Homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment during development, aging and in response to trauma, disease and toxic insult

Acta Neuropathologica

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 291-312

  Mizisin, Andrew P ^a   Weerasuriya, Ananda ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MERCER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood nerve barrier; Blood nerve interface; Capillary; Endoneurial fluid; Endoneurial hydrostatic pressure; Endothelium; Nerve microenvironment; Perineurium; Peripheral neuropathy

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER; CARRIER PROTEIN; CHLORIDE ION; CLAUDIN 1; CLAUDIN 3; CLAUDIN 5; ENDONEURIAL ALBUMIN; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 1; LEVO TYPE AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1; MONOCARBOXYLATE ACID TRANSPORTER 1; MYELIN; OX 26 ANTIGEN; POTASSIUM ION; PROTEIN LAT 1; SERUM ALBUMIN; SODIUM ION; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; AGING; ALLERGIC NEUROPATHY; BLOOD NERVE BARRIER; BODY FLUID; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CELL CELL SIGNALING; CELL MATRIX SIGNALING; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; COLD INJURY; CRUSH TRAUMA; DEMYELINATION; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; EDEMA; ENDONEURIAL CAPILLARY; ENDONEURIAL EDEMA; ENDONEURIAL FLUID; ENDONEURIAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; ENDONEURIAL MICROENVIRONMENT; ENDONEURIAL WATER CONTENT; ENDONEURIUM; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FLOW KINETICS; GLIA LIMITING MEMBRANE; GRAY MATTER; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HEAT INJURY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LEAD POISONING; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MENINX; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROENVIRONMENT; MICROVASCULATURE; MYELINATED NERVE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE ENDING; NERVE FIBER; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVE SHEATH; NERVE TRANSECTION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NONMYELINATED NERVE; ONCOTIC PRESSURE; OSMOTIC PRESSURE; PERINEURIAL PERMEABILITY; PERINEURIUM; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SCHWANN CELL; SENSORY NERVE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPINAL GANGLION; SPINAL ROOT; T LYMPHOCYTE; TIGHT JUNCTION; WATER CONTENT; WHITE MATTER;

AGING; ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSELS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LEAD POISONING; PERIPHERAL NERVES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; TRAUMA, NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 79954450586     PISSN: 00016322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0783-x     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Abbott NJ (2000) Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability. Cell Mol Neurobiol 20:131-147 (Pubitemid 30091452)
2. Abbott NJ (2002) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability. J Anat 200:629-638 (Pubitemid 34823054)
3. Aguayo AJ, Charron L, Bray GM (1976) Potential of Schwann cells from unmyelinated nerves to produce myelin: a quantitative ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. J Neurocytol 5:565-573
4. Aijaz S, Balda MS, Matter K (2006) Tight junctions: molecular architecture and function. Int Rev Cytol 248:261-298 (Pubitemid 43238173)
5. Allt G, Lawrenson JG (2000) The blood-nerve barrier: enzymes, transporters and receptors-a comparison with the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res Bull 52:1-12 (Pubitemid 30211621)
6. Arvidson B (1979) A study of the perineurial diffusion barrier of a peripheral ganglion. Acta Neuropathol 46:139-144 (Pubitemid 9246612)
7. Asbury AK, Arnason B G W, Adams RD (1969) The inflammatory lesion in idiopathic polyneuritis: its role in pathogenesis. Medicine 48:173-215
8. Ask P, Levitan H, Robinson PJ, Rapoport SI (1983) Peripheral nerve as an osmometer: role of the perineurium in frog sciatic nerve. Am J Physiol 244: C75-C81 (Pubitemid 13138380)
9. Balda MS, Matter K (2008) Tight junctions at a glance. J Cell Sci 121:3677-3682
10. Ballin R H M, Thomas PK (1968) Electron microscopic observations on demyelination and remyelination in allergic neuritis. I. Demyelination. J Neurol Sci 8:1-8
11. Bell MA, Wedell A G M (1984) A morphometric study of intrafascicular vessels in mammalian sciatic nerve. Muscle Nerve 7:524-534 (Pubitemid 14038819)
12. Betz AL, Firth JA, Goldstein GW (1980) Polarity of the blood-brain barrier: distribution of enzymes between the luminal and antiluminal membranes of brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res 193:17-28 (Pubitemid 10102183)
13. Boddingius J (1984) Ultrastructural and histophysiological studies on the blood-nerve barrier and perineurial barrier in leprosy neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol 64:282-296 (Pubitemid 14004750)
