The GAL4 system: A versatile toolkit for gene expression in Drosophila

Cold Spring Harbor Protocols

Volumn 3, Issue 7, 2008, Pages

  Southall, Tony D ^a   Elliott, David A ^b   Brand, Andrea H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954576371     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15596095     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top49     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Bellaiche Y., Gho M., Kaltschmidt J.A., Brand A.H., Schweisguth F. 2001. Frizzled regulates localization of cell-fate determinants and mitotic spindle rotation during asymmetric cell division. Nat. Cell Biol. 3: 50-57. [Medline]
2. Bellen H.J., O'Kane C.J., Wilson C., Grossniklaus U., Pearson R.K., Gehring W.J. 1989. P-element-mediated enhancer detection: A versatile method to study development in Drosophila. Genes & Dev. 3: 1288-1300. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Bier E., Vaessin H., Shepherd S., Lee K., McCall K., Barbel S., Ackerman L., Carretto R., Uemura T., Grell E. et al. 1989. Searching for pattern and mutation in the Drosophila genome with a P-lacZ vector. Genes & Dev. 3: 1273-1287. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Bischof J., Maeda R.K., Hediger M., Karch F., Basler K. 2007. An optimized transgenesis system for Drosophila using germ-line-specific phiC31 integrases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 3312-3317. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Bougourd S., Marrison J., Haseloff J. 2000. Technical advance: An aniline blue staining procedure for confocal microscopy and 3D imaging of normal and perturbed cellular phenotypes in mature Arabidopsis embryos. Plant J. 24: 543-550. [Medline]
6. Brand A. 1995. GFP in Drosophila. Trends Genet. 11: 324-325. [Medline]
7. Brand A. 1999. GFP as a cell and developmental marker in the Drosophila nervous system. Methods Cell Biol. 58: 165-181. [Medline]
8. Brand A.H., Manoukian A.S., Perrimon N. 1994. Ectopic expression in Drosophila. Methods Cell Biol. 44: 635-654. [Medline]
9. Brand A.H., Perrimon N. 1993. Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development 118: 401-415. [Abstract]
10. Brent R., Ptashne M. 1981. Mechanism of action of the lexA gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 4204-4208. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. de Navas L., Foronda D., Suzanne M., Sanchez-Herrero E. 2006. A simple and efficient method to identify replacements of P-lacZ by P-Gal4 lines allows obtaining Gal4 insertions in the bithorax complex of Drosophila. Mech. Dev. 123: 860-867. [Medline]
12. Dietzl G., Chen D., Schnorrer F., Su K.C., Barinova Y., Fellner M., Gasser B., Kinsey K., Oppel S., Scheiblauer S. et al. 2007. A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila. Nature 448: 151-156. [Medline]
13. Edoff K., Dods J.S., Brand A.H. 2007. Detection of GFP during nervous system development in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods Mol. Biol. 411: 81-98. [Medline]
14. Egger B., Boone J.Q., Stevens N.R., Brand A.H., Doe C.Q. 2007. Regulation of spindle orientation and neural stem cell fate in the Drosophila optic lobe. Neural Develop. 2: 1. [Medline]
15. Ferris J., Ge H., Liu L., Roman G. 2006. G(o) signaling is required for Drosophila associative learning. Nat. Neurosci. 9: 1036-1040. [Medline]
16. Fischer J.A., Giniger E., Maniatis T., Ptashne M. 1988. GAL4 activates transcription in Drosophila. Nature 332: 853-856. [Medline]
17. Fish M.P., Groth A.C., Calos M.P., Nusse R. 2007. Creating transgenic Drosophila by microinjecting the site-specific phiC31 integrase mRNA and a transgene-containing donor plasmid. Nat. Protoc. 2: 2325-2331. [Medline]
18. Giannakou M.E., Goss M., Junger M.A., Hafen E., Leevers S.J., Partridge L. 2004. Long-lived Drosophila with overexpressed dFOXO in adult fat body. Science 305: 361. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. Groth A.C., Fish M., Nusse R., Calos M.P. 2004. Construction of transgenic Drosophila by using the site-specific integrase from phage phiC31. Genetics 166: 1775-1782. [Medline]
20. Halfon M.S., Kose H., Chiba A., Keshishian H. 1997. Targeted gene expression without a tissue-specific promoter: Creating mosaic embryos using laser-induced single-cell heat shock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 6255-6260. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
21. Han D.D., Stein D., Stevens L.M. 2000. Investigating the function of follicular subpopulations during Drosophila oogenesis through hormone-dependent enhancer-targeted cell ablation. Development 127: 573-583. [Abstract]
22. Hartley K.O., Nutt S.L., Amaya E. 2002. Targeted gene expression in transgenic Xenopus using the binary Gal4-UAS system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99: 1377-1382. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
23. Haseloff J. 1999. GFP variants for multispectral imaging of living cells. Methods Cell Biol. 58: 139-151. [Medline]
24. Haseloff J., Siemering K.R., Prasher D.C., Hodge S. 1997. Removal of a cryptic intron and subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein are required to mark transgenic Arabidopsis plants brightly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 2122-2127. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
