Applying cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior: Breast self-examination in cancer screening

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 119, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 70-94

  Miller, Suzanne M ^a   Shoda, Yuichi ^b   Hurley, Karen ^c  

^a FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREAST TUMOR; COGNITION; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; REVIEW; SELF EXAMINATION;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; COGNITION; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; SELF-EXAMINATION;

EID: 0029684887     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.70     Document Type: Article

References (249)

1. Aiken, L., West, S., Woodward, C, & Reno, R. (1994). Health beliefs and compliance with mammography-screening recommendations in asymptomatic women. Health Psychology, 13, 122-129
2. Aiken, L., West, S., Woodward, C., Reno, R., & Reynolds, K. (1994) Increasing screening mammography in asymptomatic women: Evaluations of a second-generation, theory-based program. Health Psychology, 13, 526-538
3. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (ff. 11-39). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer
4. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
5. Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453-474
6. American Cancer Society. (1987). Special touch: A personal plan of action for breast health (87-IMM, No. 2095-LE). New York: Author
7. American Cancer Society. (1993). Cancer facts and figures. New York: Author
8. Anderson, J. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
9. Anderson, J. (1993). Problem solving and learning. American Psychologist, 48, 35-44
10. Assaf, A., Cummings, K.., Graham, S., Mettlin, C., & Marshall, J (1985). Comparison of three methods of teaching women how to perform breast self-examination. Health Education Quarterly, 12, 259-272
11. Avants, S., Margolin, A., & Salovey, P. (1990). Stress management techniques: Anxiety reduction, appeal, and individual differences. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 10, 3-23
12. Baines, C. (1989). Breast self-examination. Cancer, 64, 2661-2663
13. Bandura, A. (1977a). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215
14. Bandura, A. (1977b). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
15. Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. In S. Rachman (Ed.), Advances in behavior research and therapy (Vol. 1, pp. 237-269) Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press
16. Bandura, A. (1981). Self-referent thought: A developmental analysis of self-efficacy. In J. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Cognitive social development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 200-239). New "York: Cambridge University Press
17. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A socialcognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
18. Bandura, A. (1995, March). Moving into forward gear in health promotion and disease prevention. Keynote address presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine sixteenth annual meeting, San Diego, CA
19. Barsky, A., & KJerman, G. (1983). Overview: Hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 273-282
20. Baulch, Y., Larson, P., Dodd, M., & Deitrich, C. (1992). The relationship of visual acuity, tactile sensitivity, and mobility of the upper extremities to proficient breast self-examination in women 65 and older Oncology Nursing Forum, 19, 1367-1372
21. Baum, A., & Singer, J. (1987). Handbook of psychology and health (Vol. 5). Hillsdale (Eds.)., NJ: Erlbaum
22. Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press
23. Becker, M. (1974). The health belief model and personal health behavior, (Ed.). Health Education Monographs, 2, 324-473
24. Becker, M. (1985). Patient adherence to prescribed therapies. Medical Care, 23, 539-555
25. Bennett, S., Lawrence, R., Angiolillo, D., Bennett, S., Budman, S., Schneider, G., Assaf, A., & Feldstein, M. (1990). Effectiveness of methods used to teach breast self-examination. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 208-217
26. Bennett, S., Lawrence, R., Fleisehmann, K., Gilford, C., & Slack, W {1983). Profile of women practicing breast self-examination. Journal of the American Medical Association, 249, 488-491
27. Berrenberg, J. (1989). Attitudes towards cancer as a function of experience with the disease: A test of three models. Psychology and Health, 3. 233-243
28. Blalock, S., DeVellis, B., Afifi, R., & Sandier, R. (1990). Risk perceptions and participation in colorectal cancer screening. Health Psychology, 9,792-806
29. Bond, G., Aiken, L., & Somerville, S. (1992). The health belief model and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health Psychology, 11, 190-198
30. Boring, C., Squires, T., & Tong, T. (1992). Cancer statistics, 1992 CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 42, 19-43
