Nosocomial infections and multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms in the pediatric intensive care unit

Indian Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 176-184

  McGrath, Eric J ^a,b   Asmar, Basim I ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacterial; Multidrug resistant; Nosocomial infection; PICU; Prevention

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CARBAPENEM; CARBAPENEMASE; CEFAZOLIN; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE; GENTAMICIN; LINEZOLID; METRONIDAZOLE; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; RIFAMPICIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CATHETER INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; LUNG LAVAGE; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

CATHETER-RELATED INFECTIONS; CHILD; CROSS INFECTION; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, PEDIATRIC; PNEUMONIA, VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS;

EID: 79953836810     PISSN: 00195456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-010-0253-4     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Banerjee SN et al. Incidence of pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit-acquired infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(6):561-70. (Pubitemid 44023390)
2. Toltzis P et al. Meropenem use and colonization by antibioticresistant Gram-negative bacilli in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(1):49-54.
3. Foglia EE, Fraser VJ, Elward AM. Effect of nosocomial infections due to antibiotic-resistant organisms on length of stay and mortality in the pediatric intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(3):299-306. (Pubitemid 46480728)
4. Lin YC et al. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients of a pediatric intensive care unit and high carriage rate among health care workers. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007;40(4):325-34.
5. Milstone AM et al. Unrecognized burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus carriage in the pediatric intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(12):1174-6.
6. Singhi S et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in a pediatric intensive care unit. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75(1):25-30. (Pubitemid 351723121)
7. Baltimore RS. Neonatal nosocomial infections. Semin Perinatol. 1998;22(1):25-32. (Pubitemid 28162327)
8. Grohskopf LA et al. A national point-prevalence survey of pediatric intensive care unit-acquired infections in the United States. J Pediatr. 2002;140(4):432-8. (Pubitemid 34494315)
9. Herruzo CR, Garcia G, Garcia MP, et al. Nosocomial infection and its impact on the stay in neonatal intensive care unit (1988- 1991). Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr). 1993;67:153-63.
10. Lodha R et al. Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;68(11):1063-70. (Pubitemid 33612152)
11. Simon A, Bindl L, Kramer MH. Surveillance of nosocomial infections: Prospective study in a pediatric intensive care unit. Background, patients and methods. Klin Pädiatr. 2000;212(1):2-9. (Pubitemid 30121011)
12. Sohn AH et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: Results from the first national pointprevalence survey. J Pediatr. 2001;139(6):821-7. (Pubitemid 34014461)
13. Safdar N, Maki DG. The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobialresistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(11):834-44. (Pubitemid 34568654)
14. Playford EG, Craig JC, Iredell JR. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care unit patients: Risk factors for acquisition, infection and their consequences. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(3):204-11.
15. Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: Mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82-9. (Pubitemid 43054219)
16. Smith MJ. Catheter-related bloodstream infections in children. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(10):S173 e1-3.
17. Kilgore M, Brossette S. Cost of bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(10):S172 e1-3.
18. Odetola FO et al. Nosocomial catheter-related bloodstream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit: Risk and rates associated with various intravascular technologies. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4(4):432-6.
19. Edwards JR et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Report, data summary for 2006 through 2007, issued November 2008. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(9):609-26.
20. Elward AM, Fraser VJ. Risk factors for nosocomial primary bloodstream infection in pediatric intensive care unit patients: A 2- year prospective cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(6):553-60. (Pubitemid 44023389)
21. Yogaraj JS, Elward AM, Fraser VJ. Rate, risk factors, and outcomes of nosocomial primary bloodstream infection in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Pediatrics. 2002;110(3):481-5. (Pubitemid 34976674)
22. Singh-Naz N et al. Risk factors for nosocomial infection in critically ill children: A prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(5):875-8. (Pubitemid 26155734)
23. Grisaru-Soen G et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit: 3-year survey. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(6):CR251-7. (Pubitemid 46855569)
24. Richards MJ et al. Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Pediatrics. 1999;103(4):e39.
25. Mermel LA et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):1-45.
26. Rybak MJ et al. Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: A summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(3):325-7.
27. Mayhall C. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins; 2004.
28. Services, D.o.H.a.H. 02/13/02 cited; Available from: Www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/hip/NNIS/members/pneumonia/Final/PneuCriteriaFinal.pdf.
