The evolving role of adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 79-91

  Gadducci, Angiolo ^a   Greco, Carlo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adjuvant; Chemotherapy; Endometrial cancer; Radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; GESTAGEN; PACLITAXEL;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMA; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DRUG EFFICACY; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPHADENECTOMY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SALPINGOOOPHORECTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOUND DEHISCENCE;

CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT;

EID: 79953305893     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.03.009     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Boyle P., Leon M.E., Maisonneuve P., Autier P. Cancer control in women. Update 2003. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003, 83(Suppl. 1):179-202.
2. Cancer facts and Figures 2008. American Cancer Society; Atlanta: 2006. Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005/results_single/sect_01_table.01.pdf.
3. Prat J., Gallardo A., Cuatrecasas M., Catasús L. Endometrial carcinoma: pathology and genetics. Pathology 2007, 39:72-87.
4. Doll A., Abal M., Rigau M., et al. Novel molecular profiles of endometrial cancer-new light through old windows. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008, 108:221-229.
5. Creasman W.T., Odicino F., Maisonneuve P., et al. Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006, 95(Suppl. 1):S105-S143.
6. Koul A., Willén R., Bendahl P.O., Nilbert M., Borg A. Distinct sets of gene alterations in endometrial carcinoma implicate alternate modes of tumorigenesis. Cancer 2002, 94:2369-2379.
7. Moreno-Bueno G., Sánchez-Estévez C., Cassia R., et al. Differential gene expression profile in endometrioid and nonendometrioid endometrial carcinoma: STK15 is frequently overexpressed and amplified in nonendometrioid carcinomas. Cancer Res 2003, 63:5697-5702.
8. Santin A.D., Bellone S., Van Stedum S., et al. Amplification of c-erbB2 oncogene: a major prognostic indicator in uterine serous papillary carcinoma. Cancer 2005, 104:1391-1397.
9. Catasus L., Gallardo A., Cuatrecasas M., Prat J. PIK3CA mutations in the kinase domain (exon 20) of uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas are associated with adverse prognostic parameters. Mod Pathol 2008, 21:131-139.
10. Yalta T., Atay L., Atalay F., Caydere M., Gonultas M., Ustun H. E-cadherin expression in endometrial malignancies: comparison between endometrioid and non-endometrioid carcinomas. J Int Med Res 2009, 37:163-168.
11. Bansal N., Yendluri V., Wenham R.M. The molecular biology of endometrial cancers and the implications for pathogenesis, classification, and targeted therapies. Cancer Control 2009, 16:8-13.
12. Boronow R.C. Surgical staging of endometrial cancer: evolution, evaluation, and responsible challenge-a personal perspective. Gynecol Oncol 1997, 66:179-189.
13. Brémond A., Bataillard A., Thomas L., et al. Standards, options and recommendations for the surgical management of carcinoma of the endometrium. Bull Cancer 2001, 88:181-198.
14. ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65 August 2005: management of endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 106:413-425.
15. Gadducci A., Cosio S., Genazzani A.R. Old and new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006, 58:242-256.
16. Creasman W. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009, 105:109.
17. Aalders J.G., Thomas G. Endometrial cancer-revisiting the importance of pelvic and para aortic lymph nodes. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 104:222-231.
18. Kilgore L.C., Partridge E.E., Alvarez R.D., et al. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: survival comparisons of patients with and without pelvic node sampling. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:29-33.
19. Benedetti Panici P., Maneschi F., Cutillo G., D' Andrea G., Manci N., Rabitti C. Anatomical and pathological study of retroperitoneal nodes in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998, 8:322-327.
20. Mariani A., Webb M.J., Galli L., Podratz K.C. Potential therapeutic role of para-aortic lymphadenectomy in node-positive endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2000, 76:348-356.
21. Candiani G.B., Belloni C., Maggi R., Colombo G., Frigoli A., Carinelli S.G. Evaluation of different surgical approaches in the treatment of endometrial cancer at FIGO stage I. Gynecol Oncol 1990, 37:6-8.
22. Cragun J.M., Havrilesky L.J., Calingaert B., et al. Retrospective analysis of selective lymphadenectomy in apparent early-stage endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:3668-3675.
23. Benedetti Panici P., Basile S., Maneschi F., et al. Systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy vs. no lymphadenectomy in early-stage endometrial carcinoma: randomized clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1707-1716.
