Biomarkers in Cancer

Biomarkers: In Medicine, Drug Discovery, and Environmental Health

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 355-380

  Roy, Roopali ^a   Coticchia, Christine M ^a   Yang, Jiang ^b   Moses, Marsha A ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Cancer; Cancer biomarker discovery strategies; Ovarian cancer; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954510000     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch14     Document Type: Chapter

References (158)

1. CDC National Vital Statistic Report, April 24, 2008.
2. Center Stage In '06: Natural Gas, Iran, New Cancer Tests. The Wall Street Journal. 2005.
3. Cotic. M., Yang, J., and Moses, M. A. Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers: Current Options and Future Promise. J. Nad. Compr. Cane. Netw. Sep 2008; 6(8):795-802.
4. American Caniety. Cancer Facts & Figures 2008. Atlanta: American Cancer Society;2008.
5. Wood, W. C, Muss, Holin, L. J., and Olopade, O. I. Malignat Tumors of the Breast. In: De Vita, V. T, Jr., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S. A., Ed. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins;2005:1415-1475.
6. Rimer, B. K., Schildkraut, and Hiatt R. R. Cancer Screening. In: De Vita, V. T, Jr., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S. A., Eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005:569.
7. Hendrick, R. E., Smith, R. A., andge, J. H., III, Smart Cr. Benefit of Screening Mammography in Women Aged 40-49: A New Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1997;(22):87-92.
8. Miller, A. B., Baines, C. J., To, T, andC. Screening Mammography Re-Evaluated. Lancet. Feb 26, 2000;355(9205):747;Author Reply 752.
9. Smart, C. R., Hendrick, R. E., Rutledge, J. H.,nd Smith, R. A. Benefit of Mammography Screening in Women Ages 40 to 49 Years. Current Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials. Cancer. Apr 1, 1995;75(7):1619-1626.
10. Ravdin, P. M., Cronin, K. A., and Howlader, N., et al.crease in Breast- Cancer Incidence in 2003 in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. Apr 19, 2007; 356(16): 1670-1674.
11. Elledge, R. M. and Fuqua, S. A. W. Estrogen and Progesterone rs. In: Harris, L. M., Jr., Morrow, M., et al., Eds. Diseases of the Breast. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2000:471.
12. Dickson, R. B. and Russo, J. Biochemical Control of Breast Developme Harris, Jr., L. M., Lippman, M. E., and Morrow, M., et al., Eds. Diseases of the Breast. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
13. Harris, L., Fritsche, H, and Mennel, R., et al. American Society of Cliniclogy 2007 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in; ance.r. J. Clin. Oncol. Nov 20, 2007;25(33):5287-5312.
14. Sturgeon, C. M., Duffy, M. J., and Stenman, U. H., et al. National Academy of Clinochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Testicular, Prostate, Colorectal, Breast, and Ovarian Cancers. Clin. Chem. Dec 2008;54(12):E11-79.
15. Paik, S., Kim, C, and Wolmark, N. Her2 Status and Benefit from Adjuvant Trastuzumab in Brncer. N. Engl. J. Med. Mar 27, 2008;358(13): 1409-1411.
16. Yamauchi, H., Steams, V., and Hayes, D. F. The Role of C-Erbb-2 as a Predictive Factor in Breast. Breast Cancer. 2001;8(3):171-183.
17. Yamauchi, H., Steams, V., and Hayes, D. F. When Is a Tumor Marker Ready for Prime Time? A Case Study of-2 as a Predictive Factor In Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Apr 15, 2001;19(8):2334-2356.
18. Andrulis, I. L., Bull, S. B., and Blackstein, M. E., et al. Neu/Erbb-2 Amplification Identifies a Poor-Prognosp of Women with Node-Negative Breast Cancer. Toronto Breast Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. Apr 1998;16(4):1340-1349.
19. Duffy, M. J. Predictive Markers in Breast and Other Cancers: A Review. Clin. Chem. Mar2005;51(3):494-503.
20. Gennari, A., Sormani, M. P., and Pronzato, P., et al. Her2 Status and Efficacy of Adjuvant Anthracyclines in Early Breast Ca Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trials. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Jan 2, 2008;100(1):14-20.
21. Pritchard, K. I., Shepherd, L. E., and O'Malley, F. P., et al. Her2 and Responsiveness of Breast Cancer to Adjuvant Chemothe. Engl. J. Med. May 18, 2006;354(20):2103-2111.
22. Joensuu, H., Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P. L., and Bono, P., et al. Adjuvant Docetaxel or Vinorelbine with or without Trastuzumab ast Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. Feb 23, 2006;354(8):809-820.