14. Bradley WG, Asbury AK (1970) Duration of synthesis phase in neurilemmal cells in mouse sciatic nerve during degeneration. Exp Neurol 26:275-282
15. Brown WF, Feasby TE (1984) Conduction block and denervation in Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 107:219-239 (Pubitemid 14162910)
16. Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Cerami A (1986) Trapped immunoglobulins on peripheral nerve myelin from patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35:999-1003 (Pubitemid 16029819)
17. Bundgaard M, Frokjaer-Jensen J (1982) Functional aspects of the ultrastructure of terminal blood vessels: a quantitative study on consecutive segments of the frog mesenteric microvasculature. Microvasc Res 23:1-30 (Pubitemid 12203279)
18. Bunge MB, Wood PM, Tynan LB, Bates ML, Sanes JR (1989) Perineurium originates from fibroblasts: demonstration in vitro with a retroviral marker. Science 243:229-231 (Pubitemid 19035361)
19. Burkel WE (1967) The histological fine structure of perineurium. Anat Rec 158:177-190
20. Calcutt NA, Allendorfer KL, Mizisin AP et al (2003) Therapeutic efficacy of sonic hedgehog protein in experimental diabetic neuropathy. J Clin Invest 111:507-514 (Pubitemid 36228008)
21. Choi YK, Kim K-W (2008) Blood-neural barrier: its diversity ad coordinated cell-to-cell communication. BMB Rep 41:345-352 (Pubitemid 351793225)
22. Crone C, Levitt DG (1984) Capillary permeability to small solutes. In: Renkin EM, Michel CC (eds). Handbook of physiology. The cardiovascular system, vol 4. Microcirculation. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 411-466
23. Crowley NR, Nelson SL, Weerasuriya A, Black AC (1996) Endoneurial hydrostatic pressure in rat sciatic nerve during development. Soc Neurosci Abstr 22:772
24. Dyck PJ, Karnes J, Lais A, Lofgren EP, Stevens JC (1984) Pathologic alterations of the peripheral nervous system of humans. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, Bunge R (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 760-870
25. Dyck PJ, Windebank AJ, Low PA, Baumann WJ (1980) Blood-nerve barrier in rat and cellular mechanisms of lead-induced segmental demyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 139:700-709 (Pubitemid 11194558)
26. Eaton RP, Qualls C, Bicknell J, Sibbitt WL Jr, King MM, Griffey RH (1996) Structure-function relationships within peripheral nerves in diabetic neuropathy: the hydration hypothesis. Diabetologia 39:439-446 (Pubitemid 26093872)
27. Enerback L, Olsson Y, Sourander P (1965) Mast cells in normal and sectioned peripheral nerve. Z Zellforsch 66:596-608
28. Farquhar MG, Palade GE (1963) Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J Cell Biol 17:375-412
29. Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF et al (1986) An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 109:1115-1126 (Pubitemid 17212981)
30. Forcier NJ, Mizisin AP, Rimmer MA, Powell HC (1991) Cellular pathology of the nerve microenvironment in galactose intoxication. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:235-255
31. Fraher JP (1999) The transitional zone and CNS regeneration. J Anat 194:161-182 (Pubitemid 29191836)
32. Froehner SC, Davies A, Baldwin SA, Lienhard GE (1988) The blood-nerve barrier is rich in glucose transporter. J Neurocytol 17:173-178
33. Gerhart DZ, Drewes LR (1990) Glucose transporters at the blood-nerve barrier are associated with perineurial cells and endoneurial microvessels. Brain Res 508:46-50 (Pubitemid 20042063)
34. Goyer RA (1971) Lead toxicity: a problem of environmental pathology. Am J Pathol 64:167-182
35. Graham AR, Johnson PC (1985) Direct immunofluorescence findings in peripheral nerve from patients with diabetic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 17:450-454 (Pubitemid 15019983)
36. Griffey RH, Eaton RP, Gasparovic C, Sibbitt W (1987) Galactose neuropathy. Structural changes evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Diabetes 36:776-778
37. Griffey RH, Eaton RP, Sibbitt WL Jr, Bicknell JM (1988) Diabetic neuropathy. Structural analysis of nerve hydration by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. JAMA 18:2872-2878 (Pubitemid 18266032)
38. Griffin JW (2001) Vasculitic neuropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 27:751-760 (Pubitemid 33054991)
39. Grotte G (1956) Passage of dextran molecules across the blood-lymph barrier. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 211:1-84
40. Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Steele A, Lovgren DS, Berry J (1988) Demyelination and axonal regeneration in Lewis rat experimental allergic neuritis depend on myelin dosage. Lab Invest 59:115-125
41. Haller FR, Low FN (1971) The fine structure of the peripheral nerve root sheath in the subarachnoid space in the rat and other laboratory animals. Am J Anat 131:1-19