24. Kitchener H., Swart A.M., Qian Q., Amos C., Parmar M.K. Efficacy of systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer (MRC ASTEC trial): a randomised study. Lancet 2009, 373:125-136. ASTEC study group.
25. Hakmi A. Lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. Lancet 2009, 373:1169.
26. Amant F., Neven P., Vergote I. Lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. Lancet 2009, 373:1169-1170.
27. Creasman W.T., Mutch D.E., Herzog T.J. ASTEC lymphadenectomy and radiation therapy studies: are conclusions valid?. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 116:293-294.
28. Amant F., Moerman P., Neven P., Timmerman D., Van Limbergen E., Vergote I. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005, 366:491-505.
29. Susini T., Massi G., Amunni G., et al. Vaginal hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy for treatment of endometrial cancer in the elderly. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005, 60:302-303.
30. Magrina J.F. Outcomes of laparoscopic treatment for endometrial cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005, 17:343-346.
31. Nezhat F., Yadav J., Rahaman J., Gretz H., Cohen C. Analysis of survival after laparoscopic management of endometrial cancer. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008, 15:181-187.
32. Walker L., Piedmonte M., Spirtos N., et al. Surgical staging of uterine cancer: randomized phase III trial of laparoscopy versus laparotomy-a Gynecologic Oncology Study (GOG): preliminary results [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(18S):5010.
33. Miller D.S., King L.P. Gynecologic oncology group trials in uterine corpus malignancies: recent progress. J Gynecol Oncol 2008, 19:218-222.
34. Seamon L.G., Cohn D.E., Richardson D.L., et al. Robotic hysterectomy and pelvic-aortic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2008, 112:1207-1213.
35. Peiretti M., Zanagnolo V., Bocciolone L., et al. Robotic surgery: changing the surgical approach for endometrial cancer in a referral cancer center. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009, 16:427-431.
36. Holloway R.W., Ahmad S., DeNardis S.A., et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer: analysis of surgical performance. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 115:447-452.
37. Boruta D.M., Gehrig P.A., Fader A.N., Olawaiye A.B. Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 115:142-153.
38. Aalders J., Abeler V., Kolstad P., Onsrud M. Postoperative external irradiation and prognostic parameters in stage I endometrial carcinoma: clinical and histopathologic study of 540 patients. Obstet Gynecol 1980, 56:419-427.
39. Creutzberg C.L., van Putten W.L., Koper P.C., et al. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. PORTEC Study Group. Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma. Lancet 2000, 355:1404-1411.
40. Creutzberg C.L., van Putten W.L., Koper P.C., et al. Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial. Gynecol Oncol 2003, 89:201-209.
41. Creutzberg C.L., van Putten W.L., Koper P.C., et al. The morbidity of treatment for patients with Stage I endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 51:1246-1255.
42. Keys H.M., Roberts J.A., Brunetto V.L., et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2004, 92:744-751.
43. Soderini A., Anchezar J.P., Sardi J.E. Role of adjuvant (RT) in intermediate risk (Ib-G2-3-1c) endometrioid carcinoma after extended staging surgery (ESS). Preliminary reports of a randomized trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003, 13(Suppl. 1). [78 Abstract P0147].
44. Kong A., Johnson N., Cornes P., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage I endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, (2):CD003916.
45. Weigensberg I.J. Preoperative radiation therapy in Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. II. Final report of a clinical trial. Cancer 1984, 53:242-247.
46. Johnson N., Cornes P. Survival and recurrent disease after postoperative radiotherapy for early endometrial cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2007, 114:1313-1320.
47. Blake P., Swart A.M., Orton J., et al. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of endometrial cancer (MRC ASTEC and NCIC CTG EN.5 randomised trials): pooled trial results, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009, 373:137-146.
48. Alektiar K.M., Venkatraman E., Abu-Rustum N., Barakat R.R. Is endometrial carcinoma intrinsically more aggressive in elderly patients?. Cancer 2003, 98:2368-2377.
49. Alektiar K.M. When and how should adjuvant radiation be used in early endometrial cancer?. Semin Radiat Oncol 2006, 16:158-163.
50. Scholten A.N., van Putten W.L., Beerman H., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for Stage 1 endometrial carcinoma: long-term outcome of the randomized PORTEC trial with central pathology review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 63:834-838.