31. Bostick, R., Sprafka, J., Virnig, B., & Potter, J. (1993). Knowledge, attitudes, and personal practices regarding prevention and early detection of cancer. Preventive Medicine, 22,65-85
32. Bower, G. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36,129-148
33. Brownell, K., Marlatt, G., Lichtenstein, E., & Wilson, G. (1986). Understanding and preventing relapse. American Psychologist, 41, 765-782
34. Calnan, M. (1984). The health belief model and participation in programmes for the early detection of breast cancer A comparative analysis Social Science and Medicine, 19, 823-830
35. Calnan, M., & Moss, S. (1984). The health belief model and compliance with education given at a class in breast self-examination Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 198-210
36. Calnan, M., & Rutter, D. (1988). Do health beliefs predict health behavior? A follow-up analysis of breast self-examination. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 463-465
37. Cantor, N., & Kihlstrom, J. (1987). Personality and social intelligence Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Erlbaum
38. Carver, C, Pozo, C., Harris, S., Noriega, V, Scheier, M., Robinson, D., Ketcham, A., & Moffat, F. (1993). How coping mediates the effects of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390
39. Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag
40. Celentano, D., & Holtzman, D. (1983). Breast self-examination competency: An analysis of self-reported practice and associated characteristics American Journal ofPublic Health, 73, 1321-1323
41. Cervone, D. (1989). Effects of envisioning future activities on selfefficacy judgments and motivation: An availability heuristic interpretation Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 247-261
42. Champion, V. (1984). Instrument development for health belief model constructs. Advances in Nursing Science, 6, 73-85
43. Champion, V. (1985). Use of the health belief model in determining frequency of breast self exam. Research in Nursing and Health, 8, 373-379
44. Champion, V. (1987). The relationship of breast self-examination to health belief model variables. Research in Nursing and Health, 10, 375-382
45. Champion, V. (1988). Attitudinal variables related to intention, frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination in women 35 and over. Research in Nursing and Health, 11,283-291
46. Champion, V. (1990). Breast self-examination in women 35 and olden A prospective study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1, 523-538
47. Champion, V. (1995). Results of a nurse-delivered intervention on proficiency and nodule detection with breast self-examination. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22, 819-824
48. Champion, V., & Miller, T. (1992). Variables related to breast self-examination Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 81-96
49. Champion, V, & Scott, C. (1993). Effects of a procedural/belief intervention on breast self-examination performance. Research in Nursing and Health, 16, 163-170
50. Chiu, C, Hong, Y., Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). Discriminative facility in competent social behavior. Social Cognition, 13,49-70
51. Christensen, A., Smith, T., Turner, C., & Cundick, K. (1994). Patient adaptation in renal dialysis: A person by treatment interactive approach Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17, 549-566
52. Cioffi, D. (1991). Beyond attentional strategies: A cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 25-41
53. Clarke, V., Hill, D., Rassaby, J., White, V., & Hirst, S. (1991). Determinants of continued breast self-examination practice in women 40 years and over after personalized instruction. Health Education Research, 6, 297-306
54. Contrada, R., Leventhal, H., & O'Leary, A. (1990). Personality and health. In L. Pervin, (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 638-669). New York: Guilford Press
55. Costanza, M., Stoddard, A., Gaw, V., & Zapka, J. (1992). The risk factors of age and family history and their relationship to screening mammography utilization. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 774-778
56. Council on Scientific Affairs. (1989). Mammographic screening in asymptomatic women aged 40 years and older. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2535-2542
57. Curry, S. J., & Emmons, K. M. (1994). Theoretical models for predicting and improving compliance with breast cancer screening. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 302-316
58. Davis, T, Maguire, T, Haraphongse, M., & Schaumberger, M. (1994) Preparing adult patients for cardiac catheterization: Informational treatment and coping style interactions. Heart & Lung, 23, 130-139
59. Dodge, K. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. Cognitive perspectives on children's social behavioral development. The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, 18,77-125
60. Dunkel-Schetter, C., Feinstein, L., Taylor, S., & Falke, R. (1992). Patterns of coping with cancer. Health Psychology, 11, 79-87
