Intact and Impaired Memory Functions in Autism

Child Development

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1816-1835

  Bennetto, Loisa ^a   Pennington, Bruce F ^a   Rogers, Sally J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDERS; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 0030208855     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Ameli, R., Courchesne, E., Lincoln, A., Kaufman, A. S., & Grillon, C. (1988). Visual memory processes in high-functioning individuals with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 601-615.
2. Bachevalier, J. (1991). An animal model for childhood autism: Memory loss and socioemotional disturbances following neonatal damage to the limbic system in monkeys. In C. A. Tamminga & S. C. Schulz (Eds.), Advances in neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology (Vol. 1, pp. 129-140). New York: Raven.
3. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
5. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.). (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox, A. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder: I. The children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 127-145.
7. Bauman, M. L., & Kemper, T. L. (1985). Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology, 35, 866-874.
8. Borys, S. V., Spitz, H. H., & Dorans, B. A. (1982). Tower of Hanoi performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children as a function of solution length and goal state. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 87-110.
9. Boucher, J. (1978). Echoic memory capacity in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 161-166.
10. Boucher, J. (1981). Memory for recent events in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 293-301.
11. Boucher, J., & Warrington, E. K. (1976). Memory deficits in early infantile autism: Some similarities to the amnesic syndrome. British Journal of Psychology, 67, 73-87.
12. Bornstein, R. A. (1990). Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Research, 33, 73-81.
13. Brown, A. L., & Scott, S. S. (1971). Recognition memory for pictures in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 11, 401-412.
14. Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (1989). The role of working memory in language comprehension. In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (Eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon (pp. 31-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review, 97, 404-431.
16. Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. New York: Academic Press.
17. Case, R. (1992). The role of the frontal lobes in the regulation of cognitive development. Brain and Cognition, 20, 51-73.
18. Case, R., Kurland, M., & Goldberg, J. (1982). Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 386-404.
19. Cermak, L. S., Butters, N., & Moreines, J. (1974). Some analyses of the verbal encoding deficit in alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Brain and Language, 1, 141-150.
20. Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1978). The measurement of differential deficit. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 303-311.
21. Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 45-77.
22. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2d ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Courchesne, E., Townsend, J. P., Akshoomoff, N. A., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Press, G. A., Murakami, J. W., Lincoln, A. J., James, H. E., Saitoh, O., Egaas, B., Haas, R. H., & Schreibman, L. (1994). A new finding: Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients. In S. H. Broman & J. Grafman (Eds.), Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders: Implications for brain function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Craik, F. I. M., Morris, L. W., Morris, R. G., & Loewen, E. R. (1990). Relations between source amnesia and frontal lobe functioning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 5, 148-151.
25. Cummings, J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology, 50, 873-880.
26. Damasio, A. R., & Maurer, R. G. (1978). A neurological model for childhood autism. Archives of Neurology, 35, 777-786.
27. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.
28. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1986). The California Verbal Learning Test - research edition. New York: Psychological Corp.
29. DeLong, G. R. (1992). Autism, amnesia, hippocampus, and learning. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 16, 63-70.
30. DeMeyer, M. K., Alpern, G. D., Barton, S., DeMeyer, W. E., Churchill, D. W., Hingtgen, J. N., Bryson, C. Q., Pontius, W., & Kimberlin, C. (1972). Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic, and non-psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 264-287.
31. Dennis, M. (1991). Frontal lobe function in childhood and adolescence: A heuristic for assessing attention regulation, executive control, and the intentional states important for social discourse. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 327-358.
32. Diamond, A., Ciaramitaro, V., Donner, E., Djali, S., & Robinson, M. (1994). An animal model of early-treated PKU. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 3072-3082.
33. Dunn, L. M. (1965). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
34. Eslinger, P. J., & Grattan, L. M. (1991). Serial position dysfunction after frontal lobe lesion. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 44
35. Fritn, U., & Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond "theory of mind." Cognition, 50, 115-132.
36. Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T. (1992). The cognitive basis of theory of mind. Manuscript under review.
