Preserving the self: The process of decision making about hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer risk reduction

Qualitative Health Research

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 502-519

  Howard, A Fuchsia ^a   Balneaves, Lynda G ^a   Bottorff, Joan L ^b   Rodney, Patricia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

breast; cancer; decision making; genetics; grounded theory; ovarian; psychosocial aspects; screening and prevention; surgery

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BREAST TUMOR; DECISION MAKING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FAMILIAL CANCER; FEMALE; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HUMAN; MASTECTOMY; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MUTATION; OVARIECTOMY; OVARY TUMOR; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RISK REDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DECISION MAKING; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; GENES, BRCA1; GENES, BRCA2; GENETIC TESTING; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MASTECTOMY; MIDDLE AGED; MUTATION; NEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, HEREDITARY; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; OVARIECTOMY; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 79953097676     PISSN: 10497323     EISSN: 15527557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1049732310387798     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Antill, Y., Reynolds, J., Young, M.A., Kirk, J., Tucker, K., Bogtstra, T.,... Phillips, K.A. (2006). Risk-reducing surgery in women with familial susceptibility for breast and/ or ovarian cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 42 (5). 621-628. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.11.020 (Pubitemid 43343684)
2. Antoniou, A., Pharoah, P.D., Narod, S., Risch, H.A., Eyfjord, J.E., Hopper, J.L.,... Easton, D.F. (2003). Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: A combined analysis of 22 studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (5). 1117-1130. doi:10.1086/375033 (Pubitemid 36530000)
3. Balneaves, L.G., & Long, B. (1999). An embedded decisional model of stress and coping: Implications for exploring treatment decision making by women with breast cancer. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30 (6). 1321-1331. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01239.x
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A cognitive social theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Bowen, D.J., Allen, J.D., Vu, T., Johnson, R.E., Fryer-Edwards, K., & Hart, A. (2006). Theoretical foundations for interventions designed to promote informed decision making for cancer screening. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32 (3). 202-210. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3203-5 (Pubitemid 44906933)
6. Burgess, M.M., & d' Agincourt-Canning, L. (2001). Genetic testing for hereditary disease: Attending to relational responsibility. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 12 (4). 361-372. (Pubitemid 33709714)
7. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
8. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Claes, E., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Decruyenaere, M., Denayer, L., Boogaerts, A., Philippe, K., & Legius, E. (2005). Surveillance behavior and prophylactic surgery after predictive testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Behavioral Medicine, 31 (3). 93-105. doi:10.3200/BMED.31.3.93-106 (Pubitemid 41476567)
10. Connell, R., & Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19 (6). 829-859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639
11. Coyne, J.C., Benazon, N.R., Gaba, C.G., Calzone, K., & Weber, B.L. (2000). Distress and psychiatric morbidity among women from high-risk breast and ovarian cancer families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68 (5). 864-874. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.864
12. Coyne, J.C., Kruus, L., Racioppo, M., Calzone, K.A., & Armstrong, K. (2003). What do ratings of cancer-specific distress mean among women at high risk of breast and ovarian cancer? American Journal of Medical Genetics, 116A (3). 222-228. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10844 (Pubitemid 36056737)
13. d' Agincourt-Canning, L. (2005). The effect of experiential knowledge on construction of risk perception in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 14 (1). 55-69. doi:10.1007/s10897-005-1500-0 (Pubitemid 40543822)
14. d' Agincourt-Canning, L. (2006). Genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: Responsibility and choice. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 97-118. doi:10.1177/104973 2305284002 (Pubitemid 43056230)
15. d' Agincourt-Canning, L., & Baird, P. (2006). Genetic testing for hereditary cancers: The impact of gender on interest, uptake and ethical considerations. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 58 (2). 114-123. doi:10.1016/j. critrevonc.2006.03.001
16. Decruyenaere, M., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Welkenhuysen, M., Denayer, L., & Claes, E. (2000). Cognitive representations of breast cancer, emotional distress and preventive health behaviour: A theoretical perspective. Psycho-Oncology, 9 (6). 528-536. doi:10.1002/1099-1611(200011/12)9:6<528:: AID-PON486>3.0.CO;2-# (Pubitemid 32010926)