51. Alektiar K.M., McKee A., Venkatraman E., et al. Intravaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for Stage IB (FIGO Grade 1, 2) endometrial cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 53:707-713.
52. Rittenberg P.V., Lotocki R.J., Heywood M.S., Jones K.D., Krepart G.V. High-risk surgical stage 1 endometrial cancer: outcomes with vault brachytherapy alone. Gynecol Oncol 2003, 89:288-294.
53. Jolly S., Vargas C., Kumar T., et al. Vaginal brachytherapy alone: an alternative to adjuvant whole pelvis radiation for early stage endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005, 97:887-892.
54. Greven K.M., D'Agostino R.B., Lanciano R.M., Corn B.W. Is there a role for a brachytherapy vaginal cuff boost in the adjuvant management of patients with uterine-confined endometrial cancer?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 42:101-104.
55. Nout R.A., Putter H., Jürgenliemk-Schulz I.M., et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus external beam pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate risk endometrial cancer: results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial. J Clin Oncol 2008, 20(Suppl. 9):26. [Absbstr LBA5503].
56. Nout R.A., Putter H., Jürgenliemk-Schulz I.M., et al. Quality of life after pelvic radiotherapy or vaginal brachytherapy for endometrial cancer: first results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:3547-3556.
57. Salama J.K., Mundt A.J., Roeske J., Mehta N. Preliminary outcome and toxicity report of extended-field, intensity-modulated radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65:1170-1176.
58. Feuer G.A., Calanog A. Endometrial carcinoma: treatment of positive paraaortic nodes. Gynecol Oncol 1987, 27:104-109.
59. Corn B.W., Lanciano R.M., Greven K.M., et al. Endometrial cancer with para-aortic adenopathy: patterns of failure and opportunities for cure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992, 24:223-227.
60. Rose P.G., Cha S.D., Tak W.K., Fitzgerald T., Reale F., Hunter R.E. Radiation therapy for surgically proven para-aortic node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992, 24:229-233.
61. Rotman M., Aziz H., Boronow R. Insights in para-aortic radiation therapy for endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993, 26:711-712.
62. Katz L.A., Andrews S.J., Fanning J. Survival after multimodality treatment for stage IIIC endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 184:1071-1073.
63. Bristow R.E., Zahurak M.L., Alexander C.J., Zellars R.C., Montz F.J. FIGO stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma: resection of macroscopic nodal disease and other determinants of survival. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003, 13:664-672.
64. Beriwal S., Jain S.K., Heron D.E., de Andrade R.S., Lin C.J., Kim H. Dosimetric and toxicity comparison between prone and supine position IMRT for endometrial cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 67:485-489.
65. Shumsky A.G., Brasher P.M.A., Stuart G.C.E., Nation J.G. Risk-specific follow-up for endometrial carcinoma patients. Gynecol Oncol 1997, 65:379-382.
66. Podczaski E., Kaminski P., Gurski K., et al. Detection and patterns of treatment failure in 300 consecutive cases of " early" endometrial cancer after primary surgery. Gynecol Oncol 1992, 47:323-327.
67. Berchuck A., Anspach C., Evans A.C., et al. Postsurgical surveillance of patients with FIGO stage I/II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 59:20-24.
68. Reddoch J.M., Burke T.W., Morris M., Tornos C., Levenback C., Gershenson D.M. Surveillance for recurrent endometrial carcinoma: development of a follow-up scheme. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 59:221-225.
69. Owen P., Duncan I.D. Is there any value in the long-term follow up of women treated for endometrial cancer?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996, 103:710-713.
70. Agboola O.O., Grunfeld E., Coyle D., Perry G.A. Costs and benefits of routine follow-up after curative treatment for endometrial cancer. CMAJ 1997, 157:879-886.
71. Ng T.Y., Ngan H.Y., Cheng D.K., Wong L.C. Vaginal vault cytology in the routine follow-up of patients treated for endometrial carcinoma: is it useful?. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1997, 37:104-106.
72. Salvesen H.B., Akslen L.A., Iversen T., Iversen O.E. Recurrence of endometrial carcinoma and the value of routine follow up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997, 104:1302-1307.
73. Gadducci A., Cosio S., Fanucchi A., Cristofani R., Genazzani A.R. An intensive follow-up does not change survival of patients with clinical stage I endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2000, 20:1977-1984.
