Systemic zinc redistribution and dyshomeostasis in cancer cachexia

Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 23-33

  Siren, Pontus M A ^a,b,c   Siren, Matti J ^a,b  

^a JGK Memorial Research Library   (Finland)

^b Bioneris Ab Valbay   (Sweden)

^c NONE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Anorexia; Cachexia muscle wasting; Growth failure; Hypogonadism; Systemic inflammation; Systemic Zn dyshomeostasis; Zinc

Indexed keywords

I KAPPA B KINASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INITIATION FACTOR 2ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1; PROTEIN KINASE R; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ZINC;

ANOREXIA; CACHEXIA; GROWTH DISORDER; HYPOGONADISM; LEWIS CARCINOMA; MUSCLE TISSUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; UPREGULATION; ZINC METABOLISM;

EID: 79954466316     PISSN: 21905991     EISSN: 21906009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13539-010-0009-z     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Stephens NA, Skipworth RJ, Fearon KC. Cachexia, survival and the acute phase response. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008; 2: 267-74.
2. von Haehling S, Lainscak M, Springer J, Anker SD. Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview. Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 121: 227-52.
3. Koehler F, Doehner W, Hoernig S, Witt C, Anker SD, John M. Anorexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-association to cachexia and hormonal derangement. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 119: 83-9.
4. Cheung WW, Paik KH, Mak RH. Inflammation and cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25: 711-24.
5. Delano MJ, Moldawer LL. The origins of cachexia in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006; 21: 68-81.
6. Tisdale MJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a therapeutic target for muscle wasting. J Support Oncol. 2005; 3: 209-17.
7. Kotler DP. Nutritional alterations associated with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000; 25: S81-7.
8. Wray CJ, Mammen JM, Hasselgren PO. Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support. Nutrition. 2002; 18: 971-7.
9. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008; 27: 793-9.
10. Lainscak M, Filippatos GS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, Anker SD. Cachexia: common, deadly, with an urgent need for precise definition and new therapies. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101: 8E-10E.
11. Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J Nutr. 2007; 137: 1101-5.
12. Maret W. Molecular aspects of human cellular zinc homeostasis: redox control of zinc potentials and zinc signals. Biometals. 2009; 22: 149-57.
13. Takeda A, Tamano H, Enomoto S, Oku N. Zinc-65 imaging of rat brain tumors. Cancer Res. 2001; 61: 5065-9.
14. Nemoto K, Kondo Y, Himeno S, Suzuki Y, Hara S, Akimoto M, et al. Modulation of telomerase activity by zinc in human prostatic and renal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000; 59: 401-5.
15. Cipriano C, Tesei S, Malavolta M, Giacconi R, Muti E, Costarelli L, et al. Accumulation of cells with short telomeres is associated with impaired zinc homeostasis and inflammation in old hypertensive participants. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009; 64: 745-51.
16. Murakami M, Hirano T. Intracellular zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling. Cancer Sci. 2008; 99: 1515-22.
17. Memon AU, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, et al. Evaluation of zinc status in whole blood and scalp hair of female cancer patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 379: 66-70.
18. Gupta SK, Singh SP, Shukla VK. Copper, zinc, and Cu/Zn ratio in carcinoma of the gallbladder. J Surg Oncol. 2005; 91: 204-8.
19. Büntzel J, Bruns F, Glatzel M, Garayev A, Mücke R, Kisters K, et al. Zinc concentrations in serum during head and neck cancer progression. Anticancer Res. 2007; 27: 1941-3.
20. Kopański Z, Piekoszewski W, Habiniak J, Wojewoda T, Wojewoda A, Schlegel-Zawadzka M, et al. The clinical value of the determinations in the serum of zinc concentration in women with breast cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2001; 39: 84-6.
21. Mazdak H, Yazdekhasti F, Movahedian A, Mirkheshti N, Shafieian M. The comparative study of serum iron, copper, and zinc levels between bladder cancer patients and a control group. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010; 42: 89-93.