17. Donchin, A. (2000). Autonomy and interdependence: Quandaries in genetic decision making. In C. Mackenzie & N. Stoljar (Eds.), Relational autonomy: Feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self. (pp. 236-258). New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Elwyn, G., Gray, J., & Clarke, A. (2000). Shared decision making and non-directiveness in genetic counselling. Journal of Medical Genetics, 37 (2). 135-138. doi:10.1136/jmg.37.2.135 (Pubitemid 30245899)
19. Esplen, M.J., Stuckless, N., Hunter, J., Liede, A., Metcalfe, K., Glendon, G.,... Irwin, E. (2009). The BRCA self-concept scale: A new instrument to measure self-concept in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Psycho-Oncology, 18 (11). 1216-1229. doi:10.1002/pon.1498
20. Etchegary, H., Miller, F., deLaat, S., Wilson, B., Carroll, J., & Cappelli, M. (2009). Decision-making about inherited cancer risk: Exploring dimensions of genetic responsibility. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 18 (3). 252-264. doi:10.1007/s10897-009-9218-z
21. Evans, D.G., Shenton, A., Woodward, E., Lalloo, F., Howell, A., & Maher, E.R. (2008). Penetrance estimates for BRCA1 and BRCA2 based on genetic testing in a clinical cancer genetics service setting: Risks of breast/ovarian cancer quoted should reflect the cancer burden in the family. BMC Cancer, 8, 155. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-8-155 (Pubitemid 352024891)
22. Facione, N.C. (2002). Perceived risk of breast cancer: Influence of heuristic thinking. Cancer Practice, 10 (5). 256-262. doi:10.1046/j.1523-5394. 2002.105005.x (Pubitemid 35034370)
23. Facione, N.C., & Facione, P.A. (2006). The cognitive structuring of patient delay in breast cancer. Social Science & Medicine, 63 (12). 3137-3149. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.014 (Pubitemid 44648507)
24. Fang, C.Y., Miller, S.M., Malick, J., Babb, J., Hurley, K.E., Engstrom, P.F., & Daly, M.B. (2003). Psychosocial correlates of intention to undergo prophylactic oophorectomy among women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Preventive Medicine, 37 (5). 424-431. doi:10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00163-4 (Pubitemid 37321353)
25. Ford, D., Easton, D.F., Stratton, M., Narod, S., Goldgar, D., Devilee, P.,... Zelada-Hedman, M. (1998). Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (3). 676-689. doi:10.1086/301749 (Pubitemid 28164626)
26. Fry, A., Rush, R., Busby-Earle, C., & Cull, A. (2001). Deciding about prophylactic oophorectomy: What is important to women at increased risk of ovarian cancer? Preventive Medicine, 33 (6). 578-585. doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0924 (Pubitemid 34101881)
27. Gilbar, R., & Gilbar, O. (2009). The medical decision-making process and the family: The case of breast cancer patients and their husbands. Bioethics, 23 (3). 183-192. doi:10.1111/ j.1467-8519.2008.00650.x
28. Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Gorin, S.S., Wang, C., Raich, P., Bowen, D.J., & Hay, J. (2006). Decision making in cancer primary prevention and chemoprevention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32 (3). 179-187. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3203-3 (Pubitemid 44906931)
30. Hallowell, N. (1998). " You don't want to lose your ovaries because you think, 'I might become a man'": Women's perceptions of prophylactic surgery as a cancer risk management option. Psycho-Oncology, 7 (3). 263-275. doi:10.1002/(SICI)10991611(199805/06)7:3<263::AID-PON307>3.0.CO;2-Q (Pubitemid 28267065)
31. Hallowell, N. (2000). A qualitative study of the information needs of high-risk women undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy. Psycho-Oncology, 9 (6). 486-495. doi:10.1002/ 1099-1611(200011/12)9:6<486::AID-PON478>3.0. CO;2-Y (Pubitemid 32010921)
32. Hallowell, N., Foster, C., Eeles, R., Ardern-Jones, A., Murday, V., & Watson, M. (2003). Balancing autonomy and responsibility: The ethics of generating and disclosing genetic information. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29 (2). 74-79. doi:10.1136/ jme.29.2.74 (Pubitemid 36511314)
33. Hallowell, N., Jacobs, I., Richards, M., Mackay, J., & Gore, M. (2001). Surveillance or surgery? A description of the factors that influence high risk premenopausal women's decisions about prophylactic oophorectomy. Journal of Medical Genetics, 38 (10). 683-691. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.10.683 (Pubitemid 32946790)
34. Hartrick Doane, G., & Varcoe, C. (2005). Family nursing as relational inquiry: Developing health-promoting practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
35. Helms, R.L., O'Hea, E.L., & Corso, M. (2008). Body image issues in women with breast cancer. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 13 (3). 313-325. doi:10.1080/13548500701405509 (Pubitemid 351882274)
36. Hilton, B.A. (1994). Family communication patterns in coping with early breast cancer. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16 (4). 366-388. doi:10.1177/019394599401600403
37. Horsman, D., Wilson, B. J., Avard, D., Meschino, W. S., Kim Sing, C., Plante, M.,... National Hereditary Cancer Task Force. (2007). Clinical management recommendations for surveillance and risk-reduction strategies for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer among individuals carrying a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 29 (1). 45-60.