74. Morice P., Levy-Piedbois C., Ajaj S., et al. Value and cost evaluation of routine follow-up for patients with clinical stage I/II endometrial cancer. Eur J Cancer 2000, 37:985-990.
75. Sartori E., Laface B., Gadducci A., et al. Factors influencing survival in endometrial cancer relapsing patients: a Cooperation Task Force (CTF) study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003, 13:458-465.
76. Fung-Kee-Fung M., Dodge J., Elit L., Lukka H., Chambers A., Oliver T. Cancer care Ontario program in evidence-based care gynecology cancer disease site group follow-up after primary therapy for endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 2006, 101:520-529.
77. Morrow C.P., Bundy B.N., Kurman R.J., et al. Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 1991, 40:55-65.
78. Carey M.S., O'Connell G.J., Johanson C.R., et al. Good outcome associated with a standardized treatment protocol using selective postoperative radiation in patients with clinical stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 57:138-144.
79. Mariani A., Webb M.J., Keeney G.L., Calori G., Podratz K.C. Hematogenous dissemination in corpus cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2001, 80:233-238.
80. Mariani A., Webb M.J., Keeney G.L., Lesnick T.G., Podratz K.C. Surgical stage I endometrial cancer: predictors of distant failure and death. Gynecol Oncol 2002, 87:274-280.
81. Gadducci A., Cavazzana A., Cosio S., et al. Lymph-vascular space involvement and outer one-third myometrial invasion are strong predictors of distant haematogeneous failures in patients with stage I-II endometrioid-type endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2009, 29:1715-1720.
82. Nofech-Mozes S., Ackerman I., Ghorab Z., et al. Lymphovascular invasion is a significant predictor for distant recurrence in patients with early-stage endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2008, 129:912-917.
83. Piver M.S., Barlow J.J., Lurain J.R., Blumenson L.E. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) vs. hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Delalutin) in women with metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1980, 45:268-272.
84. Podratz K.C., O'Brien P.C., Malkasian G.D., Decker D.G., Jefferies J.A., Edmonson J.H. Effects of progestational agents in treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1985, 66:106-110.
85. Thigpen J.T., Brady M.F., Alvarez R.D., et al. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a dose-response study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:1736-1744.
86. Markman M. Hormonal therapy of endometrial cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005, 41:673-675.
87. Lewis G.C., Slack N.H., Mortel R., Bross I. Adjuvant progestagen therapy in the definitive treatment of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1974, 2:368-376.
88. Malkasian G.D., Decker D.G. Adjuvant progesterone therapy for stage I endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1978, 16:48-49.
89. MacDonald R.R., Thorogood J., Mason M.K. A randomized trial of progestogens in the primary treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Br J Ostet Gynaecol 1988, 95:166-174.
90. Vergote I., Kjorstad K., Abeler V., Kolstad P. A randomized trial of adjuvant progestagen in early endometrial cancer. Cancer 1989, 64:1011-1016.
91. De Palo G., Mangioni C., Periti P., Del Vecchio M., Marubini E. Treatment of FIGO (1971) stage I endometrial carcinoma with intensive surgery, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy according to pathological prognostic groups. Long-term results of a randomised multicentre study. Eur J Cancer 1993, 29A:1133-1140.
92. Urbański K., Karolewski K., Kojs Z., Klimek M., Dyba T. Adjuvant progestagen therapy improves survival in patients with endometrial cancer after hysterectomy. Results of one-institutional prospective clinical trial. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1993, 14(Suppl.):98-104.
93. Martin-Hirsch P.L., Jarvis G., Kitchener H., Lilford R. Progestagens for endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, (2):CD001040.
94. Trope C., Kristensen G. Current status of chemotherapy in gynaecologic cancer. Semin Oncol 1997, 24:S15-S22.
95. Aapro M.S., van Wijk F.H., Bolis G., et al. Doxorubicin versus doxorubicin and cisplatin in endometrial carcinoma: definitive results of a randomised study (55872) by the EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Group. Ann Oncol 2003, 14:441-448.
96. Thigpen J.T., Brady M.F., Homesley H.D., et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:3902-3908.
97. Fleming G.F., Brunetto V.L., Cella D., et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:2159-2166.
98. Michener C.M., Peterson G., Kulp B., Webster K.D., Markman M. Carboplatin plus paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005, 131:581-584.