42. Haller FR, Haller C, Low FN (1972) The fine structure of cellular layers and connective tissue space at spinal nerve root attachment in the rat. Am J Anat 133:109-123
43. Hartung HP, Toyka KV (1990) T cell and macrophage activation in experimental autoimmune neuritis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27: S57-S63 (Pubitemid 20178657)
44. Hirakawa H, Okajima S, Nagaoka T, Takamatsu T, Oyamada M (2003) Loss and recovery of the blood-nerve barrier in the rat sciatic nerve after crush injury are associated with expression of intercellular junctional proteins. Exp Cell Res 284:196-210 (Pubitemid 36324528)
45. Jacobs JM, Macfarlane RM, Cavanagh JB (1976) Vascular leakage in the dorsal root ganglia of the rat studied with horseradish peroxidase. J Neurol Sci 29:95-107
46. Jakobsen J (1978) Peripheral nerve in early experimental diabetes: expansion of the endoneurial space as a cause of increased water content. Diabetologia 14:113-119 (Pubitemid 8277519)
47. Jakobsen J, Malmgren L, Olsson Y (1978) Permeability of the blood-brain barrier in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Exp Neurol 60:277-285 (Pubitemid 8358537)
48. Jessen KR, Mirsky R (1999) Schwann cells and their precursors emerge as major regulators of nerve development. TINS 22:402-410 (Pubitemid 29453645)
49. Jessen KR, Mirsky R, Morgan L (1987) Axonal signals regulate the differentiation of non-myelin-forming Schwann cells: an immunohistochemical study of galactocerebroside in transected and degenerating nerves. J Neurosci 7:3362-3369
50. Jiang Y, Calcutt NA, Ramos KM, Mizisin AP (2006) Novel sites of aldose reductase immunolocalization in normal and streptozotocindiabetic rats. J Peripher Nerv Syst 11:274-285 (Pubitemid 44730217)
51. Johnson PC (1983) Thickening of the human dorsal root ganglion perineurial cell basement membrane in diabetes mellitus. Muscle Nerve 6:561-565 (Pubitemid 13014079)
52. Kalichman MW, Myers RR (1991) Transperineurial vessel constriction in an edematous neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:408-418
53. Kalichman MW, Powell HC, Calcutt NA, Mizisin AP (1995) Mast cell degranulation and blood-nerve barrier permeability in rat sciatic nerve after 7 days of hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol 268: H740-H748
54. Kanda T, Numata Y, Mizusawa H (2004) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: decreased claudin-5 and relocated ZO-1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:765-769 (Pubitemid 38526691)
55. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000) Principles of neural science, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
56. Karnovsky MJ (1970) Morphology of capillaries with special reference to muscle capillaries. In: Crone C, Lassen NA (eds) Capillary permeability. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 341-350
57. Kido Y, Yamai I, Okamoto M, Susuki F, Tsuji A (2000) Functional clarification of MCT1-mediated transport of monocarboxylic acids at the blood-brain barrier using in vitro cultured cells and in vivo BUI studies. Pharm Res 17:55-62 (Pubitemid 30121100)
58. Kihara M, Schmelzer JD, Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Nickander KK, Low PA (1991) Aminoguanidine effects on nerve blood flow, vascular permeability, electrophysiology, and oxygen free radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6107-6111 (Pubitemid 21914895)
59. King R H M, Llewelyn JG, Thomas PK, Gilbey SG, Watkins PJ (1989) Diabetic neuropathy: abnormalities of Schwann cell and perineurial basal laminae. Implications for diabetic vasculopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 15:339-355 (Pubitemid 19208154)
60. Krinke G, Schaumberg HH, Spencer PS, Suter J, Thomann P, Hess R (1981) Pyridoxine megavitimanosis produces degeneration of peripheral sensory neurons (sensory neuronopathy) in the dog. Neurotoxicology 2:13-24 (Pubitemid 12210511)
61. Kristensson K, Olsson Y (1971) The perineurium as a diffusion barrier to protein tracers: differences between mature and immature animals. Acta Neuropathol 17:127-138
62. Krnjevic K (1954) Some observations on perfused frog sciatic nerves. J Physiol 123:338-356
63. Krnjevic K (1955) The distribution of Na and K in cat nerves. J Physiol 128:473-488
64. Lampert PW (1969) Mechanisms of demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis: electron microscopic studies. Lab Invest 20:127-138
65. Landis EM, Pappenheimer JR (1963) Exchange of substances through the capillary wall. In: Hamilton WF, Dow P (eds) Handbook of physiology, Circulation, section 2, vol II. American Physiological Society, Washington DC, pp 961-1034
66. Latker CH, Wadhwani KC, Balbo A, Rapoport SI (1991) Blood-nerve barrier in the frog during Wallerian degeneration: are axons necessary for maintenance of barrier function? J Comp Neurol 309:650-664
67. Lo EH, Broderick JP, Moskowitz MA (2004) tPA and proteolysis in the neurovascular unit. Stroke 35:354-356 (Pubitemid 38174404)
