Activatable T 1 and T 2 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1335-1348

  Tu, Chuqiao ^a   Osborne, Elizabeth A ^b   Louie, Angelique Y ^a  

^a Davis   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Activatable; Contrast agent; Gadolinium; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Relaxivity; Responsive

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATABLE; BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL PROCESS; CONTRAST AGENT; COORDINATED WATER; DIAGNOSIS TOOLS; IN-VIVO; INTENSIVE RESEARCH; LIGAND DESIGN; LIGAND STRUCTURE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST AGENTS; METAL CENTERS; MICROENVIRONMENTS; MRI CONTRAST AGENTS; PARAMETER CHANGES; RELAXIVITY; RESIDENCE TIME; RESPONSIVE; ROTATIONAL CORRELATION TIME; WATER MOLECULE;

GADOLINIUM; LIGANDS; METAL IONS; MOLECULES; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; RESONANCE; SPHERES;

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

CONTRAST MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; ENZYME; GADOLINIUM; METAL; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND;

CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; LUMINESCENCE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PH; REVIEW;

CONTRAST MEDIA; ENZYMES; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LUMINESCENCE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; METALS; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION;

EID: 79954422191     PISSN: 00906964     EISSN: 15739686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0270-0     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. S Aime M Botta M Fasano E Terreno 1993 Paramagnetic gd-iii-fe-iii heterobimetallic complexes of dtpa-bis-salicylamide Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 49 1315 1322 10.1016/0584-8539(93)80039-D
2. S Aime P Caravan 2009 Biodistribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents, including gadolinium deposition J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 30 1259 1267 10.1002/jmri.21969 19938038
3. S Aime F Fedeli A Sanino E Terreno 2006 A r2/r1 ratiometric procedure for a concentration-independent, pH-responsive, Gd(III)-based MRI agent J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 11326 11327 10.1021/ja062387x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xot1Khu7o%3D 16939235 (Pubitemid 44338806)
4. MM Ali M Woods P Caravan ACL Opina M Spiller JC Fettinger AD Sherry 2008 Synthesis and relaxometric studies of a dendrimer-based pH-responsive MRI contrast agent Chem. Eur. J. 14 7250 7258 10.1002/chem.200800402 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVGrt7fK
5. G Angelovski P Fouskova I Mamedov S Canals E Toth NK Logothetis 2008 Smart magnetic resonance imaging agents that sense extracellular calcium fluctuations ChemBioChem. 9 1729 1734 10.1002/cbic.200800165 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXpsVynsrc%3D 18604834
6. T Atanasijevic M Shusteff P Fam A Jasanoff 2006 Calcium-sensitive MRI contrast agents based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and calmodulin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 14707 14712 10.1073/pnas.0606749103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVyhtrfI 17003117 (Pubitemid 44527794)
7. G Berkovic V Krongauz V Weiss 2000 Spiropyrans and spirooxazines for memories and switches Chem. Rev. 100 1741 1753 10.1021/cr9800715 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsFyhtr8%3D 11777418
8. A Bogdanov Jr. L Matuszewski C Bremer A Petrovsky R Weissleder 2002 Oligomerization of paramagnetic substrates result in signal amplification and can be used for mr imaging of molecular targets Mol. Imaging 1 16 23 10.1162/153535002753395671 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsFagtw%3D%3D 12920857
9. AA Bogdanov M Querol JW Chen 2007 Visualization of the enzymatic activity in living systems using activated nmr contrast agents Biofizika 52 389 400 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntVyqsbo%3D 17633527
10. CS Bonnet E Toth 2010 Smart MR imaging agents relevant to potential neurologic applications Am. J. Neuroradiol. 31 401 409 10.3174/ajnr.A1753 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c7ot1emtw%3D%3D 19833798
11. MO Breckwoldt JW Chen L Stangenberg E Aikawa E Rodriguez SM Qiu MA Moskowitz R Weissleder 2008 Tracking the inflammatory response in stroke in vivo by sensing the enzyme myeloperoxidase Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 105 18584 18589 10.1073/pnas.0803945105 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVOltb7F 19011099
12. MM Britton 2010 Magnetic resonance imaging of chemistry Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 4036 4043 10.1039/b908397a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlShtb%2FF 20508883
13. Brown, M. A.; and R. C. Semelka. MRI: Basic Principles and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell/John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