37. Fuster, J. M. (1985). The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies. Human Neurobiology, 4, 169-179.
38. Gardner, M. F. (1979). Expressive one-word picture vocabulary test. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications.
39. Gilhooly, K. J., & Logic, R. H. (1980). Age of acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity and ambiguity measures for 1944 words. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 12, 395-427.
40. Gold, J., Berman, K. F., Randolph, C., Goldberg, T., & Weinberger, D. R. (1991). PET validation and clinical application of a novel prefrontal task. Neuropsychology, 13, 81.
41. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In F. Plum (Ed.), The handbook of physiology: Section 1. The nervous system: Vol. 5. Higher functions of the brain (pp. 373-417). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
42. Grafman, J. (1989). Plans, actions, and mental sets: Managerial knowledge units in the frontal lobes. In E. Perecman (Ed.), Integrating theory and practice in clinical neuropsychology (pp. 93-138). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigletype card sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 404-411.
44. Grodzinsky, G. M., & Diamond, A. (1992). Frontal lobe functioning in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 427-445.
45. Halford, G. S., Maybery, M. T., O'Hare, A. W., & Grant, P. (1994). The development of memory and processing capacity. Child Development, 65, 1338-1356.
46. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
47. Hermelin, B., & O'Connor, N. (1975). The recall of digits by normal deaf and autistic children. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 203-209.
48. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Two-Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
49. Hughes, C., & Russell, J. (1993). Autistic children's difficulty with mental disengagement from an object: Its implications for theories of autism. Developmental Psychology, 29, 498-510.
50. Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32, 477-492.
51. Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989). Source memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1043-1056.
52. Jetter, W., Poser, U., Freeman, R. B., & Markowitsch, H. J. (1986). A verbal long term memory deficit in frontal lobe damaged patients. Cortex, 22, 229-242.
53. Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working memory capacity?! Intelligence, 14, 389-433.
54. Levin, H. S., Mendelsohn, D., Lilly, M. A., Fletcher, J. M., Culhane, K. A., Chapman, S. B., Harward, H., Kusnevik, L., Bruce, D., & Eisenberg, H. M. (1994). Tower of London performance in relation to magnetic resonance imaging following closed head injury in children. Neuropsychology, 8, 171-179.
55. Mazzocco, M. M. M., Hagerman, R. J., Cronister-Silverman, A., & Pennington, B. F. (1992). Specific frontal lobe deficits among women with the fragile X gene. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1141-1148.
56. McEvoy, R. E., Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1993). Executive function and social communication deficits in young autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 563-578.
57. Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin, 127, 272-277.
58. Milner, B., Corsi, P., & Leonard, G. (1991). Frontal-lobe contribution to recency judgments. Neuropsychologia, 29, 601-618.
59. Milner, B., Petrides, M., & Smith, M. L. (1985). Frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory. Human Neurobiology, 4, 137-142.
60. Minshew, M. J., & Goldstein, G. (1993). Is autism an amnesic disorder? Evidence from the California Verbal Learning Test. Neuropsychology, 7, 209-216.
61. Minshew, N. J, Goldstein, G., Dombrowski, S. M., Panchalingam, K., & Pettegrew, J. W. (1993). A preliminary 31P MRS study of autism: Evidence for undersynthesis and increased degradation of brain membranes. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 762-773.
62. Moscovitch, M. (1992). Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 257-267.
63. Moscovitch, M. (1994). Cognitive resources and dual-task interference effects at retrieval in normal people: The role of the frontal lobes and medial temporal cortex. Neuropsychology, 8, 524-534.
64. Ozonoff, S., & McEvoy, R. E. (1994). A longitudinal study of executive function and theory of mind development in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 415-432.
65. Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1081-1105.
66. Pennington, B. F. (1994). The working memory function of the prefrontal cortices: Implications for developmental and individual differences in cognition. In M. M. Haith, J. B. Season, R. J. Roberts, & B. F. Pennington (Eds.), Future oriented processes in development (pp. 243-292). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Pennington, B. F., & Bennetto, L. (1993). Main effects or transactions in the neuropsychology of conduct disorder? Commentary on "The neuropsychology of conduct disorder." Development and Psychopathology, 5, 153-164.