68. Lok J, Gupta P, Guo S et al (2007) Cell-cell signaling in the neurovascular unit. Neurochem Res 32:2032-2045 (Pubitemid 350059847)
69. Low FN (1976) The perineurium and connective tissue of peripheral nerve. In: Landon DN (ed) The peripheral nerve. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 159-187
70. Low PA (1981) In vitro study of acute elevations of endoneurial pressure in mammalian peripheral nerve sheath. Exp Neurol 74:160-169 (Pubitemid 11007517)
71. Low PA (1985) Endoneurial potassium is increased and enhances spontaneous activity in regenerating mammalian nerve fibers. Implications for neuropathic positive symptoms. Muscle Nerve 8:27-33 (Pubitemid 16121846)
72. Low PA, Dyck PJ (1977) Increased endoneurial fluid pressure in experimental lead neuropathy. Nature 269:427-428 (Pubitemid 8232784)
73. Low PA, Dyck PJ, Schmelzer JD (1982) Chronic elevation of endoneurial fluid pressure is associated with low-grade fiber pathology. Muscle Nerve 5:162-165 (Pubitemid 12135489)
74. Low PA, Marchand G, Knox F, Dyck PJ (1977) Measurement of endoneurial fluid pressure with polyethylene matrix capsule. Brain Res 122:373-377 (Pubitemid 8039044)
75. Low PA, Tuck RR (1984) Effects of changes in blood pressure, respiratory acidosis and hypoxia on blood flow in the sciatic nerve of the rat. J Physiol 347:513-524
76. Lundborg G (1988) Nerve injury and repair. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
77. Mackenzie ML, Ghabriel MN, Allt G (1987) The blood-nerve barrier: an in vivo lanthanum tracer study. J Anat 154:27-37
78. Madrid RE, Wisniewski HM (1977) Axonal degeneration in demyelinating disorders. J Neurocytol 6:103-117 (Pubitemid 8021790)
79. Magnani P, Cherian PV, Gould GW, Greene DA, Sima AA, Brosius FF III (1996) Glucose transporters in rat peripheral nerve: paranodal expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3. Metabolism 45:1466-1473 (Pubitemid 26424573)
80. Malinovsky L (1996) Sensory nerve formations in the skin and their classification. Microsc Res Tech 34:283-301 (Pubitemid 26240151)
81. McCabe JS, Low FN (1969) The subarachnoid angle: an area of transition in peripheral nerve. Anat Rec 164:15-33
82. Mellick RS, Cavanagh JB (1967) Longitudinal movement of radio-iodinated albumin within extravascular spaces of peripheral nerves following three systems of trauma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 30:458-463
83. Meyer J, Mischeck U, Veyhl M, Henzel K, Galla H-J (1990) Blood-brain barrier characteristic enzymatic properties in cultured brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res 514:305-309 (Pubitemid 20151381)
84. Mizisin AP, Kalichman MW (1993) Permeability and surface area of the blood-nerve barrier in galactose intoxication. Brain Res 618:109-114 (Pubitemid 23212809)
85. Mizisin AP, Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA, Myers RR, Powell HC (1993) Decreased endoneurial fluid electrolytes in normal rat sciatic nerve after aldose reductase inhibition. J Neurol Sci 116:67-72 (Pubitemid 23144796)
86. Mizisin AP, Kalichman MW, Myers RR, Powell HC (1990) Role of the blood-nerve barrier in experimental nerve edema. Toxicol Pathol 18:170-185 (Pubitemid 20198806)
87. Mizisin AP, Myers RR, Heckman HM, Powell HC (1988) Dosedependence of endoneurial fluid sodium and chloride accumulation in galactose intoxication. J Neurol Sci 86:113-124
88. Mizisin AP, Powell HC (1993) Schwann cell injury is attenuated by aldose reductase inhibition in galactose intoxication. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:78-86 (Pubitemid 23016642)
89. Mizisin AP, Powell HC (2003) Diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In: Gries FA, Cameron NE, Low PA, Ziegler D (eds) Textbook of diabetic neuropathy. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 83-87
90. Mizisin AP, Powell HC, Myers RR (1986) Edema and increased endoneurial sodium in galactose neuropathy. Reversal with an aldose reductase inhibitor. J Neurol Sci 74:35-43 (Pubitemid 16114463)
91. Mizisin AP, Powell HC, Myers RR (1986) Endoneurial sodium accumulation in galactosemic rat nerves. Muscle Nerve 9:440-444 (Pubitemid 16114583)
92. Myers RR, Heckman HM, Powell HC (1983) Endoneurial fluid in hypertonic. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42:217-224
93. Myers RR, James HC, Powell HC (1985) Laser injury of peripheral nerve: a model for focal endoneurial damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48:1265-1268 (Pubitemid 16229410)
94. Myers RR, Mizisin AP, Powell HC, Lampert PW (1982) Reduced nerve blood flow in hexachlorophene neuropathy. Relationship to elevated endoneurial fluid pressure. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 41:391-399 (Pubitemid 12041236)
95. Myers RR, Murakami H, Powell HC (1986) Reduced nerve blood flow in edematous neuropathies-a biochemical mechanism. Microvasc Res 32:145-151 (Pubitemid 16017152)