38. Hurley, K.E., Miller, S.M., Costalas, J.W., Gillespie, D., & Daly, M.B. (2001). Anxiety/uncertainty reduction as a motivation for interest in prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 10 (2). 189-199. doi:10.1089/152460901300039566 (Pubitemid 32243839)
39. Johnson, J.L., Greaves, L., & Repta, R. (2007). Better science with sex and gender: A primer for health research. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Women's Health Research Network.
40. Josephson, U., Wickman, M., & Sandelin, K. (2000). Initial experiences of women from hereditary breast cancer families after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: A retrospective study. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 26 (4). 351-356. doi:10.1053/ejso.1999.0897 (Pubitemid 30465896)
41. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). Variants under uncertainty. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 509-520). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
42. Kash, K.M., Holland, J.C., Osborne, M.P., & Miller, D.G. (1995). Psychological counseling strategies for women at risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 17, 73-79.
43. Kash, K.M., Ortega-Verdejo, K., Dabney, M.K., Holland, J.C., Miller, D.G., & Osborne, M.P. (2000). Psychosocial aspects of cancer genetics: Women at high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Seminars in Surgical Oncology, 18 (4). 333-338. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(200006)18:4<333::AID-SSU8>3. 0.CO;2-4 (Pubitemid 30253026)
44. Katapodi, M.C., Facione, N.C., Humphreys, J.C., & Dodd, M.J. (2005). Perceived breast cancer risk: Heuristic reasoning and search for a dominance structure. Social Science & Medicine, 60 (2). 421-432. doi:10.1016/j. socscimed.2004.05.014 (Pubitemid 39452556)
45. Kearney, A.J. (2006). Increasing our understanding of breast self-examination: Women talk about cancer, the health care system, and being women. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 802-820. doi:10.1177/1049732306287537 (Pubitemid 43842303)
46. Kenen, R.H., Shapiro, P.J., Hantsoo, L., Friedman, S., & Coyne, J.C. (2007). Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations renegotiating a post-prophylactic mastectomy identity: Self-image and self-disclosure. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 16 (6). 789-798. doi:10.1007/s10897-007-9112-5 (Pubitemid 350077238)
47. Lam, W.W., Fielding, R., Chan, M., Chow, L., & Or, A. (2005). Gambling with your life: The process of breast cancer treatment decision making in Chinese women. Psycho-Oncology, 14 (1). 1-15. doi:10.1002/pon.803 (Pubitemid 40124669)
48. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
49. Leventhal, H., Brissette, I., & Leventhal, E.A. (2003). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In L. D. Cameron & H. Leventhal (Eds.), The self-regulation of health and illness behavior (pp. 42-64). New York: Taylor & Francis.