14. QZ Cao WB Cai G Niu LN He XY Chen 2008 Multimodality imaging of il-18-binding protein-fc therapy of experimental lung metastasis Clin. Cancer Res. 14 6137 6145 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0049 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtF2nurvJ 18829492
15. P Caravan 2006 Strategies for increasing the sensitivity of gadolinium based MRI contrast agents Chem. Soc. Rev. 35 512 523 10.1039/b510982p 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvFOitLo%3D 16729145 (Pubitemid 43815285)
16. P Caravan JJ Ellison TJ McMurry RB Lauffer 1999 Gadolinium(III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: structure, dynamics, and applications Chem. Rev. 99 2293 2352 10.1021/cr980440x 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlt12rsrg%3D 11749483 (Pubitemid 30498114)
17. KWY Chan WT Wong 2007 Small molecular gadolinium(III) complexes as MRI contrast agents for diagnostic imaging Coord. Chem. Rev. 251 2428 2451 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.018 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVeqs73I
18. 2O) for tracing gene expression Bioconjugate Chem. 18 1716 1727 10.1021/bc070019s 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFOitLvI (Pubitemid 350219968)
19. JW Chen MO Breckwoldt E Aikawa G Chiang R Weissleder 2008 Myeloperoxidase-targeted imaging of active inflammatory lesions in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Brain 131 1123 1133 10.1093/brain/awn004 18234693 (Pubitemid 351499418)
20. JW Chen W Pham R Weissleder A Bogdanov 2004 Human myeloperoxidase: a potential target for molecular mr imaging in atherosclerosis Magn. Reson. Med. 52 1021 1028 10.1002/mrm.20270 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVeqs77K 15508166 (Pubitemid 39453274)
21. JW Chen MQ Sans A Bogdanov R Weissleder 2006 Imaging of myeloperoxidase in mice by using novel amplifiable paramagnetic substrates Radiology 240 473 481 10.1148/radiol.2402050994 16864673 (Pubitemid 44098644)
22. SR Cherry AY Louie RE Jacobs 2008 The integration of positron emission tomography with magnetic resonance imaging Proc. IEEE 96 416 438 10.1109/JPROC.2007.913502 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjt1Wiur8%3D
23. NYC Chu 1983 Photochromism of spiroindolinonaphthoxazine.1. Photophysical properties Can. J. Chem. 61 300 305 10.1139/v83-054 1:CAS:528: DyaL3sXhsFaks7o%3D
24. V Comblin D Gilsoul M Hermann V Humblet V Jacques M Mesbahi C Sauvage JF Desreux 1999 Designing new mri contrast agents: a coordination chemistry challenge Coord. Chem. Rev 185-186 451 470 10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00028-4
25. DP Cormode T Skajaa ZA Fayad WJM Mulder 2009 Nanotechnology in medical imaging probe design and applications Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29 992 1000 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.165506 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntVymt7k%3D 19057023
26. A Datta KN Raymond 2009 Gd-hydroxypyridinone (hopo)-based high-relaxivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents Acc. Chem. Res. 42 938 947 10.1021/ar800250h 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvV2ktrs%3D 19505089
27. LM De Leon-Rodriguez AJM Lubag CR Malloy GV Martinez RJ Gillies AD Sherry 2009 Responsive MRI agents for sensing metabolism in vivo Acc. Chem. Res. 42 948 957 10.1021/ar800237f 19265438
28. JR de Wet KV Wood M DeLuca DR Helinski S Subramani 1987 Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 725 737 3821727 (Pubitemid 17004537)
29. 3+ complexes J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 13 35 46 10.1007/s00775-007-0296-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitF2ksrY%3D 17874148 (Pubitemid 350198010)
30. JA Duimstra FJ Femia TJ Meade 2005 A gadolinium chelate for detection of beta-glucuronidase: a self-immolative approach J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 12847 12855 10.1021/ja042162r 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpt1Witro%3D 16159278 (Pubitemid 41339169)
31. AC Esqueda JA López G Andreu-de-Riquer JC Alvarado-Monzón J Ratnakar AJM Lubag AD Sherry LM De León-Rodríguez 2009 A new gadolinium-based MRI zinc sensor J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 11387 11391 10.1021/ja901875v 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovFaisr0%3D 19630391
32. L Frullano C Catana T Benner AD Sherry P Caravan 2010 Bimodal MR-PET agent for quantitative ph imaging Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 2382 2384 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjslGltLo%3D
33. ML Garcia-Martin GV Martinez N Raghunand A Dean Sherry S Zhang RJ Gillies 2006 High resolution phe imaging of rat glioma using pH-dependent relaxivity Magn. Reson. Med. 55 309 315 10.1002/mrm.20773 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvVSqsrY%3D 16402385 (Pubitemid 43238099)