96. Myers RR, Powell HC (1984) Galactose neuropathy: impact of chronic endoneurial edema on nerve blood flow. Ann Neurol 16:587-594 (Pubitemid 15211694)
97. Myers RR, Powell HC, Costello ML, Lampert PW, Zweifach BW (1978) Endoneurial fluid pressure: direct measurement with micropipettes. Brain Res 148:510-515
98. Myers RR, Powell HC, Heckman HM, Costello ML, Katz J (1981) Biophysical and pathological effects of cryogenic nerve lesion. Ann Neurol 10:478-485 (Pubitemid 11029789)
99. Myers RR, Powell HC, Shapiro HM, Costello ML, Lampert PW (1980) Changes in endoneurial fluid pressure, permeability and peripheral nerve ultrastructure in experimental lead neuropathy. Ann Neurol 8:392-401 (Pubitemid 11238286)
100. Myers RR, Rydevik BL, Heckman HM, Powell HC (1988) Proximo-distal gradient in endoneurial fluid pressure. Exp Neurol 102:368-370 (Pubitemid 19005602)
101. Ohi T, Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Dyck PJ (1985) Quantitative methods for detection of blood-nerve barrier alterations in experimental animal models of neuropathy. Exp Neurol 90:365-372 (Pubitemid 16225321)
102. Ohara S, Ikuta F (1985) On the occurrence of the fenestrated vessels in Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nerve. Acta Neuropathol 68:259-262 (Pubitemid 16230802)
103. Ohi T, Poduslo JF, Dyck PJ (1985) Increased endoneurial albumin in diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurology 35:1790-1791 (Pubitemid 16222769)
104. Ohtsuki S, Tachikawa M, Takanaga H et al (2002) The blood-brain carrier creatine transporter is a major pathway for supplying creatine to the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:1327-1335 (Pubitemid 35285090)
105. Olsson Y (1966) Studies on vascular permeability in peripheral nerve. I. Distribution of circulating fluorescent serum albumin in normal, crushed and sectioned rat sciatic nerve. Acta Neuropathol 7:1-15
106. Olsson Y (1968) Topographical differences in the vascular permeability of the peripheral nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 10:26-33
107. Olsson Y (1984) Vascular permeability in the peripheral nervous system. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, Bunge R (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 579-597
108. Olsson Y (1990) Microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. Critical Rev Neurobiol 5:265-311 (Pubitemid 20128523)
109. Olsson Y, Kristensson K (1971) Permeability of blood vessels and connective tissue sheaths in the peripheral nervous system to exogenous proteins. Acta Neuropathol 5 (Suppl 5):61-69
110. Olsson Y, Reese TS (1971) Permeability of vasa nervorum and perineurium in mouse sciatic nerve studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 30:105-119
111. Orte C, Lawrenson JG, Finn TM, Reid AR, Allt G (1999) A comparison of blood-brain barrier and blood-nerve barrier endothelial cell markers. Anat Embryol 199:509-517 (Pubitemid 29204424)
112. Pappenheimer JR (1953) Passage of molecules through capillary walls. Physiol Rev 33:387-423
113. Parmantier E, Lynn B, Lawson D et al (1999) Schwann cellderived desert hedgehog controls the development of peripheral nerve sheaths. Neuron 23:713-724 (Pubitemid 29411561)
114. Pellegrino RG, Politis MJ, Ritchie JM, Spencer PS (1986) Events in degenerating cat peripheral nerve: induction of Schwann cell S phase and its relation to nerve fiber degeneration. J Neurocytol 15:17-28 (Pubitemid 16138120)
115. Peters A, Palay SL, De F Webster H (1991) The fine structure of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 384-394
116. Peters T (1975) Serum albumin. In: Putnam FW (ed) The plasma proteins. Academic Press, New York, pp 131-181
117. Poduslo JF, Curran GL (1992) Increased permeability across the blood-nerve barrier of albumin glycated in vitro and in vivo from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2218-2222
118. Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Dyck PJ (1988) Increase in albumin, IgG and IgM blood-nerve barrier indices in human diabetic neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4879-4883
119. Poduslo JF, Dyck PJ, Berg CT (1985) Regulation of myelination: Schwann cell transition from a myelin-maintaining state to a quiescent state after permanent nerve transection. J Neurochem 44:388-400 (Pubitemid 15196070)
120. Poduslo JF, Low PA, Nickander KK, Dyck PJ (1985) Mammalian endoneurial fluid: collection and protein analysis from normal and crushed nerves. Brain Res 332:91-102 (Pubitemid 15107086)
121. Polydefkis M, Griffin JW, McArthur J (2003) New insights into diabetic polyneuropathy. JAMA 290:1371-1376 (Pubitemid 37442635)
122. Powell DW (1981) Barrier function of epithelia. Am J Physiol 241: G275-G288
123. Powell HC, Braheny SL, Myers RR, Rodriguez M, Lampert PW (1983) Early changes in experimental allergic neuritis. Lab Invest 48:332-338 (Pubitemid 13110829)