68. Pennington, B. F., Groisser, D., & Welsh, M. C. (1993). Contrasting deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability. Developmental Psychology, 29, 511-523.
69. Prior, M. R., & Chen, C. S. (1976). Short-term and serial memory in autistic, retarded, and normal children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 121-131.
70. Prior, M., & Hoffmann, W. (1990). Brief report: Neuropsychological testing of autistic children through an exploration with frontal lobe tests. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 581-590.
71. Ramondo, N., & Milech, D. (1984). The nature and specificity of the language coding deficit in autistic children. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 95-103.
72. Raymond, C., Bauman, M., & Kemper, T. (1989). The hippocampus in autism: Golgi analysis. Annals of Neurology, 26, 483-484.
73. Rogers, S. J., Bennetto, L., McEvoy, R. E., & Pennington, B. F. (in press). Imitation and pantomime in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Child Development.
74. Rumsey, J. M. (1985). Conceptual problem-solving in highly verbal, nonretarded autistic men. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 23-36.
75. Rumsey, J. M., & Hamburger, S. D. (1988). Neuropsychological findings in high-functioning men with infantile autism, residual state. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 201-221.
76. Russell, J., Mauthner, N., Sharpe, S., & Tidswell, T. (1991). The 'windows task' as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 331-349.
77. Rutter, M. (1983). Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 513-531.
78. Rybash, J. M., & Colilla, J. L. (1994). Source memory deficits and frontal lobe functioning in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 10, 67-73.
79. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction. Psychobiology, 15, 21-36.
80. Schacter, D. L., Harbluk, J. L., & McLachlan, D. R. (1984). Retrieval without recollection: An experimental analysis of source amnesia. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 593-611.
81. Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1986). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for diagnostic screening and classification of autism. New York: Irvington.
82. Shimamura, A. P., Janowsky, J. S., & Squire, L. R. (1990). Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 28, 803-814.
83. Shimamura, A. P., Janowsky, J. S., & Squire, L. R. (1991). What is the role of frontal lobe damage in memory disorders? In H. S. Levin, H. M. Eisenberg, & A. L. Benton (Eds.), Frontal lobe function and injury (pp. 173-195). New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989). The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children. Child Development, 60, 973-980.
85. Sigman, M. (1994). What are the core deficits in autism? In S. H. Broman & J. Grafman (Eds.), Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders: Implications for brain function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
86. Squire, L. R. (1987). Memory and brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Stuss, D. T., Kaplan, E. F., Benson, D. F., Weir, W. S., Chiulli, S., & Sarazin, F. F. (1982). Evidence for the involvement of orbitofrontal cortex in memory functions: An interference effect. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 96, 913-925.
88. Tager-Flusberg, H. (1991). Semantic processing in the free recall of autistic children: Further evidence for a cognitive deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 417-430.
89. Thorndike, R. L., Hagen, E. P., & Sattler, J. M. (1986). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). Chicago: Riverside.
90. Toglia, M. P., & Battig, W. F. (1978). Handbook of semantic word norms. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Towse, J. N., & Hitch, G. J. (1995). Is there a relationship between task demand and storage space in tests of working memory capacity? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 108-124.
92. Welsh, M. C. (1991). Rule-guided behavior and self-monitoring on the Tower of Hanoi disk-transfer task. Cognitive Development, 6, 59-76.
93. Welsh, M. C., & Pennington, B. F. (1988). Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 4, 199-230.
94. Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window of prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 131-149.
95. Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., Ozonoff, S., Rouse, B., & McCabe, E. R. B. (1990). Neuropsychology of early-treated phenylketonuria: Specific executive function deficits. Child Development, 61, 1697-1713.
96. Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery -Revised. Allen, TX: DLM Teaching Resources.
97. Yirmiya, N., Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., & Mundy, P. (1992). Empathy and cognition in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 63, 150-160.