22. Zuo XL, Chen JM, Zhou X, Li XZ, Mei GY. Levels of selenium, zinc, copper, and antioxidant enzyme activity in patients with leukemia. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006; 114: 41-53.
23. Westin T, Ahlbom E, Johansson E, Sandström B, Karlberg I, Edström S. Circulating levels of selenium and zinc in relation to nutritional status in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989; 115: 1079-82.
24. Katz RL, Keen CL, Litt IF, Hurley LS, Kellams-Harrison KM, Glader LJ. Zinc deficiency in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health Care. 1987; 8: 400-6.
25. Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW, Sarkar FH. Correction of interleukin-2 gene expression by in vitro zinc addition to mononuclear cells from zinc-deficient human subjects: a specific test for zinc deficiency in humans. Transl Res. 2006; 148: 325-33.
26. Maret W, Sandstead HH. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2006; 20: 3-18.
27. King JC, Shames DM, Woodhouse LR. Zinc homeostasis in humans. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 1360S-6S.
28. Igic PG, Lee E, Harper W, Roach KW. Toxic effects associated with consumption of zinc. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002; 77: 713-6.
29. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 14. Available: http://www. nal. usda. gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
30. Lu J, Stewart AJ, Sadler PJ, Pinheiro TJ, Blindauer CA. Albumin as a zinc carrier: properties of its high-affinity zinc-binding site. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008; 36: 1317-21.
31. Armstrong T, Walters E, Varshney S, Johnson CD. Deficiencies of micronutrients, altered bowel function, and quality of life during late follow-up after pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignancy. Pancreatology. 2002; 2: 528-34.
32. Berg JM, Shi Y. The galvanization of biology: a growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Science. 1996; 271: 1081-5.
33. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 448-54.
34. Falconer JS, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Elton R, Wigmore SJ, Garden OJ, et al. Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 1995; 75: 2077-82.
35. Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA, Rivera S, Blanchard RK, Aydemir TB, Knutson MD, et al. Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102: 6843-8.
36. Lundholm K, Ekman L, Edström S, Karlberg I, Jagenburg R, Scherstén T. Protein synthesis in liver tissue under the influence of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma in mice. Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 4657-61.
37. Preston T, Slater C, McMillan DC, Falconer JS, Shenkin A, Fearon KC. Fibrinogen synthesis is elevated in fasting cancer patients with an acute phase response. J Nutr. 1998; 128: 1355-60.
38. Moshage H. Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. J Pathol. 1997; 181: 257-66.
39. Gaetke LM, McClain CJ, Talwalkar RT, Shedlofsky SI. Effects of endotoxin on zinc metabolism in human volunteers. Am J Physiol. 1997; 272: E952-6.
40. Boosalis MG, Solem LD, McCall JT, Ahrenholz DH, McClain CJ. Serum zinc response in thermal injury. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988; 7: 69-76.
41. Cousins RJ. Absorption, transport, and hepatic metabolism of copper and zinc: special reference to metallothionein and ceruloplasmin. Physiol Rev. 1985; 65: 238-309.
42. Selektor Y, Parker RB, Sun Y, Bhattacharya ZW, SK WKT. Tissue 65Zinc translocation in a rat model of chronic aldosteronism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008; 51: 359-64.
43. Bibby DC, Grimble RF. Temperature and metabolic changes in rats after various doses of tumour necrosis factor alpha. J Physiol. 1989; 410: 367-80.
44. Sakata Y, Morimoto A, Long NC, Murakami N. Fever and acute-phase response induced in rabbits by intravenous and intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-6. Cytokine. 1991; 3: 199-203.
45. Ling PR, Schwartz JH, Jeevanandam M, Gauldie J, Bistrian BR. Metabolic changes in rats during a continuous infusion of recombinant interleukin-1. Am J Physiol. 1996; 270: E305-12.