23. Buzdar, A. U., Ibrahim, N. K., and Francis, D., et al. Significantly Higher Pathologic Complete Remission Rate After Neoadjuerapy with Trastuzumab, Paclitaxel, and Epirubicin Chemotherapy: Results of a Randomized Trial in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Operable Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Jun 1, 2005;23(16):3676-3685.
24. Leary, A. R, Hanna, W. M., and Van De Vijver, M. J., et al. Value and Limitations of Measuring Her-2 Extracellular Domain inrum of Breast Cancer Patients. J. Clin. Oncol. Apr 1, 2009;27(10): 1694-1705.
25. Lennon, S., Barton, C, and Banken, L., et al. Utility of Serum Her2 Extracellular Domain Assessment in Clinical Decision Makoled Analysis of Four Trials of Trastuzumab in Metastatic Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Apr 1, 2009;27(10): 1685-1693.
26. Andreasen, P. A., Kjoller, L., Christensen, L., and Duffy, M. J. The Urokinase- Type Plasminogen Activator System in Cancer sis: A Review. Int. J. Cancer. Jul 3, 1997;72(l):l-22.
27. Annecke, K., Schmitt, M., and Euler, U., et al. uPA and PAI-1 in Breast Cancer: Review of Their Clinical Utility and Currenttion in the Prospective NNBC-3 Trial. Adv. Clin. Chem. 2008;45:31-15.
28. Harbeck, N., Kruger, A., and Sinz, S., et al. Clinical Relevance of the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1-A Multifaceteolytic Factor. Onkologie. Jun2001;24(3):238-244.
29. Janicke, F., Prechtl, A., and Thomssen, C, et al. Randomized Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial in High-Risk, Lymph Node-Negative Bancer Patients Identified by Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Jun 20, 2001 ;93(12):913-920.
30. Duffy, M. J. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Its Inhibitor, PAI-1, as Prognostic Markers in Breast Cancer: From Pilot to1 Evidence Studies. Clin. Chem. Aug 2002;48(8): 1194-1197.
31. Harbeck, N., Kates, R. E., and Schmitt, M., et al. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Its Inhibitor Type 1 Predict Distcome and Therapy Response in Primary Breast Cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer. Dec 2004;5(5):348-352.
32. Ulisse, S., Baldini, E., Sorrenti, S., and D'Armiento, M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activator System: A Target for Anti-Cancapy. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets. Feb 2009;9(1):32-71.
33. Paik, S. Development and Clinical Utility of a 21-Gene Recurrence Score Prognostic Assay in Patients with Early Breast Canceed with Tamoxifen. Oncologist. Jun 2007;12(6):631-635.
34. Paik, S., Shak, S., and Tang, G., et al. A Multigene Assay to Predict Recurrence of Tamoxifen-Treated, Node-Negative Breast N. Engl. J. Med. Dec 30, 2004;351(27):2817-2826.
35. Goldstein, L. J., Gray, R., and Badve, S., et al. Prognostic Utility of the 21- Gene Assay in Hormone Receptor-Positive Opereast Cancer Compared with Classical Clinicopathologic Features. J. Clin. Oncol. Sep 1, 2008;26(25): 4063-071.
36. Sparano, J. A. and Paik, S. Development of the 21-Gene Assay and Its Application in Clinical Practice and Clinical Trials. J. Clin. Oncol. Feb 10, 2008; 26(5):721-728.
37. Gianni, L., Zambetti, M., and Clark, K., et al. Gene Expression Profiles in Paraffin-Embedded Core Biopsy Tissue Predict Reso Chemotherapy in Women with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Oct 10, 2005; 23(29):7265-7277.
38. Sparano, J. A. Tailorx: Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (Rx). Clin. Breast Cancer. Oct 2006;7(4): 347-350
39. Ebeling, F. G., Stieber, P., and Untch, M., et al. Serum CEA and CA 15-3 as Prognostic Factors in Primary Breast Cancer. Br.cer. Apr 22, 2002;86(8): 1217-1222.
40. Gion, M., Boracchi, P., and Dittadi, R., et al. Prognostic Role of Serum CA 15.3 in 362 Node-Negative Breast Cancers. An Old for a New Game. Eur. J. Cancer. Jun 2002;38(9):1181-1188.
41. De La Lande, B., Hacene, K., Floiras, J. L., Alatrakchi, N., and Pichon, M. F. Prognostic Value of CA 15.3 Kinetics for MetaBreast Cancer. Int. J. Biol. Markers. Oct-Dec 2002;17(4):231-238.