34. CF Geraldes S Laurent 2009 Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging Contrast Med. Mol. Imaging 4 1 23 10.1002/cmmi.265 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivFejtbo%3D
35. K Hanaoka 2010 Development of responsive lanthanide-based magnetic resonance imaging and luminescent probes for biological applications Chem. Pharm. Bull. 58 1283 1294 10.1248/cpb.58.1283 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFKms7rK 20930392
36. AS Harney TJ Meade 2010 Molecular imaging of in vivo gene expression Future Med. Chem. 2 503 519 10.4155/fmc.09.168 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktVOqsLY%3D 21426178
37. KB Hartman S Laus RD Bolskar R Muthupillai L Helm E Toth AE Merbach LJ Wilson 2008 Gadonanotubes as ultrasensitive pH-smart probes for magnetic resonance imaging Nano Lett. 8 415 419 10.1021/nl0720408 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXptl2juw%3D%3D 18215084 (Pubitemid 351345992)
38. Hermann, P.; J. Kotek, V. Kubicek, and I. Lukes. Gadolinium(III) complexes as MRI contrast agents: ligand design and properties of the complexes. Dalton Trans. 3027-3047, 2008.
39. AT Hoye JE Davoren P Wipf MP Fink VE Kagan 2008 Targeting mitochondria Acc. Chem. Res. 41 87 97 10.1021/ar700135m 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvVSjtQ%3D%3D 18193822
40. F Hyodo BP Soule KI Matsumoto S Matusmoto JA Cook E Hyodo AL Sowers MC Krishna JB Mitchell 2008 Assessment of tissue redox status using metabolic responsive contrast agents and magnetic resonance imaging J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 60 1049 1060 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0011 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptFCjsLs%3D 18644197
41. Jacques, V.; and J. F. Desreux. Topics in Current Chemistry: Contrast Agents I, Vol. 221. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 123-164, 2002.
42. N Kamaly AD Miller JD Bell 2010 Chemistry of tumour targeted t-1 based MRI contrast agents Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 10 1158 1183 10.2174/ 156802610791384199 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpslSlsrw%3D 20388110
43. LK Klaidman AC Leung JD Adams 1995 High-performance liquid-chromatography analysis of oxidized and reduced pyridine dinucleotides in specific brain-regions Anal. Biochem. 228 312 317 10.1006/abio.1995.1356 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXntFWru7c%3D 8572312
44. V Kubíček T Vitha J Kotek P Hermann LV Elst RN Muller I Lukeš JA Peters 2010 Towards MRI contrast agents responsive to Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions: metal-induced oligomerization of DOTA-bisphosphonate conjugates Contrast Med. Mol. Imaging 5 294 296 10.1002/cmmi.386
45. W-H Li SE Fraser TJ Meade 1999 A calcium-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 1413 1414 10.1021/ja983702l 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsFymsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29104085)
46. A Louie 2010 Multimodality imaging probes: design and challenges Chem. Rev. 110 3146 3195 10.1021/cr9003538 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFOqsr4%3D 20225900
47. AY Louie MM Huber ET Ahrens U Rothbacher R Moats RE Jacobs SE Fraser TJ Meade 2000 In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging Nat. Biotechnol. 18 321 325 10.1038/73780 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVyru7c%3D 10700150 (Pubitemid 30159486)
48. JL Major RM Boiteau TJ Meade 2008 Mechanisms of ZnII-activated magnetic resonance imaging agents Inorg. Chem. 47 10788 10795 10.1021/ic801458u 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Kiu7jN 18928280
49. JL Major TJ Meade 2009 Bioresponsive, cell-penetrating, and multimeric MR contrast agents Acc. Chem. Res. 42 893 903 10.1021/ar800245h 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsVOlurs%3D 19537782
50. JL Major G Parigi C Luchinat TJ Meade 2007 The synthesis and in vitro testing of a zinc-activated MRI contrast agent Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 13881 13886 10.1073/pnas.0706247104 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVWisrzE 17724345 (Pubitemid 350003305)
51. DA Mankoff 2007 A definition of molecular imaging J. Nucl. Med. 48 18N 21N 17536102
52. RP Mason S Ran PE Thorpe 2002 Quantitative assessment of tumor oxygen dynamics: molecular imaging for prognostic radiology J Cell Biochem 39 45 53 10.1002/jcb.10404 (Pubitemid 36176554)
53. 3+ complexes: an attempt towards calcium-sensitive mri contrast agents Inorg. Chem. 47 1370 1381 10.1021/ic7017456 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitFegtg%3D%3D 18166011
54. RA Moats SE Fraser TJ Meade 1997 A "smart" magnetic resonance imaging agent that reports on specific enzymatic activity Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36 726 728 10.1002/anie.199707261 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtVajtrk%3D