46. Farquharson MJ, Al-Ebraheem A, Geraki K, Leek R, Jubb A, Harris AL. Zinc presence in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and its correlation with oestrogen receptor status. Phys Med Biol. 2009; 54: 4213-23.
47. Lichten LA, Cousins RJ. Mammalian zinc transporters: nutritional and physiologic regulation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009; 29: 153-76.
48. Larsson S, Karlberg I, Selin E, Daneryd P, Peterson HI. Trace element changes in serum and skeletal muscle compared to tumour tissue in sarcoma-bearing rats. In Vivo. 1987; 1: 131-40.
49. Russell ST, Siren PM, Siren MJ, Tisdale M. The role of zinc in the anti-tumour and anti-cachectic activity of D-myo-inositol 1, 2, 6-triphosphate. Br J Cancer. 2010; 102: 833-6.
50. Claxson A, Morris C, Blake D, Sirén M, Halliwell B, Gustafsson T, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of D-myo-inositol-1. 2. 6-trisphosphate (PP56) on animal models of inflammation. Agents Actions. 1990; 29: 68-70.
51. Felemez M, Spiess B. Investigation of the ternary D-myo-inositol 1, 2, 6 tris(phosphate)-spermine-Zn2+ system in solution. J Inorg Biochem. 2001; 84: 107-11.
52. Russell ST, Siren PM, Siren MJ, Tisdale M. Attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia by D-myo-inositol 1, 2, 6-triphosphate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009; 64: 517-27.
53. Mei X, Luo X, Xu S, Xu D, Zheng Y, Xu S, et al. Gastroprotective effects of a new zinc(II)-curcumin complex against pylorus-ligature-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009; 181: 316-21.
54. Siddiqui RA, Hassan S, Harvey KA, Rasool T, Das T, Mukerji P, et al. Attenuation of proteolysis and muscle wasting by curcumin c3 complex in MAC16 colon tumour-bearing mice. Br J Nutr. 2009; 102: 967-75.
55. Frank AS, Schauble MK, Preiss IL. Trace element profiles in murine Lewis lung carcinoma by radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence. Am J Pathol. 1986; 122: 421-32.
56. Busquets S, Fuster G, Ametller E, Olivan M, Figueras M, Costelli P, et al. Resveratrol does not ameliorate muscle wasting in different types of cancer cachexia models. Clin Nutr. 2007; 26: 239-44.
57. McCarthy DO, Graves E. Conjugated linoleic acid preserves muscle mass in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma, but not the B16 melanoma. Res Nurs Health. 2006; 29: 98-104.
58. Markison S, Foster AC, Chen C, Brookhart GB, Hesse A, Hoare SR, et al. The regulation of feeding and metabolic rate and the prevention of murine cancer cachexia with a small-molecule melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist. Endocrinology. 2005; 146: 2766-73.
59. Crawford AJ, Bhattacharya SK. Excessive intracellular zinc accumulation in cardiac and skeletal muscles of dystrophic hamsters. Exp Neurol. 1987; 95: 265-76.
60. Muñoz-Delgado E, Morote-García JC, Romero-Romero R, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of zinc in tissues of normal and dystrophic mice using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and slurry sampling. Anal Biochem. 2006; 348: 64-8.
61. Hersko A, Ciechanover A, Heller H, Haas AL, Rose IA. Proposed role of ATO in protein breakdown: conjugation of protein with multiple chains of the polypeptide of ATP-dependent proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980; 77: 1783-6.
62. Goldberg AL. Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins. Nature. 2003; 426: 895-9.
63. Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1897-905.
64. Breen HB, Espat NJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway: potential target for disease intervention. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004; 28: 272-7.
65. Tisdale MJ. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol Rev. 2009; 89: 381-410.
66. Zamanian-Daryoush M, Mogensen TH, DiDonato JA, Williams BR. NF-kappaB activation by double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is mediated through NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IkappaB kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 2000; 20: 1278-90.