42. Valenzuela, P., Mateos, S., Tello, E., Lopez-Bueno, M. J., Garrido, N., and Gaspar, M. J. The Contribution of the Cea Marker15.3 in the Follow-up of Breast Cancer. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 2003;24(l):60-62.
43. Roy, R., Zhang, B., and Moses, M. A. Making the Cut: Protease-Mediated Regulation of Angiogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. Mar 10, 205):608-622.
44. Moses, M. A., Wiederschain, D., Loughlin, K. R., Zurakowski, D., Lamb, C. C, and Freeman, M. R. Increased Incidence of Matriloproteinases in Urine of Cancer Patients. Cancer Res. Apr 1, 1998;58(7): 1395-1399.
45. Smith, E.R., Zurakowski, D., Saad, A., Scott, R.M., and Moses, M.A. Urinary Biomarkers Predict Brain Tumor Presence and Response to Therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. Apr 15, 2008;14(8):2378-2386.
46. La Rocca, G., Pucci-Minafra, I., Marrazzo, A., Taormina, P., and Minafra, S. Zymographic Detection and Clinical Correlations-2 and MMP-9 in Breast Cancer Sera. Br. J. Cancer. Apr 5, 2004;90(7):1414-1421.
47. Wu, Z. S., Wu, Q., and Yang, J. H., et al. Prognostic Significance of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 Serum and Tissue Expression in Breast. Int. J. Cancer. May 1, 2008;122(9):2050-2056.
48. Roy, R., Wewer, U. M., Zurakowski, D., Pories, S. E., and Moses, M. A. Adam 12 Cleaves Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Correlates with Cancer Status and Stage. J. Biol. Chem. Dec 3, 2004;279(49):51323-51330.
49. Zhang, B., Cao, X., and Liu, Y., et al. Tumor-Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase- 13 (MMP-13) Correlates with Poor Prognoses oive Breast Cancer. Bmc Cancer. 2008;8:83.
50. Ranuncolo, S. M., Armanasco, E., Cresta, C, Bal De Kier Joffe, E., and Puricelli, L. Plasma MMP-9 (92 kDa-MMP) Activity Is Un the Follow-up and in the Assessment of Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients. Int. J. Cancer. Sep 20, 2003;106(5):745-751.
51. Zucker, S., Hymowitz, M., and Conner, C, et al. Measurement of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metallopros in Blood and Tissues. Clinical and Experimental Applications. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Jun 30, 1999;878:212-227.
52. Pories, S. E., Zurakowski, D., and Roy, R., et al. Urinary Metalloproteinases: Noninvasive Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Riskment. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. May 2008;17(5):1034-1042.
53. Sakr, W. A., Grignon, D. J., and Crissman, J. D., et al. High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HGPIN) and Prostaticarcinoma between the Ages of 20-69: An Autopsy Study of 249 Cases. In Vivo. May/Jun 1994;8(3):439-443.
54. Lilja, H., Ulmert, D., and Vickers, A. J. Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostate Cancer: Prediction, Detection, and Monitori. Rev. Cancer. Apr 2008; 8(4):268-278.
55. Lilja, H., Oldbring, J., Rannevik, G., and Laurell, C. B. Seminal Vesicle-Secreted Proteins and Their Reactions During Gelation and Liquefaction of Human Semen. J. Clin. Invest. Aug 1987;80(2):281-285.
56. Cohen, P., Graves, H. C, Peehl, D. M., Kamarei, M., Giudice, L. C, and Rosenfeld, R. G. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Is ain-Like Growth FactorBinding Protein-3 Protease Found in Seminal Plasma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Oct 1992;75(4): 1046-1053.
57. Kojima, S., Inahara, M., Suzuki, H., Ichikawa, T., and Furuya, Y. Implications of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I for Prostate Therapies. Int. J. Vrol. Feb 2009;16(2):161-167.
58. Killian, C. S., Corral, D. A., Kawinski, E, and Constantine, R. I. Mitogenic Response of Osteoblast Cells to Prostate-Specifgen Suggests an Activation of Latent TGF-Beta and a Proteolytic Modulation of Cell Adhesion Receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Apr 30, 1993;192(2):940-947.
59. Heidtmann, H. H., Nettelbeck, D. M., Mingels, A., Jager, R., Welker, H. G., and Kontermann, R. E. Generation of Angiostatin-agments from Plasminogen by Prostate-Specific Antigen. Br. J. Cancer. Dec 1999;81(8):1269-1273.
60. Thompson, I. M., Ankerst, D. P., and Chi, C, et al. Operating Characteristics of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men with an InSA Level of 3.0 ng/ml or Lower. JAMA. Jul 6, 2005;294(l):66-70.
