Neuropsychological models of autism spectrum disorders - behavioral evidence and functional imaging;Neuropsychologische modelle von autismus-spektrum-störungen: Behaviorale evidenz und neuro-funktionale korrelate

Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 79-90

  Dziobek, Isabel ^a   Bölte, Sven ^b  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Autism; Central coherence; Executive functions; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Neuropsychology; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BEHAVIORISM; BRAIN; BRAIN CORTEX; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE MODEL; EMOTION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PERCEPTION; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THEORY; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ADOLESCENT; BRAIN MAPPING; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MENTAL PROCESSES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; THEORY OF MIND;

EID: 79953185427     PISSN: 14224917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000094     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 165-178.
2. Alexander, A. L., Lee, J. E., Lazar, M. & Field, A. S. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics, 4, 316-329. (Pubitemid 46962420)
3. Alvarez, J. A. & Emory, E. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16(1), 17-42. (Pubitemid 43954075)
4. Attwood, A. (2004). Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and adults with Asperger's syndrome. Behaviour Change, 21, 147-162.
5. Baron-Cohen, S. (1992). Out of sight or out of mind? Another look at deception in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 33, 1141-1155.
6. Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175. (Pubitemid 39023470)
7. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M. & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a «theory of mind»? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46.
8. Baron-Cohen, S., O'Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R. & Plaisted, K. (1999). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 407-418.
9. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891-1898. (Pubitemid 29240553)
10. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y. & Plumb, I. (2001). The «Reading the Mind in the Eyes» test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 241-251. (Pubitemid 32233124)
11. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Belmonte, M. K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L. M., Carper, R. A. & Webb, S. J. (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9228-9231. (Pubitemid 39426157)
13. Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F. & Rogers, S. J. (1996). Intact and impaired memory functions in autism. Child Development, 67, 1816-1835. (Pubitemid 126420332)
14. Berthoz, S. & Hill, E. L. (2005). The validity of using self-reports to assess emotion regulation abilities in adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Psychiatry, 20, 291-298. (Pubitemid 40779642)
15. Best, C. S., Moffat, V. J., Power, M. J., Owens, D. G. C. & Johnstone, E. C. (2008). The boundaries of the cognitive phenotype of autism: Theory of Mind, central coherence and ambiguous figure perception in young people with autistic traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 840-847.
16. Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U. & Singer, T. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain, 133, 1515-1525.
17. Blair, R. J. (1999). Psychophysiological responsiveness to the distress of others in children with autism. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 477-485.
18. Bölte, S. (2005a). kgu.de/zpsy/kinderpsychiatrie/Downloads/Eyes- test-erw.pdf
19. Bölte, S. (2005b). kgu.de/zpsy/kinderpsychiatrie/Downloads/Eyes- test-kinder.pdf
20. Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S. & Poustka, F. (2008). Brief report: Emotional processing in high-functioning autism-physiological reactivity and affective report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 776-781. (Pubitemid 351421890)
21. Bölte, S., Holtmann, M., Poustka, F., Scheurich, A. & Schmidt, L. (2007). Gestalt perception and local-global processing in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1493-1504. (Pubitemid 47255717)
22. Bölte, S., Hubl, D., Dierks, T., Holtmann, M. & Poustka, F. (2008). An fMRI-study of locally oriented perception in autism: Altered early visual processing of the block design test. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 545-552.
23. Bölte, S., Hubl, D., Feineis-Matthews, S., Prvulovic, D., Dierks, T. & Poustka, F. (2006). Facial affect recognition training in autism: Can we animate the fusiform gyrus? Behavioral Neuroscience, 120, 211-216.
24. Bölte, S. & Poustka, F. (2002). Intervention in autistic disorders: Status quo, evidence-based, questionable and doubtful techniques. Zeitschrift für Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 30, 271-280. (Pubitemid 35350975)
25. Bölte, S. & Poustka, F. (2003). The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 33, 907-915. (Pubitemid 36874670)
26. Bölte, S. & Poustka, F. (2006). The broader cognitive phenotype of autism in parents: How specific is the tendency for local processing and executive dysfunction? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 47, 639-645.
27. Boucher, J. & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 33, 843-859.
28. Boucher, J., Lewis, V. & Collis, G.M. (2000). Voice processing abilities in children with autism, children with specific language impairments, and young typically developing children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 41, 847-857.
29. Bowie, C. R. & Harvey, P.D. (2005). Cognition in schizophrenia: Impairments, determinants, and functional importance. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28, 613-633, 626.