124. Powell HC, Costello ML, Myers RR (1981) Galactose neuropathy. Permeability studies, mechanism of edema, and mast cell abnormalities. Acta Neuropathol 55:89-95 (Pubitemid 12239981)
125. +-dependent p-nitro-phenylphosphatase in rat peripheral nerve. Acta Neuropathol 81:529-539
126. Powell HC, Myers RR (1989) The blood-nerve barrier and the pathological significance of nerve edema. In: Neuwelt EA (ed) Implications of the blood-brain barrier and its manipulation, vol 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp 199-212
127. Powell HC, Myers RR (2004) Impact of inflammatory disease on the nerve microenvironment. J Neurol Sci 220:131-132 (Pubitemid 38622113)
128. Powell HC, Myers RR, Costello ML (1980) Increased endoneurial fluid pressure following injection of histamine and compound 48/80 into rat peripheral nerves. Lab Invest 43:564-572 (Pubitemid 11209844)
129. Powell HC, Myers RR, Costello ML, Lampert PW (1979) Endoneurial fluid pressure in Wallerian degeneration. Ann Neurol 5:550-557 (Pubitemid 9183595)
130. Powell HC, Myers RR, Lampert PW (1982) Changes in Schwann cells and vessels in lead neuropathy. Am J Pathol 109:193-205 (Pubitemid 13234154)
131. Powell HC, Myers RR, Mizisin AP, Olle T, Brostoff SW (1991) Response of the axon and barrier endothelium to experimental allergic neuritis induced by autoreactive T cell lines. Acta Neuropathol 82:364-377
132. Powell HC, Olee T, Brostoff SW, Mizisin AP (1991) Comparative histology of experimental allergic neuritis induced with minimum length neuritogenic peptides by adoptive transfer with sensitized cells or direct sensitization. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:658-674
133. Prineas JW, Spencer PS (1975) Pathology of the nerve cell body in disorders of the peripheral nervous system. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 253-295
134. Pummi KP, Heape AM, Grenman RA, Peltonen J T K, Peltonen SA (2004) Tight junction proteins ZO-1, occluding, and claudins in developing and adult human perineurium. J Histochem Cytochem 52:1037-1046 (Pubitemid 38982192)
135. Rapoport SI (1976) Blood-brain barrier in physiology and medicine. Raven Press, New York
136. Rechthand E, Smith QR, Latker CH, Rapoport SI (1987) Altered blood-nerve barrier permeability to small molecules in experimental diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 46:302-314 (Pubitemid 17069795)
137. Rechthand E, Smith QR, Rapoport SI (1985) Facilitated transport of glucose from blood into peripheral nerve. J Neurochem 45:957-964 (Pubitemid 15010931)
138. Rechthand E, Smith QR, Rapoport SI (1987) Transfer of nonelectrolytes from blood into peripheral nerve endoneurium. Am J Physiol 252: H1175-H1182
139. Renkin EM (1977) Multiple pathways of capillary permeability. Circ Res 41:735-743 (Pubitemid 8242775)
140. Rippe B, Haraldsson B (1987) How are macromolecules transported across the capillary wall? News Physiol Sci 2:135-138
141. Ross MH, Reith EJ (1969) Perineurium: evidence for contractile elements. Science 165:604-605
142. Rossiter RJ (1961) The chemistry of Wallerian degeneration. In: Folch-Pi J (ed) Chemical pathology of the nervous system. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 207-227
143. Rubenstein A, Arbit E (1990) Spinal cord blood flow in the rat under normal physiological conditions. Neurosurgery 27:882-886
144. Rundquist I, Smith QR, Michael ME, Ask P, Oberg PA, Rapoport SI (1985) Sciatic nerve blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and [14C] iodoantipyrine. Am J Physiol 248: H311-H317 (Pubitemid 15106942)
145. Said G, Slama G, Selva J (1983) Progressive centripetal degeneration of axons in small fiber type diabetic polyneuropathy. A clinical and pathological study. Brain 106:791-807 (Pubitemid 14245083)
146. Saida K, Kawakami H, Ohta M, Iwamura K (1997) Coagulation and vascular abnormalities in Crow-Fukase syndrome. Muscle Nerve 20:486-492 (Pubitemid 27154640)
147. Saito T, Zhang Z, Ohtsubo T et al (2001) Homozygous disruption of the mdr1a p-glycoprotein gene affects blood-nerve barrier function in mice administered with neurotoxic drugs. Acta Otolaryngol 121:735-742 (Pubitemid 32964366)
148. Sano Y, Shimuzu F, Nakayama H et al (2007) Endothelial cells constituting blood-nerve barrier have highly specialized characteristics as barrier-forming cells. Cell Struct Funct 32:139-147 (Pubitemid 351483586)
149. Sasaki H, Schmelzer JD, Zollman PJ, Low PA (1997) Neuropathology and blood flow of nerve, spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia in longstanding diabetic rats. Acta Neuropathol 93:118-128 (Pubitemid 27060903)
150. Schmelzer JD, Low PA (1988) The effects of hyperbaric oxygenation and hypoxia on the blood-nerve barrier. Brain Res 473:321-326 (Pubitemid 19008244)
151. Seneviratne KN (1972) Permeability of blood-nerve barriers in the diabetic rat. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:156-162