25. Heim R., Prasher D.C., Tsien R.Y. 1994. Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 12501-12504. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
26. Hidalgo A., Brand A.H. 1997. Targeted neuronal ablation: The role of pioneer neurons in guidance and fasciculation in the CNS of Drosophila. Development 124: 3253-3262. [Abstract]
27. Hidalgo A., Urban J., Brand A.H. 1995. Targeted ablation of glia disrupts axon tract formation in the Drosophila CNS. Development 121: 3703-3712. [Abstract]
28. Ito K., Awano W., Suzuki K., Hiromi Y., Yamamoto D. 1997. The Drosophila mushroom body is a quadruple structure of clonal units each of which contains a virtually identical set of neurones and glial cells. Development 124: 761-771. [Abstract]
29. Johnson A.A., Hibberd J.M., Gay C., Essah P.A., Haseloff J., Tester M., Guiderdoni E. 2005. Spatial control of transgene expression in rice (Oryza sativa L) using the GAL4 enhancer trapping system. Plant J 41: 779-789. [Medline]
30. Kakidani H., Ptashne M. 1988. GAL4 activates gene expression in mammalian cells. Cell 52: 161-167. [Medline]
31. Kennerdell J.R., Carthew R.W. 2000. Heritable gene silencing in Drosophila using double-stranded RNA. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 896-898. [Medline]
32. Kraut R., Menon K., Zinn K. 2001. A gain-of-function screen for genes controlling motor axon guidance and synaptogenesis in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 11: 417-430. [Medline]
33. Lai S.L., Lee T. 2006. Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila. Nat. Neurosci. 9: 703-709. [Medline]
34. Laplaze L., Parizot B., Baker A., Ricaud L., Martiniere A., Auguy F., Franche C., Nussaume L., Bogusz D., Haseloff J. 2005. GAL4-GFP enhancer trap lines for genetic manipulation of lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 2433-2442. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
35. Lee T., Luo L. 1999. Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis. Neuron 22: 451-461. [Medline]
36. Lee T., Luo L. 2001. Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) for Drosophila neural development. Trends Neurosci. 24: 251-254. [Medline]
37. Luan H., Peabody N.C., Vinson C R., White B.H. 2006. Refined spatial manipulation of neuronal function by combinatorial restriction of transgene expression. Neuron 52: 425-436. [Medline]
38. Lue N.F., Chasman D.I., Buchman A.R., Kornberg R.D. 1987. Interaction of GAL4 and GAL80 gene regulatory proteins in vitro. Mol. Cell Biol. 7: 3446-3451. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
39. Ma J., Przibilla E., Hu J., Bogorad L., Ptashne M. 1988. Yeast activators stimulate plant gene expression. Nature 334: 631-633. [Medline]
40. Manoli D.S., Foss M., Villella A., Taylor B.J., Hall J.C., Baker B.S. 2005. Male-specific fruitless specifies the neural substrates of Drosophila courtship behaviour. Nature 436: 395-400. [Medline]
41. Markstein M., Pitsouli C., Villalta C., Celniker S.E., Perrimon N. 2008. Exploiting position effects and the gypsy retrovirus insulator to engineer precisely expressed transgenes. Nat Genet 40: 476-483. [Medline]
42. Matsumoto K., Toh-e A., Oshima Y. 1978. Genetic control of galactokinase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Evidence for constitutive expression of the positive regulatory gene gal4. J. Bacteriol. 134: 446-457. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
43. McGuire S.E., Le P.T., Osborn A.J., Matsumoto K., Davis R.L. 2003. Spatiotemporal rescue of memory dysfunction in Drosophila. Science 302: 1765-1768. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
44. McNabb S.L., Baker J.D., Agapite J., Steller H., Riddiford L.M., Truman J.W. 1997. Disruption of a behavioral sequence by targeted death of peptidergic neurons in Drosophila. Neuron 19: 813-823. [Medline]
45. Murray M.J., Saint R. 2007. Photoactivatable GFP resolves Drosophila mesoderm migration behaviour. Development 134: 3975-3983. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
46. Nellen D., Burke R., Struhl G., Basler K. 1996. Direct and long-range action of a DPP morphogen gradient. Cell 85: 357-368. [Medline]
47. Ni J.Q., Markstein M., Binari R., Pfeiffer B., Liu L.P., Villalta C., Booker M., Perkins L., Perrimon N. 2008. Vector and parameters for targeted transgenic RNA interference in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Methods 5: 49-51. [Medline]
48. O'Kane C.J., Gehring W.J. 1987. Detection in situ of genomic regulatory elements in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 9123-9127. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
49. Ornitz D.M., Moreadith R.W., Leder P. 1991. Binary system for regulating transgene expression in mice: Targeting int-2 gene expression with yeast GAL4/UAS control elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 698-702. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
50. Osterwalder T., Yoon K.S., White B.H., Keshishian H. 2001. A conditional tissue-specific transgene expression system using inducible GAL4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 12596-12601. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