30. Brosnan, M. J., Scott, F. J., Fox, S. & Pye, J. (2004). Gestalt processing in autism: Failure to process perceptual relationships and the implications for contextual understanding. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45, 459-469. (Pubitemid 38380124)
31. Brothers, L. (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27-51.
32. Campos, J. & Sternberg, C. R. (1981). Perception, appraisal and emotion: The onset of social referencing. In M. Lamb & L. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 273-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Caron, M. J., Mottron, L., Berthiaume, C. & Dawson, M. (2006). Cognitive mechanisms, specificity and neural underpinnings of visuospatial peaks in autism. Brain, 129(Pt 7), 1789-1802. (Pubitemid 43999412)
34. Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happe, F. & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839-1849.
35. Dakin, S. & Frith, U. (2005). Vagaries of visual perception in autism. Neuron, 48, 497-507. (Pubitemid 41551954)
36. Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H. . . Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 519-526.
37. Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 28-30. (Pubitemid 43011906)
38. Domes, G., Kumbier, E., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. & Herpertz, S. C. (2008). Social cognition in autism:A survey of functional imaging studies. Nervenarzt, 79, 261-274. (Pubitemid 351369251)
39. Doyle, A. E. (2006). Executive functions in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(Suppl. 8), 21-26.
40. Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, M. . . . Convit, A. (2006). Introducing MASC: A movie for the assessment of social cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 623-636.
41. Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 464-473.
42. Engel, A. K., Fries, P. & Singer, W. (2001). Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 704-716. (Pubitemid 33674816)
43. Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Greenberg, R. & Cohen, D. (1982). Discrimination and imitation of facial expression by neonates. Science, 218(4568), 179-181. (Pubitemid 12024639)
44. Fink, G. R., Halligan, P. W., Marshall, J. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. & Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural mechanisms involved in the processing of global and local aspects of hierarchically organized visual stimuli. Brain, 120(Pt 10), 1779-1791. (Pubitemid 27443053)
45. Fitzgerald, M. & Bellgrove, M. A. (2006). The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 36, 573-576.
46. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
47. Gerland, G. (1998). Ein richtiger Mensch sein. Autismus - das Leben von der anderen Seite. Stuttgart: Verlag Freies Geistesleben.
48. Greene, C. M., Braet, W., Johnson, K. A. & Bellgrove, M. A. (2008). Imaging the genetics of executive function. Biological Psychology, 79, 30-42.
49. Greimel, E., Schulte-Rüther, M., Kircher, T., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., . . . Konrad, K. (2010). Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers. Neuroimage, 49, 1055-1065.
50. Griffith, E. M., Pennington, B. F., Wehner, E. A. & Rogers, S. J. (1999). Executive functions in young children with autism. Child Development, 70, 817-832.
51. Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S. . . Tager-Flusberg, H. (2004). Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage, 22, 1141-1150.
52. Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J. & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2007). Abnormal activation of the social brain during face perception in autism. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 441-449. (Pubitemid 46717368)
53. Happé, F. & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail- focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5-39.
54. Happé, F., Ehlers, S., Fletcher, P., Frith, U., Johansson, M., Gillberg, C. . . Frith, C. (1996). «Theory of mind» in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome. NeuroReport, 8, 197-201.
55. Happé, F. & Ronald, A. (2008). The «fractionable autism triad»: A review of evidence from behavioural, genetic, cognitive and neural research. Neuropsychol Reviews, 18, 287-304.
56. Happé, F. G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129-154.
57. Happé, F. G. (1996). Studying weak central coherence at low levels: Children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 37, 873-877.
58. Harms, M. B., Martin, A. & Wallace, G. L. (2010). Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychological Reviews, 20, 290-322.
59. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A. & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233. (Pubitemid 30332148)
60. Heinze, H. J., Hinrichs, H., Scholz, M., Burchert, W. & Mangun, G. R. (1998). Neural mechanisms of global and local processing. A combined PET and ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 485-498. (Pubitemid 28377236)
61. Herbert, M. R. (2004). Neuroimaging in disorders of social and emotional functioning: What is the question? Journal of Child Neurology, 19, 772-784.
62. Herbrecht, E., Poustka, F., Birnkammer, S., Duketis, E., Schlitt, S., Schmötzer, G. & Bölte, S. (2009). Pilot evaluation of the Frankfurt Social Skills Training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 327-335.
63. Hubl, D., Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., Lanfermann, H., Federspiel, A., Strik, W. . . Dierks, T. (2003). Functional imbalance of visual pathways indicates alternative face processing strategies in autism. Neurology, 61, 1232-1237.