152. Shanthaveerappa TS, Bourne GH (1962) The 'perineurial epithelium', a metabolically active, continuous, protoplasmic cell barrier surrounding peripheral nerve fasciculi. J Anat 96:527-537
153. Shanthaveerappa TS, Bourne GH (1966) Perineurial epithelium: a new concept of its role in the integrity of the peripheral nervous system. Science 154:1464-1467
154. Sharghi-Namini S, Turmaine M, Meier C et al (2006) The structural and functional integrity of peripheral nerves depends on the glial-derived signal desert hedgehog. J Neurosci 26:6364-6376
155. Shelton KR, Egle PM (1982) The proteins of lead-induced intranuclear inclusion bodies. J Biol Chem 257:11802-11807 (Pubitemid 13218647)
156. Shimizu F, Yasuteru S, Masa-aki A et al (2010) Peripheral nerve pericytes modify the blood-nerve barrier function and tight junctional molecules through the secretion of various soluble factors. J Cell Physiol. doi:10.1002/jcp. 22337
157. Shinowara NL, Michel ME, Rapoport SI (1982) Morphological correlates of permeability in the frog perineurium: vesicles and transcellular channels. Cell Tissue Res 227:11-22 (Pubitemid 13178566)
158. Sima A A F, Hay K (1981) Functional aspects and pathogenetic considerations of the neuropathy in the spontaneously diabetic BB-Wistar rat. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 7:341-350 (Pubitemid 12246973)
159. Sima A A F, Robertson DM (1978) The perineurial and blood-nerve barriers in experimental diabetes. Acta Neuropathol 44:189-195 (Pubitemid 9086333)
160. Smith CE, Atchabahian A, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA (2001) Development of the blood-nerve barrier in neonatal rats. Microsurgery 21:290-297 (Pubitemid 33049293)
161. Smith ME, Jones TA, Hilton D (1998) Vascular endothelial cadherin is expressed by perineurial cells of peripheral nerve. Histopathology 32:411-413 (Pubitemid 28231373)
162. Soderfeldt B (1974) The perineurium as a diffusion barrier to protein tracers. Influence of histamine, serotonine and bradykinine. Acta Neuropathol 27:55-60
163. Spencer PS, Weinberg HJ, Raines CS (1975) The perineurial window-a new model of focal demyelination and remyelination. Brain Res 96:323-329
164. Steed E, Balda MS, Matter K (2009) Dynamics and functions of tight junctions. TICB. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2009.12.002
165. Stoll G, Griffin JW, Li CY, Trapp BD (1989) Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system: participation of both Schwann cells and macrophages in myelin degradation. J Neurocytol 18:671-683 (Pubitemid 20001442)
166. Stoll G, Jander S, Myers RR (2002) Degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system: from August Waller's observation on neuroinflammation. J Peripher Nerv Syst 7:13-27 (Pubitemid 34246034)
167. Stoll G, Trapp BD, Griffin JW (1989) Macrophage function during Wallerian degeneration of rat optic nerve: clearance of degenerating myelin and Ia expression. J Neurosci 9:2327-2335 (Pubitemid 19193565)
168. Sunderland S (1946) The effect of rupture of the perineurium on the contained nerve fibres. Brain 69:149-152
169. Sunderland S (1978) Nerves and nerve injury. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
170. Tamara A, Asano T, Sano K (1978) Measurement of spinal cord blood flow in rabbits: central gray matter flow and CO2 reactivity. No To Shinkei 30:383-386 (Pubitemid 8300277)
171. Taylor AE, Granger DN (1984) Exchange of macromolecules across the microcirculation. In: Renkin EM, Michel CC (eds). Handbook of physiology, section 2, The cardiovascular system, vol 4, Microcirculation. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 467-520
172. Terry S, Nie M, Matter K, Balda MS (2010) Rho signaling and tight junction functions. Physiology 25:16-26
173. Thomas PK, Bhagat S (1978) The effect of extraction of the intrafascicular contents of peripheral nerve trunks on perineurial structure. Acta Neuropathol 43:135-141 (Pubitemid 8407048)
174. Tsao JW, George EB, Griffin JW (1999) Temperature modulation reveals three distinct stages of Wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci 19:4718-4726 (Pubitemid 29270107)
175. Tserentsoodol N, Shin BC, Koyama H, Suzuki T, Takata K (1999) Immunolocalization of tight junction proteins, occludin and ZO-1, and GLUT1 in the cells of the blood-nerve barrier. Arch Histol Cytol 62:459-469 (Pubitemid 30095573)
176. Vorbrodt AW, Dobrogowska DH, Lossinsky AS (1994) Ultracytochemical studies of the effects of aluminum on the blood-brain barrier of mice. J Histochem Cytochem 42:203-212 (Pubitemid 24042237)
177. Wadhwani KC, Casper-Velu LE, Murphy VA, Smith QR, Kador PF, Rapoport SI (1989) Prevention of nerve edema and increased blood-nerve barrier permeability-surface area product in galactosemic rats by aldose reductase or thromboxane synthesis inhibitors. Diabetes 38:1469-1477 (Pubitemid 19271731)
