E. G., and, Rohrer J., (2006) Transition of Galactosyltransferase 1 from Trans-Golgi Cisterna to the Trans-Golgi Network Is Signal Mediated. Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 5153-5162. (Pubitemid 44907358)
91. Schneiter R., Brügger B., Sandhoff R., et al. (1999) Analysis of the lipid molecular species composition of yeast subcellular membranes reveals acyl chain-based sorting/remodeling of distinct molecular species en route to the plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 146, 741-754. (Pubitemid 29408901)
92. Schoberer J., Vavra U., Stadlmann J., Hawes C., Mach L., Steinkellner H., and, Strasser R., (2009) Arginine/lysine residues in the cytoplasmic tail promote ER export of plant glycosylation enzymes. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 10, 101-115.
93. Schulte S., and, Stoffel W., (1993) Ceramide UDPgalactosyltransferase from myelinating rat brain: purification, cloning, and expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10265-10269. (Pubitemid 23328293)
94. Seko A., and, Yamashita K., (2005) Characterization of a novel galactose beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta3Gn-T8): the complex formation of beta3Gn-T2 and beta3Gn-T8 enhances enzymatic activity. Glycobiology 15, 943-951. (Pubitemid 41511490)
95. Sharpe H. J., Stevens T. J., and, Munro S., (2010) A comprehensive comparison of transmembrane domains reveals organelle-specific properties. Cell 142, 158-169.
96. Simons K., and, Ikonen E., (1997) Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature 387, 569-572. (Pubitemid 27248754)
97. Simons K., and, van Meer G., (1988) Lipid sorting in epithelial cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 27, 6197-6202.
98. Sonnino S., and, Prinetti A., (2010) Gangliosides as regulators of cell membrane organization and functions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 688, 165-184.
99. Sousa V. L., Brito C., Costa T., Lanoix J., Nilsson T., and, Costa J., (2003) Importance of Cys, Gln, and Tyr from the transmembrane domain of human alpha 3/4 fucosyltransferase III for its localization and sorting in the Golgi of baby hamster kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7624-7629. (Pubitemid 36800771)
100. Spessott W., Uliana A., and, Maccioni H. J., (2010a) Cog2 null mutant CHO cells show defective sphingomyelin synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 41472-41482.
101. Spessott W., Uliana A., and, Maccioni H. J., (2010b) Defective GM3 synthesis in Cog2 null mutant CHO cells associates to mislocalization of lactosylceramide sialyltransferase in the Golgi complex. Neurochem. Res. 35, 2161-2167.
102. Sprong H., Kruithof B., Leijendekker R., Slot J. W., {Van Meer} G., and, {Van Der Sluijs} P., (1998) UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase is a class I integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25880-25888.
103. Sprong H., Degroote S., Nilsson T., Kawakita M., Ishida N., van der Sluijs P., and, van Meer G., (2003) Association of the Golgi UDP-galactose transporter with UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase allows UDP-galactose import in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 3482-3493. (Pubitemid 37013143)
104. Stolz J., and, Munro S., (2002) The components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannosyltransferase complex M-Pol I have distinct functions in mannan synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44801-44808. (Pubitemid 36159074)
105. Strasser R., Schoberer J., Jin C., Glössl J., Mach L., and, Steinkellner H., (2006) Molecular cloning and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, a key enzyme in the formation of complex N-glycans in plants. Plant J. 45, 789-803. (Pubitemid 43373696)
106. Svennerholm L., (1963) Chromatographic separation of human brain gangliosides. J. Neurochem. 10, 613-623.
107. Tang B. L., Wong S. H., Low S. H., and, Hong W., (1992) The transmembrane domain of N-glucosaminyltransferase I contains a Golgi retention signal. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10122-10126.
108. Teasdale R. D., D'Agostaro G., and, Gleeson P. A., (1992) The signal for Golgi retention of bovine beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is in the transmembrane domain. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13113.
109. Todorow Z., Spang A., Carmack E., Yates J., and, Schekman R., (2000) Active recycling of yeast Golgi mannosyltransferase complexes through the endoplasmic reticulum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13643-13648.