64. Hutman, T., Rozga, A., DeLaurentis, A. D., Barnwell, J. M., Sugar, C. A. & Sigman, M. (2010). Response to distress in infants at risk for autism: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1010-20.
65. Iarocci, G., Burack, J. A., Shore, D. I., Mottron, L. & Enns, J. T. (2006). Global-local visual processing in high functioning children with autism: Structural vs. implicit task biases. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 117-129.
66. Jolliffe, T. & Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). The Strange Stories Test: A replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 395-406.
67. Jones, C. R., Pickles, A., Falcaro, M., Marsden, A. J., Happé, F., Scott, S. K., . . . Charman, T. (2010). A multimodal approach to emotion recognition ability in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02328.x. [Epub ahead of print].
68. Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., Kana, R. K. & Minshew, N. J. (2007). Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: Evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 951-961.
69. Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Minshew, N. J. & Just, M. A. (2007). Inhibitory control in high-functioning autism: Decreased activation and underconnectivity in inhibition networks. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 198-206. (Pubitemid 47042018)
70. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
71. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J. & Chun, M.M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Society of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311. (Pubitemid 27220621)
72. Kleinhans, N., Akshoomoff, N. & Delis, D. C. (2005). Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 379-401. (Pubitemid 40712808)
73. Kleinman, J., Marciano, P. L. & Ault, R. L. (2001). Advanced theory of mind in high-functioning adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 29-36.
74. Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F. & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809-816. (Pubitemid 35001146)
75. Koshino, H., Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J. & Just, M. A. (2008). fMRI investigation of working memory for faces in autism: Visual coding and underconnectivity with frontal areas. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 289-300.
76. Kwon, H., Ow, A. W., Pedatella, K. E., Lotspeich, L. J. & Reiss, A. L. (2004). Voxel-based morphometry elucidates structural neuroanatomy of high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 46, 760-764. (Pubitemid 39468024)
77. Lee, J. E., Bigler, E.D., Alexander, A. L., Lazar, M., DuBray, M. B., Chung, M. K. . . . Lainhart, J. E. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter in the superior temporal gyrus and temporal stem in autism. Neuroscience Letters, 424, 127-132.
78. Lopez, B. & Leekam, S. R. (2003). Do children with autism fail to process information in context? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 285-300.
79. Lopez, B., Leekam, S. R. & Arts, G.R. (2008). How central is central coherence? Preliminary evidence on the link between conceptual and perceptual processing in children with autism. Autism, 12, 159-171. (Pubitemid 351344568)
80. Manjaly, Z. M., Bruning, N., Neufang, S., Stephan, K. E., Brieber, S., Marshall, J. C. . . Fink, G. R. (2007). Neurophysiological correlates of relatively enhanced local visual search in autistic adolescents. Neuroimage, 35, 283-291.
81. Marans, W. D., Rubin, E., & Laurent, A. (2005). Addressing social communication skills in individuals with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome: Critical priorities in educational programming. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin & D. Cohen, (Eds.), Handbook of autism and developmental disorders: Vol. 2 Assessment, interventions, and policy (3rd ed., pp. 977-1002). Hoboken: Wiley.
82. Minshew, N. J. & Goldstein, G. (2001). The pattern of intact and impairedmemory functions in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 1095-1101. (Pubitemid 34044276)
83. Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Hubert, B. & Burack, J. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27-43.
84. Nieminen-von Wendt, T., Metsahonkala, L., Kulomaki, T., Aalto, S., Autti, T., Vanhala, R.,&Wendt, L. (2003). Changes in cerebral blood flow in Asperger syndrome during theory of mind tasks presented by the auditory route. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 178-189.
85. Ozonoff, S. & Strayer, D.L. (1997). Inhibitory function in non-retarded children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 59-77.
86. Ozonoff, S., Cook, I., Coon, H., Dawson, G., Joseph, R. M., Klin, A. . . . Wrathall, D. (2004). Performance on Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery subtests sensitive to frontal lobe function in people with autistic disorder: Evidence from the Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 139-150.
87. Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F. & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 32, 1081-1105.
88. Pelphrey, K. A., Morris, J. P., McCarthy, G. & Labar, K. S. (2007). Perception of dynamic changes in facial affect and identity in autism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 140-149.
89. Pierce, K., Muller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G. & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform «face area» in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059-2073.
90. Pierce, K., & Redcay, E. (2008). Fusiform function in children with an autism spectrum disorder is a matter of «who». Biological Psychiatry, 64, 552-560.