61. Thompson I. M., Pauler D. K., and Goodman P. J., et al. Prevalence of Prostate Cancer Among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antvel < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N. Engl. J. Med. May 27, 2004;350(22):2239-2246.
62. Catalona, W. J., Partin, A. W., and Slawin, K. M., et al. Use of the Percentage of Free Prostate-Specific Antigen to Enhanceentiation of Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial. JAMA. May 20, 1998;279(19): 1542-1547.
63. Namm, R. K., Diamandism, E. P., and Toim, A., et al. Serum Human Glandular Kallikrein-2 Protease Levels Predict the Presencestate Cancer Among Men with Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen. J. Clin. Oncol. Mar 2000; 18(5):1036-1042.
64. Steuber, T., Vickers, A. J., and Haese, A., et al. Risk Assessment for Biochemical Recurrence Prior to Radical Prostatectomyficant Enhancement Contributed by Human Glandular Kallikrein 2 (hK2) and Free Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Men with Moderate PSA-Elevation in Serum. Int. J. Cancer. Mar 1, 2006;118(5):1234-1240.
65. Steuber, T., Vickers, A. J., and Serio, A. M., et al. Comparison of Free and Total Forms of Serum Human Kallikrein 2 and Propecific Antigen for Prediction of Locally Advanced and Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Clin. Chem. Feb 2007;53(2):233-240.
66. Stephan, C, Meyer, H. A., Cammann, H., Nakamura, T., Diamandis, E. P., and Jung, K. Improved Prostate Cancer Detection with Kallikrein 11 and Percentage Free PSA-Based Artificial Neural Network. Biol. Chem. Jun 2006;387(6):801-805.
67. Roy, R., Louis, G., and Loughlin, K. R., et al. Tumor-Specific Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase Fingerprinting: Identificatiigh Molecular Weight Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase Species. Clin. Cancer Res. Oct 15, 2008;14(20):6610-6617.
68. Morgia, G., Falsaperla, M., and Malaponte, G., et al. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Diagnostic (MMP-13) and Prognostic (MMP-2) Markers of Prostate Cancer. Vrol. Res. Feb 2005;33(l):44-50.
69. Chan, L. W., Moses, M. A., and Goley, E., et al. Urinary VEGF and MMP Levels as Predictive Markers of 1-Year Progression-Freval in Cancer Patients Treated with Radiation Therapy: A Longitudinal Study of Protein Kinetics Throughout Tumor Progression and Therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. Feb 1, 2004;22(3):499-506.
70. Trudel, D., Pradet, Y., Meyer, R, Hard, P., and Tetu, B. Membrane-Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase, Matrix Metalloproteinase Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Proteinase 2 in Prostate Cancer: Identification of Patients with Poor Prognosis by Immunohistochemistry. Hum. Pathol. May 2008;39(5):731-739.
71. Miyake, H., Muramaki, M., Kurahashi, T., Takenaka, A., and Pujisawa, M. Expression of Potential Molecular Markers in Prostatr: Correlation with Clinicopathological Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy. Urol. Oncol. Oct 9, 2008.
72. Chan, J. M., Stampfer, M. J., and Giovannucci, E., et al. Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Pactor-I and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prve Study. Science. Jan 23,1998;279(5350):563-566.
73. Renehan, A. G., Zwahlen, M., Minder, C, O'Dwyer, S. T, Shalet, S. M., and Egger, M. Insulin-Like Growth Pactor (IGF)-I, IGF Protein-3, and Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Lancet. Apr 24, 2004;363(9418): 1346-1353.
74. Shariat, S. R, Lamb, D. J., and Kattan, M. W., et al. Association of Preoperative Plasma Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Facto Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins-2 and -3 with Prostate Cancer Invasion, Progression, and Metastasis. J. Clin. Oncol. Feb 1, 2002;20(3):833-841.
75. Ivanovic, V., Melman, A., Davis-Joseph, B., Valcic, M., and Geliebter, J. Elevated Plasma Levels of TGF-beta 1 in Patients wasive Prostate Cancer. Nat. Med. Apr 1995;l(4):282-284.
76. Shariat, S. R, Walz, J., and Roehrborn, C. G., et al. Early Postoperative Plasma Transforming Growth Factor-Betal Is a Stronctor of Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy. J. Urol. Apr 2008;179(4): 1593-1597.
77. Folkman, J. Tumor Angiogenesis: Therapeutic Implications. N. Engl. J. Med. Nov 18, 1971;285(21):1182-1186.
78. Weidner, N., Carroll, P. R., Flax, J., Blumenfeld, W., and Folkman, J. Tumor Angiogenesis Correlates with Metastasis in Invaostate Carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. Aug 1993;143(2): 401-109.