110. Trucco A., Polishchuk R. S., Martella O., et al. (2004) Secretory traffic triggers the formation of tubular continuities across Golgi sub-compartments. Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 1071-1081. (Pubitemid 39468008)
111. Tu L., Tai W. C. S., Chen L., and, Banfield D. K., (2008) Signal-mediated dynamic retention of glycosyltransferases in the Golgi. Science 321, 404-407. (Pubitemid 352029976)
112. Uemura S., Yoshida S., Shishido F., and, Inokuchi J.-I., (2009) The Cytoplasmic Tail of GM3 Synthase Defines Its Subcellular Localization, Stability, and In Vivo Activity. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 3088-3100.
113. Uliana A. S., Crespo P. M., Martina J. A., Daniotti J. L., and, Maccioni H. J. F., (2006a) Modulation of GalT1 and SialT1 sub-Golgi localization by SialT2 expression reveals an organellar level of glycolipid synthesis control. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 32852-32860. (Pubitemid 46036840)
114. Uliana A. S., Giraudo C. G., and, Maccioni H. J. F., (2006b) Cytoplasmic tails of SialT2 and GalNAcT impose their respective proximal and distal Golgi localization. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 7, 604-612. (Pubitemid 44026757)
115. Valaperta R., Chigorno V., Basso L., Prinetti A., Bresciani R., Preti A., Miyagi T., and, Sonnino S., (2006) Plasma membrane production of ceramide from ganglioside GM3 in human fibroblasts. FASEB J. 20, 1227-1229.
116. Van Meer G., Voelker D. R., and, Feigenson G. W., (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9, 112-124. (Pubitemid 351158912)
117. Wang X., Rao R. P., Kosakowska-Cholody T., et al. (2009) Mitochondrial degeneration and not apoptosis is the primary cause of embryonic lethality in ceramide transfer protein mutant mice. J. Cell Biol. 184, 143-158.
118. Warnock D. E., Lutz M. S., Blackburn W. A., Young Jr W. W., and, Baenziger J. U., (1994) Transport of newly synthesized glucosylceramide to the plasma membrane by a non-Golgi pathway. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2708-2712. (Pubitemid 24139417)
119. Watanabe Y., Nara K., Takahashi H., Nagai Y., and, Sanai Y., (1996) The molecular cloning and expression of alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase) in a rat brain. J. Biochem. 120, 1020-1027. (Pubitemid 26400026)
120. Whyte J. R., and, Munro S., (2002) Vesicle tethering complexes in membrane traffic. J. Cell Sci. 115, 2627-2637. (Pubitemid 34846504)
121. Yamaji T., Nishikawa K., and, Hanada K., (2010) Transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing (TMBIM) family proteins perturbs a trans-Golgi network enzyme, Gb3 synthase, and reduces Gb3 biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 35505-35518.
122. Young W. W., (2004) Organization of Golgi glycosyltransferases in membranes: complexity via complexes. J. Membr. Biol. 198, 1-13.
123. Yu R. K., Macala L. J., Taki T., Weinfield H. M., and, Yu F. S., (1988) Developmental changes in ganglioside composition and synthesis in embryonic rat brain. J. Neurochem. 50, 1825-1829.
124. Yu R. K., Bieberich E., Xia T., and, Zeng G., (2004) Regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in the nervous system. J. Lipid Res. 45, 783-793. (Pubitemid 38552848)
125. Yuasa K., Toyooka K., Fukuda H., and, Matsuoka K., (2005) Membrane-anchored prolyl hydroxylase with an export signal from the endoplasmic reticulum. Plant J. 41, 81-94.
126. Zeng G., Gao L., and, Yu R. K., (1997) Cloning of the cDNA coding for rat brain CMP-NeuAc:GD3 alpha2-8 sialyltransferase. Gene 187, 131-134. (Pubitemid 27110444)
127. Zeng G., and, Yu R. K., (2008) Cloning and transcriptional regulation of genes responsible for synthesis of gangliosides. Curr. Drug Targets 9, 317-324. (Pubitemid 351836432)
128. Zhao W., Chen T.-L. L., Vertel B. M., and, Colley K. J., (2006) The CMP-sialic acid transporter is localized in the medial-trans Golgi and possesses two specific endoplasmic reticulum export motifs in its carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31106-31118. (Pubitemid 44582165)