55. M Nahrendorf D Sosnovik JW Chen P Panizzi JL Figueiredo E Aikawa P Libby FK Swirski R Weissleder 2008 Activatable magnetic resonance imaging agent reports myeloperoxidase activity in healing infarcts and noninvasively detects the antiinflammatory effects of atorvastatin on ischemia-reperfusion injury Circulation 117 1153 1160 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.756510 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXitlyrs7k%3D 18268141 (Pubitemid 351552019)
56. M Nahrendorf DE Sosnovik P Waterman FK Swirski AN Pande E Aikawa JL Figueiredo MJ Pittet R Weissleder 2007 Dual channel optical tomographic imaging of leukocyte recruitment and protease activity in the healing myocardial infarct Circ. Res. 100 1218 1225 10.1161/01.RES.0000265064.46075.31 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktlOhs7c%3D 17379832 (Pubitemid 46684135)
57. EA Osborne BR Jarrett C Tu AY Louie 2010 Modulation of T2 relaxation time by light-induced, reversible aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 5934 5935 10.1021/ja100254m 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVans78%3D 20373802
58. TN Parac-Vogt LV Elst K Kimpe S Laurent C Burtéa F Chen RV Deun Y Ni RN Muller K Binnemans 2006 Pharmacokinetic and in vivo evaluation of a self-assembled gadolinium(III)-iron(II) contrast agent with high relaxivity Contrast Med. Mol. Imaging 1 267 278 10.1002/cmmi.114 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXpsV2mtA%3D%3D
59. J Paris C Gameiro V Humblet PK Mohapatra V Jacques JF Desreux 2006 Auto-assembling of ditopic macrocyclic lanthanide chelates with transition-metal ions. Rigid multimetallic high relaxivity contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging Inorg. Chem. 45 5092 5102 10.1021/ic0603050 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xlt1Snsbo%3D 16780331
60. D Patel A Kell B Simard B Xiang HY Lin G Tian 2011 The cell labeling efficacy, cytotoxicity and relaxivity of copper-activated MRI/PET imaging contrast agents Biomaterials 32 1167 1176 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.013 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVOntb3K 21035183
61. E Pérez-Mayoral V Negri J Soler-Padrós S Cerdán P Ballesteros 2008 Chemistry of paramagnetic and diamagnetic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy: pH responsive contrast agents Eur. J. Radiol. 67 453 458 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.048 18455343
62. WJ Powers RL Grubb D Darriet ME Raichle 1985 Cerebral blood-flow and cerebral metabolic-rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 5 600 608 1:STN:280: DyaL28%2FjsVagsw%3D%3D 3877067 (Pubitemid 16218236)
63. MJ Preigh MT Stauffer FT Lin SG Weber 1996 Anodic oxidation mechanism of a spiropyran J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 92 3991 3996 10.1039/ft9969203991 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvVymtrg%3D (Pubitemid 126789632)
64. EL Que CJ Chang 2010 Responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents as chemical sensors for metals in biology and medicine Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 51 60 10.1039/b914348n 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFGrsrvO 20023836
65. EL Que E Gianolio SL Baker AP Wong S Aime CJ Chang 2009 Copper-responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 8527 8536 10.1021/ja900884j 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXms1ent7s%3D 19489557
66. M Querol DG Bennett C Sotak HW Kang A Bogdanov 2007 A paramagnetic contrast agent for detecting tyrosinase activity ChemBioChem. 8 1637 1641 10.1002/cbic.200700157 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFGmtr7E 17694521 (Pubitemid 47523663)
67. M Querol A Bogdanov 2006 Amplification strategies in mr imaging: activation and accumulation of sensing contrast agents (scas) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 24 971 982 10.1002/jmri.20724 17024658 (Pubitemid 44658232)
68. Querol, M.; and A. Bogdanov, Jr. Environment-sensitive and enzyme-sensitive MR contrast agents. In: Molecular imaging II. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 185/II, edited by W. Semmler, and M. Schwaiger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008, pp. 37-57.
69. M Querol JW Chen AA Bogdanov 2006 A paramagnetic contrast agent with myeloperoxidase-sensing properties Org. Biomol. Chem. 4 1887 1895 10.1039/b601540a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksFequ7k%3D 16688334
70. M Querol JW Chen R Weissleder A Bogdanov 2005 DTPA-bisamide-based MR sensor agents for peroxidase imaging Org. Lett. 7 1719 1722 10.1021/ol050208v 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1Ojtro%3D 15844889 (Pubitemid 40685347)
71. E Rodriguez M Nilges R Weissleder JW Chen 2010 Activatable magnetic resonance imaging agents for myeloperoxidase sensing: mechanism of activation, stability, and toxicity J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 168 177 10.1021/ja905274f 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFaju7nK 19968300