79. Silberman, M. A., Partin, A. W., Veltri, R. W., and Epstein, J. I. Tumor Angiogenesis Correlates with Progression After Radistatectomy but Not with Pathologic Stage in Gleason Sum 5 to 7 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. Cancer. Feb 15, 1997;79(4):772-779.
80. Bok, R. A., Halabi, S., and Fei, D. T., et al. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Urine Ls Predictors of Outcome in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Patients: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. Cancer Res. Mar 15, 2001;61(6):2533-2536.
81. Shariat, S. R, Anwuri, V. A., Lamb, D. J., Shah, N. V., Wheeler, T. M., and Slawin, K. M. Association of Preoperative Plasma of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 with Lymph Node Status and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. May 1, 2004,22(9): 1655-1663.
82. Marks, L. S., Fradet, Y, and Deras, I. L., et al. PCA3 Molecular Urine Assay for Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Repeat Biopsy. Urology. Mar 2007; 69(3):532-535.
83. Van Gils, M. P., Hessels, D., and Van Hooij, O., et al. The Time-Resolved Fluorescence- Based PCA3 Test on Urinary SedimentsDigital Rectal Examination; A Dutch Multicenter Validation of the Diagnostic Performance. Clin. Cancer Res. Feb 1,2007;13(3):939-943.
84. Han, K. R., Seligson, D. B., and Liu, X., et al. Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Expression Is Associated with Gleason Score, Semsicle Invasion and Capsular Invasion in Prostate Cancer. J. Urol. Mar 2004;171(3):1117-1121.
85. Elgamal, A. A., Holmes, E. H., and Su, S. L., et al. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA): Current Benefits and Future Semin. Surg. Oncol. Jan/ Feb 2000; 18(1): 10-16.
86. Quinn, D. I., Henshall, S. M., and Sutherland, R. L. Molecular Markers of Prostate Cancer Outcome. Eur. J. Cancer. Apr 2005;58-887.
87. Rogers, C. G., Yan, G., and Zha, S., et al. Prostate Cancer Detection on Urinalysis for Alpha Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemasen. J. Urol. Oct 2004;172(4Ptl):1501-1503.
88. Singh, D., Febbo, P. G., and Ross, K., et al. Gene Expression Correlates of Clinical Prostate Cancer Behavior. Cancer Cell. 2; 1(2):203-209.
89. Lapointe, J., Li, C, and Higgins, J. P., et al. Gene Expression Profiling Identifies Clinically Relevant Subtypes of Prostatr. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA. Jan 20, 2004;101(3):811-816.
90. Adam, B. L., Qu, Y, and Davis, J. W., et al. Serum Protein Fingerprinting Coupled with a Pattern-Matching Algorithm Distingurostate Cancer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Healthy Men. Cancer Res. Jul 1, 2002;62(13):3609-3614.
91. Petricoin, E. R, III, Ornstein, D. K., and Paweletz, C. P., et al. Serum Proteomic Patterns for Detection of Prostate Cancertl. Cancer Inst. Oct 16, 2002;94(20): 1576-1578.
92. Qu, Y, Adam, B. L., and Yasui, Y, et al. Boosted Decision Tree Analysis of Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Massal Serum Profiles Discriminates Prostate Cancer from Noncancer Patients. Clin. Chem. Oct 2002;48(10): 1835-1843.
93. Ornstein, D. K., Rayford, W., and Fusaro, V. A., et al. Serum Proteomic Profiling Can Discriminate Prostate Cancer from Benitates in Men with Total Prostate Specific Antigen Levels between 2.5 and 15.0 ng/ml. J. Urol. Oct 2004;172(4 Pt 1): 1302-1305.
94. Baggerly, K. A., Morris, J. S., and Coombes, K. R. Reproducibility of SELDITOF Protein Patterns in Serum: Comparing Datasetsifferent Experiments. Bioinformatics. Mar 22, 2004;20(5):777-785.
95. Ransohoff, D. F. Rules of Evidence for Cancer Molecular-Marker Discovery and Validation. Nat. Rev. Cancer. Apr 2004;4(4): 309-314
96. Ylikoski, A., Pettersson, K., and Nurmi, J., et al. Simultaneous Quantification of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Human Glandllikrein 2 mRNA in Blood Samples from Patients with Prostate Cancer and Benign Disease. Clin. Chem. Aug 2002;48(8): 1265-1271.
97. Gao, C. L., Rawal, S. K., and Sun, L., et al. Diagnostic Potential of Prostate- Specific Antigen Expressing Epithelial Cellsod of Prostate Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res. Jul 2003;9(7):2545-2550.