51. Pascual A., Huang K.L., Preat T. 2005. Conditional UAS-targeted repression in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res. 33: e7. doi:10.1093/nar/gni006. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
52. Patel N.H. 1994. Imaging neuronal subsets and other cell types in whole-mount Drosophila embryos and larvae using antibody probes. Methods Cell Biol. 44: 445-487. [Medline]
53. Patterson G.H., Lippincott-Schwartz J. 2002. A photoactivatable GFP for selective photolabeling of proteins and cells. Science 297: 1873-1877. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
54. Petersen N.S. 1990. Effects of heat and chemical stress on development. Adv. Genet. 28: 275-296. [Medline]
55. Pignoni F., Zipursky S.L. 1997. Induction of Drosophila eye development by decapentaplegic. Development 124: 271-278. [Abstract]
56. Rezaval C., Werbajh S., Ceriani M F. 2007. Neuronal death in Drosophila triggered by GAL4 accumulation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25: 683-694. [Medline]
57. Roman G., Endo K., Zong L., Davis R L. 2001. P[Switch], a system for spatial and temporal control of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 12602-12607. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
58. Rorth P. 1996. A modular misexpression screen in Drosophila detecting tissue-specific phenotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 12418-12422. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
59. Rorth P., Szabo K., Bailey A., Laverty T., Rehm J., Rubin G.M., Weigmann K., Milan M., Benes V., Ansorge W. et al. 1998. Systematic gain-of-function genetics in Drosophila. Development 125: 1049-1057. [Abstract]
60. Rouquier S., Batzer M.A., Giorgi D. 1994. Application of bacterial artificial chromosomes to the generation of contiguous physical maps: A pilot study of human ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) region. Anal. Biochem. 217: 205-209. [Medline]
61. Scheer N., Campos-Ortega J.A. 1999. Use of the Gal4-UAS technique for targeted gene expression in the zebrafish. Mech. Dev. 80: 153-158. [Medline]
62. Sepp K.J., Auld V.J. 1999. Conversion of lacZ enhancer trap lines to GAL4 lines using targeted transposition in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 151: 1093-1101. [Medline]
63. Shiga Y., Tanaka-Matakatsu M., Hayashi S. 1996. A nuclear GFP/β-galactosidase fusion protein as a marker for morphogenesis in living Drosophila. Dev. Growth Differ. 38: 99-106.
64. Southall T.D., Elliott D.A., Brand A.H. 2008. Generation of driver and reporter constructs for the GAL4 expression system in Drosophila. CSH Protocols this issue doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5029. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
65. Staudt N., Molitor A., Somogyi K., Mata J., Curado S., Eulenberg K., Meise M., Siegmund T., Hader T., Hilfiker A. et al. 2005. Gain-of-function screen for genes that affect Drosophila muscle pattern formation. PLoS Genet. 1: e55. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010055. [Medline]
66. Suster M.L., Seugnet L., Bate M., Sokolowski M.B. 2004. Refining GAL4-driven transgene expression in Drosophila with a GAL80 enhancer-trap. Genesis 39: 240-245. [Medline]
67. Sweeney S.T., Broadie K., Keane J., Niemann H., O'Kane C.J. 1995. Targeted expression of tetanus toxin light chain in Drosophila specifically eliminates synaptic transmission and causes behavioral defects. Neuron 14: 341-351. [Medline]
68. Szuts D., Bienz M. 2000. LexA chimeras reveal the function of Drosophila Fos as a context-dependent transcriptional activator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 5351-5356. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
69. Thibault S.T., Singer M.A., Miyazaki W.Y., Milash B., Dompe N.A., Singh C.M., Buchholz R., Demsky M., Fawcett R., Francis-Lang H.L. et al. 2004. A complementary transposon tool kit for Drosophila melanogaster using P and piggyBac. Nat. Genet. 36: 283-287. [Medline]
70. Toba G., Ohsako T., Miyata N., Ohtsuka T., Seong K.H., Aigaki T. 1999. The gene search system. A method for efficient detection and rapid molecular identification of genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 151: 725-737. [Medline]
71. Tseng A.S., Hariharan I.K. 2002. An overexpression screen in Drosophila for genes that restrict growth or cell-cycle progression in the developing eye. Genetics 162: 229-243. [Medline]
72. Van Roessel P., Hayward N.M., Barros C.S., Brand A.H. 2002. Two-color GFP imaging demonstrates cell-autonomy of GAL4-driven RNA interference in Drosophila. Genesis 34: 170-173. [Medline]
73. Venken K.J., He Y., Hoskins R.A., Bellen H.J. 2006. P[acman]: A BAC transgenic platform for targeted insertion of large DNA fragments in D. melanogaster. Science 314: 1747-1751. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
74. Webster N., Jin J.R., Green S., Hollis M., Chambon P. 1988. The yeast UASG is a transcriptional enhancer in human HeLa cells in the presence of the GAL4 trans-activator. Cell 52: 169-178. [Medline]
75. Zhou L., Schnitzler A., Agapite J., Schwartz L.M., Steller H., Nambu J.R. 1997. Cooperative functions of the reaper and head involution defective genes in the programmed cell death of Drosophila central nervous system midline cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 5131-5136. [Abstract/Free Full Text]