178. Wadhwani KC, Koistinaho J, Balbo A, Rapoport SI (1991) Blood-nerve and blood-brain barrier permeabilities and nerve vascular space in Fischer-344 rats of different ages. Mech Ageing Dev 58:177-190
179. Wadhwani KC, Latker CH, Balbo A, Rapoport SI (1989) Perineurial permeability and endoneurial edema during Wallerian degeneration of the frog peripheral nerve. Brain Res 493:231-239 (Pubitemid 19183141)
180. Waxman BH, Adams RD (1955) Allergic neuritis: experimental disease of rabbits induced by the injection of peripheral nervous tissue and adjuvants. J Exp Med 102:213-236
181. Weber C, Fraemohs L, Dejana E (2007) The role of junctional adhesion molecules in vascular inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 7:467-477 (Pubitemid 46834851)
182. Weerasuriya A (1987) Permeability of endoneurial capillaries to K, Na, and Cl and its relation to peripheral nerve excitability. Brain Res 419:188-196 (Pubitemid 17153408)
183. Weerasuriya A (1988) Patterns of change in endoneurial capillary permeability and vascular space during Wallerian degeneration. Brain Res 445:181-187 (Pubitemid 18074718)
184. Weerasuriya A (1990) Permeabilities of endoneurial capillaries and perineurium of rat sciatic nerve to 22Na during development. Physiologist 33: A-100
185. Weerasuriya A (1993) Changes in the permeability coefficient - surface area product (PS) of the blood-nerve interface (BNI) to sodium in degenerating and regenerating rat sciatic nerve. 11th Biennial Meeting of the Peripheral Nerve Study Group, Aachen, Germany
186. Weerasuriya A (2005) Blood-nerve interface and endoneurial homeostasis. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, 4th edn. Elsevier, New York, pp 651-665
187. Weerasuriya A, Coath G, Crowley N (1996) Endoneurial Na concentration and hydrostatic pressure in galactose neuropathy. FASEB J 10: A764
188. Weerasuriya A, Curran GL, Poduslo JF (1989) Blood-nerve transfer of albumin and its implications for the endoneurial microenvironment. Brain Res 494:114-121 (Pubitemid 19200975)
189. Weerasuriya A, Curran GL, Poduslo JF (1990) Developmental changes in blood-nerve transfer of albumin and endoneurial albumin content in rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 521:40-46 (Pubitemid 20208732)
190. Weerasuriya A, Curran GL, Poduslo JF (1990) Physiological changes in the sciatic nerve endoneurium of lead intoxicated rats: a model of endoneurial homeostasis. Brain Res 517:1-6 (Pubitemid 20207212)
191. Weerasuriya A, Hockman CH (1992) Perineurial permeability to sodium during Wallerian degeneration in rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 581:327-333
192. Weerasuriya A, Nelson SL, Crowley NR (1998) Evidence for endoneurial fluid flow from endoneurial hydrostatic pressure measurements in transected and crushed rat sciatic nerves. Soc Neurosci Abstr 24:267
193. Weerasuriya A, Rapoport SI (1986) Endoneurial capillary permeability to [14C] sucrose in frog sciatic nerve. Brain Res 375:150-156 (Pubitemid 16095375)
194. Weerasuriya A, Rapoport SI, Taylor RE (1979) Modification of permeability of frog perineurium to [14C] sucrose by stretch and hypertonicity. Brain Res 173:503-512 (Pubitemid 9235680)
195. Weerasuriya A, Rapoport SI, Taylor RE (1980) Ionic permeabilities of the frog perineurium. Brain Res 191:405-415 (Pubitemid 10103915)
196. Weerasuriya A, Rapoport SI, Taylor RE (1980) Perineurial permeability increases during Wallerian degeneration. Brain Res 192:581-585 (Pubitemid 10112630)
197. Weiss P, Wang H, Taylor AC, Edds MV (1945) Proximo-distal fluid convection in the endoneurial spaces of peripheral nerves, demonstrated by colored and radioactive (isotope) tracers. Am J Physiol 143:521-540
198. Williams PL, Hall SM (1971) Chronic Wallerian degeneration-an in vivo and ultrastructural study. J Anat 109:487-503
199. Willison HJ (2005) The immunobiology of Guillain-Barre syndromes. J Peripher Nerv Syst 10:94-112
200. Windebank AJ, Dyck PJ (1984) Lead intoxication as a model of primary segmental demyelination. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, Bunge R (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 650-665
201. Windebank AJ, McCall JT, Hunder HG, Dyck PJ (1980) The endoneurial content of lead related to the onset and severity of segmental demyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39:692-699 (Pubitemid 11194557)
202. Wisniewski H, Terry RD, Whitaker JN, Cook SD, Dowling PC (1969) Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. A primary demyelinating disease. Arch Neurol 21:269-276
203. Zhou L, Griffin JW (2003) Demyelinating polyneuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 16:307-313
204. Yousef N, Xia RH, Ubogu EE (2010) Development and characterization of a novel human in vitro blood-nerve barrier model using primary endoneurial endothelial cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:82-97
205. Zochodne DW (2002) Nerve and ganglion blood flow: an appraisal. Int Rev Neurobiol 50:161-202