98. Hara, N., Kasahara, T., and Kawasaki, T, et al. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Prostate-Specifgen, Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen, and Prostate Stem Cell Antigen in One Milliliter of Peripheral Blood: Value for the Staging of Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. Jun 2002;8(6): 1794-1799.
99. Kurek, R., Nunez, G., and Tselis, N., et al. Prognostic Value of Combined "Triple"-Reverse Transcription-PCR Analysis for PrSpecific Antigen,Human Kallikrein 2, and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen mRNA in Peripheral Blood and Lymph Nodes of Prostate Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res. Sep 1, 2004;10(17):5808-5814.
100. American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2007. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2007. Ed 2007.
101. Van Nagell, J. R., Jr., Depriest, P. D., and Reedy, M. B., et al. The Efficacy of Transvaginal Sonographic Screening in Asymc Women at Risk for Ovarian Cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. Jun 2000;77(3):350-356.
102. Paramasivam, S., Tripcony, L., and Crandon, A., et al. Prognostic Importance of Preoperative CA-125 in International FederatGynecology and Obstetrics Stage I Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: An Australian Multicenter Study. J. Clin. Oncol. Sep 1,2005;23(25):5938-5942.
103. Bristow, R. E., Tomacruz, R. S., Armstrong, D. K., Trimble, E. L., and Montz, F. J. Survival Effect of Maximal Cytoreductivey for Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma During the Platinum Era: A Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. Mar 1, 2002;20(5): 1248-1259.
104. NIH Consensus Conference. Ovarian Cancer. Screening, Treatment, and Follow- up. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Ovarian CJAMA. Feb 8, 1995;273(6):491-497.
105. Riedinger, J. M., Bonnetain, F, and Basuyau, J. P., et al. Change in CA 125 Levels After the First Cycle of Induction ChemotIs an Independent Predictor of Epithelial Ovarian Tumour Outcome. Ann. Oncol. May 2007;18(5):881-885.
106. Niloff, J. M., Knapp, R. C, Schaetzl, E., Reynolds, C, and Bast, R. C, Jr. CA 125 Antigen Levels in Obstetric and Gynecologints. Obstet. Gynecol. Nov 1984;64(5):703-707.
107. Bast, R. C, Jr., Siegal, F. P., and Runowicz, C, et al. Elevation of Serum CA 125 Prior to Diagnosis of an Epithelial Ovarianoma. Gynecol. Oncol. Sep 1985;22(1): 115-120.
108. Sabbatini, P., Mooney, D., and Iasonos, A., et al. Early CA-125 Fluctuations in Patients with Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Receiemotherapy. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. May/Jun 2007;17(3):589-594.
109. Kim, J. H., Skates, S. J., and Uede, T., et al. Osteopontin As a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer. JAMA. Ap02;287(13):1671-1679.
110. Brakora, K. A., Lee, H., and Yusuf, R., et al. Utility of Osteopontin as a Biomarker in Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.l. Oncol. May 2004;93(2): 361-365.
111. Bao, L. H., Sakaguchi, H., Fujimoto, J., and Tamaya, T. Osteopontin in Metastatic Lesions as a Prognostic Marker in Ovarian . J. Biomed. Sci. May 2007;14(3):373-381.
112. Ye, B., Skates, S., and Mok, S. C, et al. Proteomic-Based Discovery and Characterization of Glycosylated Eosinophil-Derived xin and Coon-Terminal Osteopontin Fragments for Ovarian Cancer in Urine. Clin. Cancer Res. Jan 15, 2006;12(2):432-441.
113. Diamandis, E. P. and Yousef, G. M. Human Tissue Kallikreins: A Family of New Cancer Biomarkers. Clin. Chem. Aug 2002;48(8):15.
114. Luo, L. Y, Katsaros, D., and Scorilas, A., et al. Prognostic Value of Human Kallikrein 10 Expression in Epithelial Ovarian Ca. Clin. Cancer Res. Aug 2001;7(8):2372-2379.
115. Borgono, C. A., Grass, L., and Soosaipillai, A., et al. Human Kallikrein 14: A New Potential Biomarker for Ovarian and Breasr. Cancer Res. Dec 15, 2003;63(24):9032-9041.
116. Tanaka, Y., Kobayashi, H., Suzuki, M., Kanayama, N., Suzuki, M., and Terao, T. Upregulation of Bikunin in Tumor-Infiltratinghages as a Factor of Favorable Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. Sep 2004;94(3):725-734.