67. Eley HL, Tisdale MJ. Skeletal muscle atrophy, a link between depression of protein synthesis and increase in degradation. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 7087-97.
68. Siren RST, PM SMJ, Tisdale MJ. Mechanism of attenuation of protein loss in murine C(2)C(12) myotubes by d-myo-inositol 1, 2, 6-triphosphate. Exp Cell Res. 2010; 316: 286-95.
69. Siddiqui R, Pandya D, Harvey K, Zaloga GP. Nutrition modulation of cachexia/proteolysis. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006; 21: 155-67.
70. Sakkas GK, Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Can the use of creatine supplementation attenuate muscle loss in cachexia and wasting? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009; 12: 623-7.
71. Dröge W, Hack V, Breitkreutz R, Holm E, Shubinsky G, Schmid E, et al. Role of cysteine and glutathione in signal transduction, immunopathology and cachexia. Biofactors. 1998; 8: 97-102.
72. Argiles JM, López-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Novel approaches to the treatment of cachexia. Drug Discov Today. 2008; 13: 73-8.
73. Davis MP, Dreicer R, Walsh D, Lagman R, LeGrand SB. Appetite and cancer-associated anorexia: a review. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 1510-7.
74. Jatoi A, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Klee GG, Windschitl HE. Neuropeptide Y, leptin, and cholecystokinin 8 in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group exploratory investigation. Cancer. 2001; 92: 629-33.
75. Levenson CW. Zinc regulation of food intake: new insights on the role of neuropeptide Y. Nutr Rev. 2003; 61: 247-9.
76. Jing MY, Sun JY, Weng XY. Insights on zinc regulation of food intake and macronutrient selection. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007; 115: 187-94.
77. McClain CJ, Kasarkis Jr EJ, Allen JJ. Functional consequences of zinc deficiency. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1985; 9: 185-226.
78. Chesters JK, Quarterman J. Effects of zinc deficiency on food intake and feeding patterns of rats. Br J Nutr. 1970; 24: 1061-9.
79. Shay NF, Mangian HF. Neurobiology of zinc-influenced eating behavior. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 1493S-9S.
80. Bakan R, Birmingham CL, Aeberhardt L, Goldner EM. Dietary zinc intake of vegetarian and nonvegetarian patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1993; 13: 229-33.
81. Dinsmore WW, Alderdice JT, McMaster D, Adams CE, Love AH. Zinc absorption in anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 1985; 1: 1041-2.
82. Casper RC, Kirschner B, Sandstead HH, Jacob RA, Davis JM. An evaluation of trace metals, vitamins, and taste function in anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980; 33: 1801-8.
83. Humphries L, Vivian B, Stuart M, McClain CJ. Zinc deficiency and eating disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989; 50: 456-9.
84. Bryce-Smith D, Simpson R. Case of anorexia nervosa responding to zinc sulphate. Lancet. 1984; 2: 350.
85. Humphries L, McClain MP, Vivian B, Cunnup L, McClain CJ (1990) Anorexia nervosa, zinc supplementation and weight gain. In: Anderson, H (ed.) Biology of feast and famine: relevance to eating disorders symposium on nutrition research. (abs.).
86. Safai-Kutti S. Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990; 82: 14-7.
87. Birmingham CL, Goldner EM, Bakan R. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1994; 15: 251-5.
88. Castro J, Deulofeu R, Gila A, Puig J, Toro J. Persistence of nutritional deficiencies after short-term weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2004; 35: 169-78.
89. Su JC, Birmingham CL. Zinc supplementation in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2002; 7: 20-2.
90. Birmingham CL, Gritzner S. How does zinc supplementation benefit anorexia nervosa? Eat Weight Disord. 2006; 11: e109-11.