72. JA Ronald JW Chen YX Chen AM Hamilton E Rodriguez F Reynolds RA Hegele KA Rogers M Querol A Bogdanov R Weissleder BK Rutt 2009 Enzyme-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging targeting myeloperoxidase identifies active inflammation in experimental rabbit atherosclerotic plaques Circulation 120 592 599 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.813998 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFylurY%3D 19652086
73. VM Runge 2010 Advances in diagnostic radiology Invest. Radiol. 45 823 826 10.1097/RLI.0b013e31820244fa
74. PZ Sun ZB Schoening A Jasanoff 2003 In vivo oxygen detection using exogenous hemoglobin as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance microscopy Magn. Reson. Med. 49 609 614 10.1002/mrm.10405 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1Wlt7Y%3D 12652529 (Pubitemid 36389968)
75. E Terreno DD Castelli A Viale S Aime 2010 Challenges for molecular magnetic resonance imaging Chem. Rev. 110 3019 3042 10.1021/cr100025t 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltFChurw%3D 20415475
76. É Tóth RD Bolskar A Borel G González L Helm AE Merbach B Sitharaman LJ Wilson 2004 Water-soluble gadofullerenes: toward high-relaxivity, pH-responsive MRI contrast agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 799 805 10.1021/ja044688h
77. Toth, E.; L. Helm, and A. E. Merbach. Topics in Current Chemistry: Contrast Agents I, Vol. 221. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 61-101, 2002.
78. Tu, C. Q.; and A. Y. Louie. Photochromically-controlled, reversibly-activated MRI and optical contrast agent. Chem. Commun. 1331-1333, 2007. (Pubitemid 46465987)
79. CQ Tu XC Ma P Pantazis SM Kauzlarich AY Louie 2010 Paramagnetic, silicon quantum dots for magnetic resonance and two-photon imaging of macrophages J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 2016 2023 10.1021/ja909303g 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosFyntQ%3D%3D 20092250
80. C Tu R Nagao AY Louie 2009 Multimodal magnetic-resonance/optical-imaging contrast agent sensitive to nadh Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 6547 6551 10.1002/anie.200900984 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVWiu7zK
81. CQ Tu EA Osborne AY Louie 2009 Synthesis and characterization of a redox- and light-sensitive MRI contrast agent Tetrahedron 65 1241 1246 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.020 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptl2hsg%3D%3D 20126289
82. R Uppal P Caravan 2010 Targeted probes for cardiovascular MRI Future Med. Chem. 2 451 470 10.4155/fmc.09.154 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktVOqsLs%3D 20539821
83. O Veiseh JW Gunn MQ Zhang 2010 Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62 284 304 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXit1Ont7s%3D 19909778
84. GV Velde V Baekelandt T Dresselaers U Himmelreich 2009 Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy methods for molecular imaging Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 53 565 585
85. AJL Villaraza A Bumb MW Brechbiel 2010 Macromolecules, dendrimers, and nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging: the interplay between size, function, and pharmacokinetics Chem. Rev. 110 2921 2959 10.1021/cr900232t 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkt1amtA%3D%3D 20067234
86. R Weissleder MJ Pittet 2008 Imaging in the era of molecular oncology Nature 452 580 589 10.1038/nature06917 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktFCgt7Y%3D 18385732 (Pubitemid 351483372)
87. EJ Werner A Datta CJ Jocher KN Raymond 2008 High-relaxivity MRI contrast agents: where coordination chemistry meets medical imaging Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 8568 8580 10.1002/anie.200800212 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVShsrzI
88. PM Winter SD Caruthers GM Lanza SA Wickline 2010 Quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance for molecular imaging J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 12 62 10.1186/1532-429X-12-62 21047411
89. WF Yuan L Sun HH Tang YQ Wen G Jiang W Huang L Jiang YL Song H Tian DB Zhu 2005 A novel thermally stable spironaphthoxazine and its application in rewritable high density optical data storage Adv. Mater. 17 156 160 10.1002/adma.200400953 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht12ltLw%3D (Pubitemid 40242463)
90. SR Zhang KC Wu AD Sherry 1999 A novel pH-sensitive MRI contrast agent Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 3192 3194 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38: 21<3192::AID-ANIE3192>3.0.CO;2-# 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXns1aqsbg%3D (Pubitemid 29533893)
91. JF Zhi R Baba K Hashimoto A Fujishima 1995 Photoelectrochromic properties of a spirobenzopyran derivative J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 92 91 97 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04167-0 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXhtVSgtL3K