117. Tanaka, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Suzuki, M., et al. Reduced Bikunin Gene Expression as a Factor of Poor Prognosis in Ovarian Ca. Cancer. Jul 15, 2003;98(2):424-430.
118. Matsuzaki, H., Kobayashi, H., and Yagyu, T, et al. Plasma Bikunin as a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Ovarian Cancer. J. Clil. Mar 1, 2005; 23(7): 1463-1472.
119. Drapkin, R., Von Horsten, H. H., and Lin, Y., et al. Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) Is a Secreted Glycoprotein That Is Ovesed by Serous and Endometrioid Ovarian Carcinomas. Cancer Res. Mar 15, 2005;65(6):2162-2169.
120. Moore, R. G., Brown, A. K., and Miller, M. C, et al. The Use of Multiple Novel Tumor Biomarkers for the Detection of Ovarianoma in Patients with a Pelvic Mass. Gynecol. Oncol. Feb 2008;108(2):402-108.
121. Hellstrom, I., Raycraft, J., and Hayden-Ledbetter, M., et al. The HE4 (WFDC2) Protein Is a Biomarker for Ovarian Carcinoma. Res. Jul 1, 2003;63(13):3695-3700.
122. Nagy, J. A., Masse, E. M., and Herzberg, K. T., et al. Pathogenesis of Ascites Tumor Growth: Vascular Permeability Factor, V Hyperpermeability, and Ascites Fluid Accumulation. Cancer Res. Jan 15, 1995;55(2):360-368.
123. Yamamoto, S., Konishi, I., and Mandai, M., et al. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Epithelial Ovarplasms: Correlation with Clinicopathology and Patient Survival, and Analysis of Serum VEGF Levels. Br. J. Cancer. 1997;76(9):1221-1227.
124. Hefier, L. A., Zeillinger, R., and Grimm, C, et al. Preoperative Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as a Prognostic Pa in Ovarian Cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. Nov2006;103(2):512-517.
125. Rudlowski, C, Pickart, A. K., and Fuhljahn, C, et al. Prognostic Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expressivarian Cancer Patients: A Long-Term Follow-up. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. Jan/Feb 2006; 16 Suppl 1: 183-189.
126. Dehaven, K., Taylor, D. D., and Gercel-Taylor, C. Comparison of Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Levels Between Patients with and Without Ovarian Malignancies. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. Nov/Dec 2002;12(6):715-719.
127. Jemal, A., Murray, T., and Ward, E., et al. Cancer Statistics, 2005. Ca Cancer J. Clin. Jan/Feb 2005;55(1): 10-30.
128. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pancreatic Duenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. Dec 1999;117(6): 1463-1484.
129. Klein, A. P., Hruban, R. H., Brune, K. A., Petersen, G. M., and Goggins, M. Familial Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer J. Jul/Aug 20):266-273.
130. Van Der Heijden, M. S., Yeo, C. J., Hruban, R. H., and Kern, S. E. Fanconi Anemia Gene Mutations in Young-Onset Pancreatic CCancer Res. May 15, 2003;63(10):2585-2588.
131. Klein, A. P., Brune, K. A., and Petersen, G. M., et al. Prospective Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Familial Pancreatic Cancer s. Cancer Res. Apr 1, 2004;64(7):2634-2638.
132. Bardeesy, N. and Depinho, R. A. Pancreatic Cancer Biology and Genetics. Nat. Rev. Cancer. Dec 2002;2(12):897-909.
133. Seregni, E., Ferrari, L., Bajetta, E., Martinetti, A., and Bombardieri, E. Clinical Significance of Blood Chromogranin a Meat in Neuroendocrine Tumours. Ann. Oncol. 2001;12 Suppl 2:S69-72.
134. Baudin, E., Bidart, J. M., and Bachelot, A., et al. Impact of Chromogranin a Measurement in the Work-up of Neuroendocrine Tunn. Oncol. 2001 ;12 Suppl 2:S79-82.
135. Steinberg, W. The Clinical Utility of the CA 19-9 Tumor-Associated Antigen. Am. J. Gastroenterol. Apr 1990;85(4):350-355.
136. Dimagno, E. P., Reber, H. A., and Tempero, M. A. Aga Technical Review on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pancructal Adenocarcinoma. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology. Dec 1999; 117(6):1464-1484.
137. Goggins, M. Molecular Markers of Early Pancreatic Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Jul 10, 2005;23(20):4524-4531.
138. Yeo, T. P., Hruban, R. H., and Leach S. D., et al. Pancreatic Cancer. Curr. Probl. Cancer. Jul/Aug 2002;26(4): 176-275.