91. Casper RC, Kirschner B, Jacob RA. Zinc and copper status in anorexia nervosa. [proceedings]. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1978; 14: 53-5.
92. Goel T, Sankhwar SN. Comparative study of zinc levels in benign and malignant lesions of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006; 40: 108-12.
93. Davies IJ, Musa M, Dormandy TL. Measurements of plasma zinc in malignant disease. J Clin Pathol. 1968; 21: 363-5.
94. Lindsey AM, Piper BF. Anorexia, serum zinc, and immunologic response in small cell lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy. Nutr Cancer. 1986; 8: 231-8.
95. Hadden JW. Immunodeficiency and cancer: prospects for correction. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003; 3: 1061-71.
96. Simons JP, Schols AM, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. Weight loss and low body cell mass in males with lung cancer: relationship with systemic inflammation, acute-phase response, resting energy expenditure, and catabolic and anabolic hormones. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999; 97: 215-23.
97. Fearon KC. Cancer cachexia: developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem. Eur J Cancer. 2008; 44: 1124-32.
98. McMillan DC. Systemic inflammation, nutritional status and survival in patients with cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009; 12: 223-6.
99. Rink L, Haase H. Zinc homeostasis and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2007; 28: 1-4.
100. Haase H, Rink L. The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. Immun Ageing. 2009; 6: 9.
101. Bao B, Prasad A, Beck FW, Suneja A, Sarkar F. Toxic effect of zinc on NF-kappaB, IL-2, IL-2 receptor alpha, and TNF-alpha in HUT-78 (Th(0)) cells. Toxicol Lett. 2006; 166: 222-8.
102. Vasto S, Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Cuppari I, Listì F, Nuzzo D, et al. Zinc and inflammatory/immune response in aging. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2007; 1100: 111-22.
103. Cook-Mills JM, Fraker PJ. Functional capacity of the residual lymphocytes from zinc-deficient adult mice. Br J Nutr. 1993; 69: 835-48.
104. Kahmann L, Uciechowski P, Warmuth S, Plümäkers B, Gressner AM, Malavolta M, et al. Zinc supplementation in the elderly reduces spontaneous inflammatory cytokine release and restores T cell functions. Rejuvenation Res. 2008; 11: 227-37.
105. Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 1399S-406S.
106. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68: 447S-63S.
107. Prasad AS. Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009; 12: 646-52.
108. Dardenne M. Zinc and immune function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002; 56: S20-3.
109. Haase H, Rink L. Functional significance of zinc-related signalling pathways in immune cells. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009; 29: 133-52.
110. Meacham LR, Mason PW, Sullivan KM. Auxologic and biochemical characterization of the three phases of growth failure in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 17: 711-7.
111. Andrassy RJ, Chwals WJ. Nutritional support of the pediatric oncology patient. Nutrition. 1998; 14: 124-9.
112. DeWys WD. Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: current understanding and areas for future research. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 721s-6s.
113. Tapiero H, Tew KD. Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: zinc and metallothioneins. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003; 57: 399-411.
114. MacDonald RS. The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 1500S-8S.
115. Raulin J. Etudes cliniques sur la vegetation. Ann Sci Nat Bot Biol Veg. 1869; 11: 93.
116. Sommer AL, Lipman CB. Evidence on the indispensable nature of zinc and boron for higher green plants. Plant Physiol. 1926; 1: 231-49.
117. Todd WR, Elvehjem CA, Hart EB. Zinc in the nutrition of the rat. Am J Physiol. 1933; 107: 146-56.
118. Tucker HF, Salmon WD. Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency disease in the pig. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1955; 88: 613-6.
119. Ott EA, Smith WH, Stob M, Beeson WM. Zinc deficiency syndrome in the young lamb. J Nutr. 1964; 82: 41-50.
120. Prasad AS, Miale Jr A, Farid Z, Sandstead HH, Schulert AR, Darby WJ. Biochemical studies on dwarfism, hypogonadism, and anemia. Arch Intern Med. 1963; 111: 407-28.
