The intervening task method: Implications for measuring mediation

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 652-661

  Jamieson, Jeremy P ^a   Harkins, Stephen G ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

filler task; intervening task; mediation; stereotype threat; withdrawal of effort

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; UNITED STATES;

BOSTON; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEGOTIATING; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79954546118     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211399776     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ashcraft, M.H., & Kirk, E.P. (2001). The relationship between working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 224-237.
2. Ben-Zeev, T., Fein, S., & Inzlicht, M. (2005). Arousal and stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 174-181.
3. Bosson, J.K., Haymovitz, E.L., & Pinel, E.C. (2004). When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 247-255.
4. Brown, R.P., & Pinel, E.C. (2003). Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 626-633.
5. Bullock, J.G., Green, D.P., & Ha, S.E. (2010). Yes, but what's the mechanism? (Don't expect an easy answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 550-558.
6. Carr, P.B., & Steele, C.M. (in press). Stereotype threat and inflexible perseverance in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
7. Engle, R.W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 19-23.
8. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If it changes, it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
9. Forbes, C.E., & Schmader, T. (2010). Retraining attitudes and stereotypes to affect motivation and cognitive capacity under stereotype threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 740-754.
10. Harkins, S. (2006). Mere effort as the mediator of the evaluation-performance relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 436-455.
11. Hess, T.M., Hinson, J.T., & Hodges, E.A. (2009). Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults' memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 153-177.
12. Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2000). A threatening intellectual environment: Why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science, 11, 365-371.
13. Inzlicht, M., McKay, L., & Aronson, J. (2006). Stigmas as ego depletion. Psychological Science, 17, 262-269.
14. Jamieson, J.P., & Harkins, S.G. (2007). Mere effort and stereotype threat performance effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 544-564.
15. Jamieson, J.P., & Harkins, S.G. (2009). The effect of stereotype threat on quantitative GRE problems: A mere effort interpretation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1301-1314.
16. Jamieson, J.P., & Harkins, S.G. (2010). Evaluation is necessary to produce stereotype threat performance effects. Social Influence, 5, 75-86.
17. Kane, M.J., Bleckley, M.K., Conway, A.R.A., & Engle, R.W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 169-183.
18. Karau, S.J., & Williams, S.D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 681-706.
19. Keller, J. (2002). Blatant stereotype threat and women's math performance: Self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 193-198.
20. Kirk, R. (1995). Experimental design. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
21. Kray, L.J., Thompson, L., & Galinsky, A. (2001). Battle of the sexes: Gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 942-958.
22. Lang, P., & Bradley, M. (2008). Appetitive and defensive motivation is the substrate of emotion. In A. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 51-65). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
23. MacLeod, C.M. (1991). A half century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
24. Maier, M.A., Elliot, A.J., & Lichtenfeld, S. (2008). Mediation of the negative effect of red on intellectual performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1530-1540.
25. McFall, S.R., Jamieson, J.P., & Harkins, S.G. (2009). Testing the mere effort account of the evaluation-performance relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 135-154.
26. Muraven, M., Shmueli, D., & Burkley, E. (2006). Conserving self-control strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 524-537.
27. O'Brien, L.T., & Crandall, C.S. (2003). Stereotype threat and arousal: Effects on women's math performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 782-789.
28. Roberts, R.J., Hagar, L.D., & Heron, C. (1994). Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 374-393.
29. Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
30. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356.
31. Seibt, B., & Forster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 38-56.
32. Sommers, S.R., Warp, L.S., & Mahoney, C.C. (2008). Cognitive effects of racial diversity: White individuals' information processing in heterogeneous groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1129-1136.
33. Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M., & Quinn, D.M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
34. Spencer, S.J., Zanna, M., & Fong, G.T. (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845-851.
35. Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
36. Steele, C.M., Spencer, S.J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 379-440). New York, NY: Academic Press.
37. Stone, J. (2002). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1667-1678.
38. Stone, J., Lynch, C.I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J.M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.
39. Wout, D., Danso, H., Jackson, J., & Spencer, S. (2008). The many faces of stereotype threat: Group- and self-threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 792-799.