50. Lloyd, S.M., Watson, M., Oaker, G., Sacks, N., Querci della Rovere, U., & Gui, G. (2000). Understanding the experience of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy: A qualitative study of ten women. Psycho-Oncology, 9 (6). 473-485. doi:10.1002/1099-1611(200011/12)9:6<473::AID-PON490>3.0.CO;2-T (Pubitemid 32010920)
51. Lodder, L.N., Frets, P.G., Trijsburg, R.W., Meijers-Heijboer, E.J., Klijn, J.G., Seynaeve, C.,... Niermeijer, M.F. (2002). One year follow-up of women opting for presymptomatic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2: Emotional impact of the test outcome and decisions on risk management (surveillance or prophylactic surgery). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 73 (2). 97-112. doi:10.1023/A:1015269620265 (Pubitemid 34548153)
52. Lund-Nielsen, B., Muller, K., & Adamsen, L. (2005). Malignant wounds in women with breast cancer: Feminine and sexual perspectives. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14 (1). 56-64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01022.x (Pubitemid 40221630)
53. Lyons, A.C. (2009). Masculinities, femininities, behaviour and health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3 (4). 394-412. doi:10.1111/j.1751- 9004.2009.00192.x
54. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41 (9). 954-969.
55. Matloff, E.T., Barnett, R.E., & Bober, S.L. (2009). Unraveling the next chapter: Sexual development, body image, and sexual functioning in female BRCA carriers. Cancer Journal, 15 (1). 15-18. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e31819585f1
56. McCullum, M., Bottorff, J.L., Kelly, M., Kieffer, S.A., & Balneaves, L.G. (2007). Time to decide about risk-reducing mastectomy: A case series of BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers. BMC Women's Health, 6 (7). 3. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-7-3
57. Meiser, B., Butow, P., Barratt, A., Friedlander, M., Gattas, M., Kirk, J.,... Tucker, K. (1999). Attitudes toward prophylactic oophorectomy and screening utilization in women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, 75 (1). 122-129. doi:10.1006/ gyno.1999.5544 (Pubitemid 29477814)
58. Meiser, B., Butow, P., Friedlander, M., Schnieden, V., Gattas, M., Kirk, J.,... Tucker, K. (2000). Intention to undergo prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18 (11). 2250-2257. (Pubitemid 30350217)
59. Mellon, S., Janisse, J., Gold, R., Cichon, M., Berry-Bobovski, L., Tainsky, M.A., & Simon, M.S. (2009). Predictors of decision making in families at risk for inherited breast/ovarian cancer. Health Psychology, 28 (1). 38-47. doi:10.1037/a0012714
60. Metcalfe, K.A., Esplen, M.J., Goel, V., & Narod, S.A. (2004). Psychosocial functioning in women who have undergone bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Psycho-Oncology, 13 (1). 14-25. doi:10.1002/pon.726 (Pubitemid 38139354)
61. Metcalfe, K.A., Lubinski, J., Ghadirian, P., Lynch, H., Kim Sing, C., Friedman, E.,... Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. (2008). Predictors of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26 (7). 1093-1097. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6078
62. Miller, S.M., Shoda, Y., & Hurley, K. (1996). Applying cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior: Breast self-examination in cancer screening. Psychological Bulletin, 119 (1). 70-94.
63. Myers, R.E. (2005). Decision counseling in cancer prevention and control. Health Psychology, 24 (Suppl.4), S71 - S77. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S71
64. Ogden, J., & Lindridge, L. (2008). The impact of breast scarring on perceptions of attractiveness: An experimental study. Journal of Health Psychology, 13 (3). 303-310. doi:10.1177/1359105307088132 (Pubitemid 351423163)
65. QSR International Pty Ltd. (2002). NVivo qualitative data analysis software (Version 8.0) [Computer software]. Melbourne, Australia: Author.
66. Reyna, V.F. (2008). A theory of medical decision making and health: Fuzzy trace theory. Medical Decision Making, 28 (6). 850-865. doi:10.1177/ 0272989X08327066
67. Rodney, P., Burgess, M., McPherson, G., & Brown, H. (2004). Our theoretical landscape: A brief history of health care ethics. In J. Storch, P. Rodney, & R. Starzomski (Eds.), Toward a moral horizon: Nursing ethics for leadership and practice (pp. 56-76). Toronto, ON, Canada: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
68. Saltonstall, R. (1993). Healthy bodies, social bodies: Men's and women's concepts and practices of health in everyday life. Social Science & Medicine, 36 (1). 7-14.