121. Prasad AS. Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 14: 567-89.
122. Jameson S. Zinc nutrition and human pregnancy, in progress in clinical and biological research, volume 129. In: Prasad AS, Cavdar AO, Brewer GJ, Aggett PJ, editors. Zinc deficiency in human subjects. New York: Alan R Liss; 1983. p. 63.
123. Wapnir P. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 1388S-92S.
124. Díaz-Gómez NM, Doménech E, Barroso F, Castells S, Cortabarria C, Jiménez A. The effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth, body composition, and growth factors in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2003; 111: 1002-9.
125. Salgueiro MJ, Zubillaga MB, Lysionek AE, Caro RA, Weill R, Boccio JR. The role of zinc in the growth and development of children. Nutrition. 2002; 18: 510-9.
126. Nishi Y. Zinc and growth. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996; 15: 340-4.
127. Iannotti LL, Zavaleta N, Leon Z, Shankar AH, Caulfield LE. Maternal zinc supplementation and growth in Peruvian infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 154-60.
128. West UM, CE HJ, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JG. Zinc supplementation and stunted infants in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355: 2021-6.
129. Cavdar AO, Arcasoy A, Cin S, Babacan E, Gözdasoglu S. Geophagia in Turkey: iron and zinc deficiency, iron and zinc absorption studies and response to treatment with zinc in geophagia cases, in progress in clinical and biological research, volume 129. In: Prasad AS, Cavdar AO, Brewer GJ, Aggett PJ, editors. Zinc deficiency in human subjects. New York: Alan R Liss; 1983. p. 71.
130. Strasser F, Palmer JL, Schover LR, Yusuf SW, Pisters K, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, et al. The impact of hypogonadism and autonomic dysfunction on fatigue, emotional function, and sexual desire in male patients with advanced cancer: a pilot study. Cancer. 2006; 107: 2949-57.
131. Chlebowski RT, Heber D. Hypogonadism in male patients with metastatic cancer prior to chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 2495-8.
132. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in human subjects. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983; 129: 1-33.
133. McClain CJ, Gavaler JS, van Thiel DH. Hypogonadism in the zinc-deficient rat: localization of the functional abnormalities. J Lab Clin Med. 1984; 104: 1007-15.
134. Grant JK, Minguell J, Taylor P, Weiss M. A possible role of zinc in the metabolism of testosterone by the prostate gland. Biochem J. 1971; 125: 21P.
135. Karaca Z, Tanriverdi F, Kurtoglu S, Tokalioglu S, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F. Pubertal arrest due to Zn deficiency: the effect of zinc supplementation. Hormones (Athens). 2007; 6: 71-4.
136. Hamdi SA, Nassif OI, Ardawi MS. Effect of marginal or severe dietary zinc deficiency on testicular development and functions of the rat. Arch Androl. 1997; 38: 243-53.
137. Martin GB, White CL, Markey CM, Blackberry MA. Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on the reproductive system of young male sheep: testicular growth and the secretion of inhibin and testosterone. J Reprod Fertil. 1994; 101: 87-96.
138. Kaya O, Gokdemir K, Kilic M, Baltaci AK. Zinc supplementation in rats subjected to acute swimming exercise: its effect on testosterone levels and relation with lactate. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006; 27: 267-70.
139. Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996; 12: 344-8.
140. Haase H, Maret W. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as targets of the combined insulinomimetic effects of zinc and oxidants. Biometals. 2005; 18: 333-8.
141. Levenson CW. Zinc: the new antidepressant? Nutr Rev. 2006; 64: 39-42.
142. Heyneman CA. Zinc deficiency and taste disorders. Ann Pharcother. 1996; 30: 186-7.
143. von Haehling S, Morley JE, Coats AJS, Anker SD (2010) Ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1. doi: 10. 1007/s13539-010-0003-5.