99. Sovak M.A., Dupont J., Hensley M.L., et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: a large retrospective study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007, 17:197-203.
100. Mazgani M., Le N., Hoskins P.J. British Columbia Cancer Agency Reuse of carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with relapsed endometrial cancer-the British Columbia Cancer Agency experience. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 111:474-477.
101. Pectasides D., Xiros N., Papaxoinis G., et al. Carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced or metastatic endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 109:250-254.
102. Sorbe B., Andersson H., Boman K., Rosenberg P., Kalling M. Treatment of primary advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma with a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel-long-term follow-up. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008, 18:803-808.
103. Vandenput I., Vergote I., Leunen K., Berteloot P., Neven P., Amant F. Leuven dose-dense paclitaxel/carboplatin regimen in patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009, 19:1147-1151.
104. National Cancer Institute, GOG-209 Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=305940&protocolsearchid=4206096&version=healthprofessional.
105. Burke T.W., Gershenson D.M., Morris M., et al. Postoperative adjuvant cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) chemotherapy in women with high-risk endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1994, 55:47-50.
106. Hirai M., Hirono M., Oosaki T., Hayashi Y., Yoshihara T., Itami M. Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I uterine endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002, 78:37-44.
107. Aoki Y., Watanabe M., Amikura T., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy as treatment of high-risk stage I and II endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004, 94:333-339.
108. Kodama J., Seki N., Ojima Y., Nakamura K., Hongo A., Hiramatsu Y. Efficacy and prognostic implications of administering adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with endometrial cancer that is confined to the uterus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007, 131:76-80.
109. Kelly M.G., O'malley D.M., Hui P., et al. Improved survival in surgical stage I patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) treated with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2005, 98:353-359.
110. Randall M.E., Filiaci V.L., Muss H., et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:36-44.
111. Maggi R., Lissoni A., Spina F., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy vs. radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma: results of a randomised trial. Br J Cancer 2006, 95:266-271.
112. Scott M.C., Meekin S.D., Filiaci V.L., Thigpen T., Gallion T., Fleming G.F. Importance of histology in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer patients participating in 1st-line chemotherapy trials: a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) trial. Gynecol Oncol 2005, 96:940.
113. Susumu N., Sagae S., Udagawa Y., et al. Randomized phase III trial of pelvic radiotherapy versus cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer: a Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 108:226-233.
114. Morrow C.P., Bundy B.N., Homesley H.D., et al. Doxorubicin as an adjuvant following surgery and radiation therapy in patients with high-risk endometrial carcinoma, stage I and occult stage II: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 1990, 36:166-171.
115. Hogberg T., Rosenberg P., Kristensen G., et al. A randomized phase-III study on adjuvant treatment with radiation (RT)+chemotherapy (CT) in early stage high risk endometrial cancer (b NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC 55991). J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(18S). Abstract 5503.
116. Hogberg T. Adjuvant chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma: overview of randomised trials. Clin Oncol 2008, 20:463-469.
117. Kuoppala T., Mäenpää J., Tomas E., et al. Surgically staged high-risk endometrial cancer: randomized study of adjuvant radiotherapy alone vs. sequential chemo-radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 110:190-195.
118. Sood B.M., Timmins P.F., Gorla G.R., et al. Concomitant cisplatin and extended field radiation therapy in patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002, 12:459-464.
119. Mangili G., De Marzi P., Beatrice S., et al. Paclitaxel and concomitant radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial cancer patients: preliminary findings. BMC Cancer 2006, 6:198.
120. Greven K., Winter K., Underhill K., Fontenesci J., Cooper J., Burke T. Final analysis of RTOG 9708: adjuvant postoperative irradiation combined with cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy following surgery for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006, 103:155-159.
121. Foad I., Sharawy I., Mostafa E., Margergis M., Hussein T. Concurrent cisplatin/radiation followed by adjuvant cisplatin/paclitaxel in treatment of patients with stage IB grade 3, IC and IIA endometrial carcinoma. J Egypt Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 19:163-169.
122. Alektiar K.M., Makker V., Abu-Rustum N.R., et al. Concurrent carboplatin/paclitaxel and intravaginal radiation in surgical stage I-II serous endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 112:142-145.
123. National Cancer Institute, PORTEC 3 Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=521447&protocolsearchid=4206096&version=healthprofessional.