29. Foglia E, Meier MD, Elward A. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(3):409-25. table of contents. (Pubitemid 47175011)
30. Zingg W, Posfay-Barbe KM, Pittet D. Healthcare-associated infections in neonates. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21(3):228-34. (Pubitemid 351620376)
31. Coffin SE, Zaoutis TE. Healthcare-associated Infections. In: Sarah LP, Long S, Prober CG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Churchill Livingston, an imprint of Elsevier Science; 2008. p. 577-87.
32. Elward AM, Warren DK, Fraser VJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: Risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):758-64. (Pubitemid 34493339)
33. Srinivasan R et al. A prospective study of ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4):1108-15.
34. Babcock HM et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a multihospital system: Differences in microbiology by location. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24(11):853-8. (Pubitemid 37516817)
35. The use of systemic fluoroquinolones. Pediatrics. 2006;118 (3):1287-92.
36. Silverman JA et al. Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: In vitro modeling and clinical impact. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(12):2149-52. (Pubitemid 40800587)
37. Sastre JB et al. Urinary tract infection in the newborn: Clinical and radio imaging studies. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(10):1735-41. (Pubitemid 47337429)
38. Zaoutis TE, Coffin SE. Clinical syndromes of device-associated infections. In: Sarah LP, Long S, Prober CG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Churchill Livingston, an imprint of Elsevier Science; 2008. p. 587-99.
39. Riddle DJ, Dubberke ER. Clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23(3):727-43.
40. Alam S, Mushtaq M. Antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. Indian Pediatr. 2009;46(6):491-6.
41. Miller MB, Gilligan PH. Mechanisms and detection of antimicrobial resistance. In: Sarah LP, Long S, Prober CG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Churchill Livingston, an imprint of Elsevier Science; 2008. p. 1392-403.
42. Creel AM et al. Severe invasive community-associated methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in previously healthy children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(3):323-7.
43. Haslam DB, St. Geme JW. Enterococcus species. In: Sarah LP, Long S, Prober CG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Churchill Livingston, an imprint of Elsevier Science; 2009. p. 716-9.
44. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(4):657-86.
45. Neuhauser MM et al. Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units: Implications for fluoroquinolone use. Jama. 2003;289(7):885-8. (Pubitemid 37430348)
46. Doi Yet al. Community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(7):1121-3. (Pubitemid 47048102)
47. Guidance for control of infections with carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in acute care facilities. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(10):256-60.
48. Marchaim D et al. Isolation of imipenem-resistant Enterobacter species: Emergence of KPC-2 carbapenemase, molecular characterization, epidemiology, and outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1413-8. (Pubitemid 351522007)
49. Bradford PA et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella species possessing the class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing KPC-2 and inhibitor-resistant TEM-30 beta-lactamases in New York City. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(1):55-60. (Pubitemid 38879549)
50. Perez F et al. Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51 (10):3471-84. (Pubitemid 47519332)
51. Siegel RE. Emerging gram-negative antibiotic resistance: Daunting challenges, declining sensitivities, and dire consequences. Respir Care. 2008;53(4):471-9.
52. Maragakis LL, Perl TM. Acinetobacter baumannii: Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(8):1254-63. (Pubitemid 351589912)
53. Doi Y et al. Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(6):980-2.
54. Falagas ME et al. Intravenous colistimethate (colistin) use in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(2):123-7.
55. Li J et al. Colistin: The re-emerging antibiotic for multidrugresistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(9):589-601.
56. Motaouakkil S et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect. 2006;53(4):274-8. (Pubitemid 44391062)
57. Li J et al. Antibiograms of multidrug-resistant clinical Acinetobacter baumannii: Promising therapeutic options for treatment of infection with colistin-resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45 (5):594-8. (Pubitemid 47328640)
58. Axline SG, Yaffe SJ, Simon HJ. Clinical pharmacology of antimicrobials in premature infants. II. Ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, neomycin, and colistin. Pediatrics. 1967;39(1):97-107.
59. Li J et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;52(6):987-92. (Pubitemid 38008420)
60. Reed MD et al. The pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(6):645-54. (Pubitemid 32493359)
61. Das I et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 2002;50(2):110-4. (Pubitemid 37554888)
62. Ergani-Ozcan A et al. Nosocomial outbreak of vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium in a paediatric unit at a Turkish university hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(5):1033-9. (Pubitemid 351524445)
63. Simmonds A et al. Outbreak of Acinetobacter infection in extremely low birth weight neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(3):210-4.
64. Singh N et al. Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(7):646-9. (Pubitemid 41073406)