139. Ozkan, H., Kaya, M., and Cengiz, A. Comparison of Tumor Marker CA 242 with Ca 19-9 and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (Cea) in Pan Cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. Sep/Oct 2003;50(53): 1669-1674.
140. Zhang, S., Wang, Y. M., Sun, C. D., Lu, Y, and Wu, L. Q. Clinical Value of Serum CA19-9 Levels in Evaluating Resectability oeatic Carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. Jun 21, 2008;14(23):3750-3753.
141. Harsha, H. C, Kandasamy, K., and Ranganathan, P., et al. A Compendium of Potential Biomarkers of Pancreatic Cancer. Plos. Me7, 2009; 6(4) :E 1000046.
142. Koopmann, J., Fedarko, N. S., and Jain, A., et al. Evaluation of Osteopontin as Biomarker for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Candemiol. Biomarkers Prev. Mar2004;13(3):487-491.
143. Koopmann, J., Rosenzweig, C. N., and Zhang, Z., et al. Serum Markers in Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: age Inhibitory Cytokine 1 versus CA19-9. Clin. Cancer Res. Jan 15, 2006; 12(2):442-446.
144. Swartz, M. J., Batra, S. K., and Varshney, G. C, et al. MUC4 Expression Increases Progressively in Pancreatic Intraepitheliaasia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. May 2002;117(5):791-796.
145. Chang, Y T., Chang, M. C, and Wei, S. C, et al. Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Receptor 1 Ratio Is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas. Aug 2008;37(2): 145-150.
146. Rosty, C, Christa, L., and Kuzdzal, S., et al. Identification of Hepatocarcinoma- Intestine-Pancreas/Pancreatitis-Associatedn I As a Biomarker for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Protein Biochip Technology. Cancer Res. Mar 15, 2002;62(6): 1868-1875.
147. Tian, M., Cui, Y. Z., and Song, G. H., et al. Proteomic Analysis Identifies MMP-9, DJ-1 and A1BG as Overexpressed Proteins ieatic Juice from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients. Bmc Cancer. 2008;8:241.
148. Yokoyama, M., Ochi, K., and Ichimura, M., et al. Matrix Metalloproteinase- 2 in Pancreatic Juice for Diagnosis of Pancreatic. Pancreas. May 2002;24(4):344-347.
149. Kuhlmann, K. E, Van Till, J. W., and Boermeester, M. A., et al. Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 in Plasma and Pancruice as a Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. May 2007;16(5):886-891.
150. Jones, L. E., Humphreys, M. J., Campbell, E, Neoptolemos, J. P., and Boyd, M. T. Comprehensive Analysis of Matrix Metallopro and Tissue Inhibitor Expression in Pancreatic Cancer: Increased Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase- 7 Predicts Poor Survival. Clin. Cancer Res. Apr 15, 2004;10(8): 2832-2845.
151. Muraoka, K., Nabeshima, K., Murayama, T., Biswas, C, and Koono, M. Enhanced Expression of a Tumor-Cell-Derived Collagenase-Sory Factor in Urothelial Carcinoma: Its Usefulness as a Tumor Marker for Bladder Cancers. Int. J. Cancer. Aug 19, 1993;55(1):19-26.
152. Polette, M., Gilles, C, and Marchand, V, et al. Tumor Collagenase Stimulatory Factor (TCSF) Expression and Localization in Hng and Breast Cancers. J. Histochem. Cytochem. May 1997;45(5):703-709.
153. Kanekura, T., Chen, X., and Kanzaki, T. Basigin (CD147) Is Expressed on Melanoma Cells and Induces Tumor Cell Invasion by Stng Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Fibroblasts. Int. J. Cancer. Jun 1, 2002;99(4): 520-528.
154. Nabeshima, K., Suzumiya, J., and Nagano, M., et al. Emmprin, A Cell Surface Inducer of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Is ed in T-Cell Lymphomas. J. Pathol. Mar 2004;202(3):341-351.
155. Zhang, W., Erkan, M., and Abiatari, I., et al. Expression of Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) reatic Neoplasm and Pancreatic Stellate Cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. Feb 2007;6(2):218-227.
156. Grutzmann, R., Luttges, J., and Sipos, B., et al. Adam9 Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Is Associated with Tumour Type and Ignostic Factor in Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Br. J. Cancer. Mar 8, 2004;90(5): 1053-1058.
157. Logsdon, C. D., Simeone, D. M., and Binkley, C, et al. Molecular Profiling of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Chronic Pancreatentifies Multiple Genes Differentially Regulated in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res. May 15, 2003; 63(10):2649-2657.
158. Simeone, D. M., Ji, B., and Banerjee, M., et al. CEACAMl, A Novel Serum Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas. May 2007;36-443.