Risk assessment for biochemical recurrence prior to radical prostatectomy: Significant enhancement contributed by human glandular kallikrein 2 (hk2) and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) in men with moderate PSA-elevation in serum

International Journal of Cancer

Volumn 118, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1234-1240

  Steuber, Thomas ^a,b   Vickers, Andrew J ^a   Haese, Alexander ^b   Becker, Charlotte ^c   Pettersson, Kim ^d   Chun, Felix K H ^b   Kattan, Michael W ^e   Eastham, James A ^a   Scardino, Peter T ^a   Huland, Hariwig ^b   Lilja, Hans ^a,c  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

^c LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^e LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biochemical recurrence; Free PSA; hK2; Prostate cancer; PSA; Radical prostatectomy

Indexed keywords

HUMAN GLANDULAR KALLIKREIN 2; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TISSUE KALLIKREIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; DEMOGRAPHY; GLEASON SCORE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE BIOPSY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; RECURRENCE RISK; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR BIOPSY;

AGED; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATECTOMY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TISSUE KALLIKREINS;

EID: 31844437949     PISSN: 00207136     EISSN: 10970215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21474     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Hull GW, Rabbani F, Abbas F, Wheeler TM, Kattan MW, Scardino PT. Cancer control with radical prostatectomy alone in 1,000 consecutive patients. J Urol 2002;167:528-34.
2. Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, Chan DW, Pearson JD, Walsh PC. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA 1999;281:1591-7.
3. Gerber GS, Thisted RA, Scardino PT, Frohmuller HG, Schroeder FH, Paulson DF, Middleton AW, Jr, Rukstalis DB, Smith JA, Jr, Schellhammer PF, Ohori M, Chodak GW. Results of radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1996;276:615-9.
4. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Fondurulia J, Chen MH, Kaplan I, Beard CJ, Tomaszewski JE, Renshaw AA, Wein A, Coleman CN. Pretreatment nomogram for prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:168-72.
5. Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Stapleton AM, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:766-71.
6. Stamey TA. The era of serum prostate specific antigen as a marker for biopsy of the prostate and detecting prostate cancer is now over in the USA. BJU Int 2004;94:963-4.
7. Freedland SJ, Aronson WJ, Kane CJ, Terris MK, Presti JC, Jr, Trock B, Amling CL. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy among men with normal preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Cancer 2004;101:748-53.
8. Stamey TA, Johnstone IM, McNeal JE, Lu AY, Yemoto CM. Preoperative serum prostate specific antigen levels between 2 and 22 ng/ml correlate poorly with post-radical prostatectomy cancer morphology: prostate specific antigen cure rates appear constant between 2 and 9 ng/ml. J Urol 2002;167:103-111.
9. Southwick PC, Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, Patel A, Richie JP, Walsh PC, Scardino PT, Lange PH, Gasior GH, et al. Prediction of post-radical prostatectomy pathological outcome for stage T1c prostate cancer with percent free prostate specific antigen: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 1999;162:1346-51.
10. Morote J, Encabo G, de Torres IM. Use of percent free prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of the pathological features of clinically localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2000;38:225-9.
11. Haese A, Graefen M, Becker C, Noldus J, Katz J, Cagiannos I, Kattan M, Scardino PT, Huland E, Huland H, Lilja H. The role of human glandular kallikrein 2 for prediction of pathologically organ confined prostate cancer. Prostate 2003;54:181-6.
12. Haese A, Vaisanen V, Lilja H, Kattan MW, Rittenhouse HG, Pettersson K, Chan DW, Huland H, Sokoll LJ, Partin AW. Comparison of predictive accuracy for pathologically organ confined clinical stage Tie prostate cancer using human glandular kallikrein 2 and prostate specific antigen combined with clinical stage and Gleason grade. J Urol 2005;173:752-6.
13. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). AJCC cancer staging manual, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
14. Gleason DF. Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostate carcinoma. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1977.
15. McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12:897-906.
16. Amling CL, Bergstralh EJ, Blute ML, Slezak JM, Zincke H. Defining prostate specific antigen progression after radical prostatectomy: what is the most appropriate cut point? J Urol 2001;165:1146-51.
17. Mitrunen K, Pettersson K, Piironen T, Bjork T, Lilja H, Lovgren T. Dual-label one-step immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of free and total prostate-specific antigen concentrations and ratios in serum. Clin Chem 1995;41:1115-20.
18. Becker C, Piironen T, Kiviniemi J, Lilja H, Pettersson K. Sensitive and specific immunodetection of human glandular kallikrein 2 in serum. Clin Chem 2000;46:198-206.
19. Vaisanen V, Eriksson S, Ivaska KK, Lilja H, Nurmi M, Pettersson K. Development of sensitive immunoassays for free and total human glandular kallikrein 2. Clin Chem 2004;50:1607-17.
20. Harrell FE, Jr. Regression modelling strategies with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. New York: Springer, 2001.
21. Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI, Cagiannos I, Quinn DI, Henshall SM, Grygiel JJ, Sutherland RL, Stricker PD, Klein E, Kupelian P, Skinner DG, Lieskovsky G, et al. International validation of a preoperative nomogram for prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3206-12.
22. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Wu YH, Chen M, Art M, Tomaszewski JE, Wein A. Combination of the preoperative PSA level, biopsy gleason score, percentage of positive biopsies, and MRI T-stage to predict early PSA failure in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 2000;55:572-7.
23. Freedland SJ, Wieder JA, Jack GS, Dorey F, deKernion JB, Aronson WJ. Improved risk stratification for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy using a novel risk group system based on prostate specific antigen density and biopsy Gleason score. J Urol 2002;168:110-15.
24. Graefen M, Ohori M, Karakiewicz PI, Cagiannos I, Hammerer PG, Haese A, Erbersdobler A, Henke RP, Huland H, Wheeler TM, Slawin K, Scardino PT, et al. Assessment of the enhancement in predictive accuracy provided by systematic biopsy in predicting outcome for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2004;171:200-3.
25. 1 improves a preoperative nomogram for predicting biochemi-cal progression in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3573-9.
26. Becker C, Piironen T, Pettersson K, Hugosson J, Lilja H. Testing in serum for human glandular kallikrein 2, and free and total prostate specific antigen in biannual screening for prostate cancer. J Urol 2003;170:1169-74.
27. Piironen T, Pettersson K, Suonpaa M, Stenman UH, Oesterling JE, Lovgren T, Lilja H. In vitro stability of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to α1-antichyrnotrypsin in blood samples. Urology 1996;48(Suppl 6A):81-7.
28. Graefen M, Karakiewicz P, Cagiannos I, Hammerer PG, Haese A, Palisaar J, Huland E, Huland H, Scardino P, Kattan MW. Percentage of free PSA is not an independent predictor or organ confinement or PSA recurrence in unscreened patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2002;167:1306-9.
29. Darson MF, Pacelli A, Roche P, Rittenhouse HG, Wolfert RL, Saeid MS, Young CYF, Klee GG, Tindall DJ, Bostwick DG. Human glandular kallikrein 2 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases. Urology 1999;53:939-44.
30. Lintula S, Stenman J, Bjartell A, Nordling S, Stenman UH. Relative concentrations of hK2/PSA mRNA in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate 2005;63:324-9.
31. Haese A, Graefen M, Steuber T, Becker C, Noldus J, Erbersdobler A, Huland E, Huland H, Lilja H. Total and Gleason grade 4/5 cancer volumes are major contributors of human kallikrein 2, whereas free prostate specific antigen is largely contributed by benign gland volume in serum from patients with prostate cancer or benign prostatic biopsies. J Urol 2003;170:2269-73.