91. Plaisted, K. (2001). Reduced generalization in autism: An alternative to weak central coherence. In J. A. Burack, T. Charman, N. Yirmiya & P.R. Zelazo (Eds.), The development of autism: Perspectives from theory and research (pp. 149-169). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
92. Plaisted, K., Swettenham, J. & Rees, L. (1999). Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 733-742. (Pubitemid 29341350)
93. Reed, T. & Peterson, C. (1990). A comparative study of autistic subjects' performance at two levels of visual and cognitive perspective taking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 555-567.
94. Ridley, R. M. (1994). The psychology of perserverative and stereotyped behaviour. Progress in Neurobiology, 44, 221-231.
95. Ring, H. A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Williams, S. C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., & Bullmore, E.T. (1999). Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: A functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance. Brain, 122(Pt 7), 1305-1315. (Pubitemid 29324851)
96. Rizzolatti, G. & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Reviews in Neuroscience, 27, 169-192. (Pubitemid 39050401)
97. Rogers, K., Dziobek, I., Hassenstab, J., Wolf, O.T. & Convit, A. (2006). Who cares? Revisiting empathy in Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 709-715. (Pubitemid 46571724)
98. Ropar, D. & Mitchell, P. (1999). Are individuals with autism and Asperger's syndrome susceptible to visual illusions? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 1283-1293.
99. Ropar, D. & Mitchell, P. (2001). Susceptibility to illusions and performance on visuospatial tasks in individuals with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 539-549. (Pubitemid 32509776)
100. Rumsey, J. M. (1985). Conceptual problem-solving in highly verbal, nonretarded autistic men. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 23-36.
101. Russell, J., Jarrold, C. & Hood, B. (1999). Two intact executive capacities in children with autism: Implications for the core executive dysfunctions in the disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 103-112. (Pubitemid 29275095)
102. Russo, N., Flanagan, T., Iarocci, G., Berringer, D., Zelazo, P.D. & Burack, J. A. (2007). Deconstructing executive deficits among persons with autism: Implications for cognitive neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 65, 77-86. (Pubitemid 47391120)
103. Rutherford, M. D., Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. (2002). Reading the mind in the voice: A study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 189-194. (Pubitemid 37486715)
104. Schmitz, N., Rubia, K., Daly, E., Smith, A., Williams, S. & Murphy, D.G. (2006). Neural correlates of executive function in autistic spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 7-16. (Pubitemid 43005230)
105. Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A.W.,Volkmar, F. . . Gore, J. C. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331-340.
106. Scott, F. & Baron-Cohen, S. (1996). Logical, analogical, and psychological reasoning in autism: A test of the Cosmides theory. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 235-245. (Pubitemid 126450309)
107. Serra, M., Althaus, M., de Sonneville, L. M., Stant, A. D., Jackson, A. E.& Minderaa, R. B. (2003). Face recognition in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 303-317.
108. Shah, A. &Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 24, 613-620.
109. Shah, A. & Frith, U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 34, 1351-1364.
110. Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of anlexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255-262.
111. Sporns, O., Chialvo, D. R., Kaiser, M. & Hilgetag, C. C. (2004). Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8, 418-425. (Pubitemid 39179905)
112. Sundaram, S. K., Kumar, A., Makki, M. I., Behen, M. E., Chugani, H. T. & Chugani, D. C. (2008). Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Frontal Lobe in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2659-2665.
113. Tager-Flusberg, H., Joseph, R. & Folstein, S. (2001). Current directions in research on autism. Mental Retardation And Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7, 21-29.
114. Uhlhaas, P. J. & Singer, W. (2007). What do disturbances in neural synchrony tell us about autism? Biological Psychiatry, 62, 190-191.
115. Wertheimer, M. (1922). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt I. Prinzipielle Bemerkungen. Psychologische Forschung, 1, 47-58.
116. Wertheimer, M. (1923). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Psychologische Forschung. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301-350.
117. Wickelgren, I. (2005). Neurology. Autistic brains out of synch? Science, 308(5730), 1856-1858.
118. Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Buitelaar, J. K., van Ijzendoorn, M. H. & van Engeland, H. (2000). Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: Relationship with social interaction and heart rate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 759-767.
119. Williams, D. L. & Minshew, N. J. (2007). Understanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us? Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 17, 495-509, ix.
120. Williams, J. H., Waiter, G. D., Gilchrist, A., Perrett, D. I., Murray, A. D. & Whiten, A. (2006). Neural mechanisms of imitation and «mirror neuron» functioning in autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 44, 610-621. (Pubitemid 43113384)
121. Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
122. Wing, L. (1981). Asperger's syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115-129.