69. Sharpe, N.F., & Carter, R.F. (2006). Genetic testing: Care, consent, and liability. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
70. Sherwin, S. (1998). A relational approach to autonomy in health care. In S. Sherwin & The Feminist Health Care Ethics Research Network (Eds.), The politics of women's health: Exploring agency and autonomy (pp. 19-47). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
71. Sherwin, S., & Simpson, C. (1999). Ethical questions in the pursuit of genetic information. In A. K. Thompson & R. F. Chadwick (Eds.), Genetic information: Acquisition, access, and control (pp. 121-128). New York: Springer.
72. Slovic, P., Peters, E., Finucane, M.L., & Macgregor, D.G. (2005). Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychology, 24 (Suppl.4), S35 - S40. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S35
73. Smets, E., van Zwieten, M., & Michie, S. (2007). Comparing genetic counseling with non-genetic health care interactions: Two of a kind? Patient Education and Counseling, 68 (3). 225-234. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.015 (Pubitemid 47539837)
74. Smith-DiJulio, K., Windsor, C., & Anderson, D. (2010). The shaping of midlife women's views of health and health behaviors. Qualitative Health Research, 20, 966-976. doi:10.1177/1049732310362985
75. Stacey, D., Samant, R., & Bennett, C. (2008). Decision making in oncology: A review of patient decision aids to support patient participation. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58 (5). 293-304. doi:10.3322/CA.2008.0006
76. Stefanek, M., Enger, C., Benkendorf, J., Flamm Honig, S., & Lerman, C. (1999). Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy decision making: A vignette study. Preventive Medicine, 29 (3). 216-221. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0524 (Pubitemid 29434531)
77. Stefanek, M.E., Helzlsouer, K.J., Wilcox, P.M., & Houn, F. (1995). Predictors of and satisfaction with bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Preventive Medicine, 24 (4). 412-419. doi:10.1006/pmed.1995.1066
78. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79. Tiller, K., Meiser, B., Gould, L., Tucker, K., Dudding, T., Franklin, J.,... Andrews, L. (2005). Knowledge of risk management strategies, and information and risk management preferences of women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14 (4). 249-261. doi:10.1002/pon.840 (Pubitemid 40533283)
80. Trask, P.C., Paterson, A.G., Wang, C., Hayasaka, S., Milliron, K.J., Blumberg, L.R.,... Merajver, S.D. (2001). Cancer-specific worry interference in women attending a breast and ovarian cancer risk evaluation program: Impact on emotional distress and health functioning. Psycho-Oncology, 10 (5). 349-360. doi:10.1002/pon.510 (Pubitemid 32903999)
81. Unic, I., Verhoef, L.C., Stalmeier, P.F., & van Daal, W.A. (2000). Prophylactic mastectomy or screening in women suspected to have the BRCA1/2 mutation: A prospective pilot study of women's treatment choices and medical and decision-analytic recommendations. Medical Decision Making, 20 (3). 251-262. doi:10.1177/0272989X0002000301 (Pubitemid 30470720)
82. van Dijk, S., Otten, W., Zoeteweij, M.W., Timmermans, D.R., van Asperen, C.J., Breuning, M.H.,... Kievit, J. (2003). Genetic counselling and the intention to undergo prophylactic mastectomy: Effects of a breast cancer risk assessment. British Journal of Cancer, 88 (11). 1675-1681. doi:10.1038/ sj.bjc.6600988 (Pubitemid 36760408)
83. van Dijk, S., van Roosmalen, M.S., Otten, W., & Stalmeier, P.F. (2008). Decision making regarding prophylactic mastectomy: Stability of preferences and the impact of anticipated feelings of regret. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26 (14). 2358-2363. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.5494
84. Wackerbarth, S.B., Peters, J.C., & Haist, S.A. (2008). Modeling the decision to undergo colorectal cancer screening: Insights on patient preventive decision making. Medical Care, 46 (Suppl.9), S17 - S22. doi:10.1097/MLR. 0b013e31817eb332
85. Wellisch, D.K., & Lindberg, N.M. (2001). A psychological profile of depressed and nondepressed women at high risk for breast cancer. Psychosomatics, 42 (4). 330-336. (Pubitemid 32692106)