61. Dweck, C. (1990). Self-theories and goals: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 199-235). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
62. Dweck, C., & Leggett, E. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to personality and motivation. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273
63. Edwards, W. (1954). The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 380-417
64. Efran, J., Chorney, R., Ascher, L., & Lukens, M. (1989). Coping style,paradox, and the cold pressor task. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,12, 91-103
65. Eggertsen, S., & Bergman, J. (1983). Breast self-examination: Historical perspective and current progress. The Journal of Family Practice, 76,713-716
66. Facione, N. (1993). Delay versus help seeking for breast cancer symptoms: A critical review of the literature on patient and provider delay Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1521-1534
67. Fajardo, L., Saint-Germain, M., Meakem, T, Rose, C., & Hillman, B (1992). Factors influencing women to undergo screening mammography Radiology, 184, 59-63
68. Fischoff, B., Goitein, B., & Shapira, Z. (1982). The experienced utility of expected utility approaches. In N. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology (pp. 315-339) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
69. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
70. Fisher, J., & Fisher, W. (1992). Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 455-474
71. Fletcher, S., Morgan, T., O'Malley, M., Earp, J., & Degnan, D. (1989) Is breast self-examination predicted by knowledge, attitudes, beliefs or sociodemographic characteristics? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5, 207-215
72. Foa, E., & Kozak, M. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35
73. Foa, E., & Riggs, D. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims In J. Oldham, M. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273-303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
74. Foa, E., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218-238
75. Foster, R., & Costanza, M. (1984). Breast self-examination practices and breast cancer survival. Cancer, 53, 999-1005
76. Foster, R., Lang, S., Costanza, M., Worden, J., Haines, C., & Yates, J (1978). Breast self-examination practices and breast cancer stage New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 265-270
77. Gard, D., Edwards, P., Harris, J., & McCormack, G. (1988). The sensitizing effects of pretreatment measures on cancer chemotherapy nausea and vomiting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 80-84
78. Gatchel, R., Baum, A., & Krantz, D. (1989). An introduction to health psychology (2nd ed.). New "Vbrk: Random House
79. Gattuso, S., Litt, M., & Fitzgerald, T. (1992). Coping with gastrointestinal endoscopy: Self-efficacy enhancement and coping style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 133-139
80. GIVIO [Interdisciplinary Group for Cancer Care Evaluation]. (1991) Practice of breast self examination: Disease extent at diagnosis and patterns of surgical care: A report from an Italian study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 45, 112-116
81. Glanz, K., Lewis, F. M., & Rimer, B. (1990). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (Eds.).
82. Gotay, C. (1984). The experience of cancer during early and advanced stages: The views of patients and their mates. Social Science and Medicine, /S, 605-613
83. Grady, K. (1984). Cue enhancement and the long-term practice of breast self-examination. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 7,191-204
84. Grady, K. (1992). The efficacy of breast self-examination. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 69-74
85. Grady, K., Goodenow, C., & Borkin, J. (1988). The effect of reward on compliance with breast self-examination. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 43-57
86. Greenwald, P., Nasca, P., Lawrence, C., Horton, J., McGarrah, R., Gabriele, T, & Carlton, K. (1978). Estimated effect of breast self-examination and routine physician examinations on breast-cancer mortality New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 271-273
87. Gritz, E., & Bastani, R. (1993). Cancer prevention: Behavior changes: The short and the long of it. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 22, 676-688
88. Hall, L. (1992). Breast self-examination: Use of a visual reminder to increase practice. AAOHN Journal, 40, 186-192
89. Harrison, J., Mullen, P., & Green, L. (1992). A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Education Research, 7, 107-116
90. Hebb, D. (1972). Textbook of psychology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders
91. Higgins, E. (in press). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford Press
92. Hill, D., Gardner, G., & Rassaby, J. (1985). Factors predisposing women to take precautions against breast and cervical cancer Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 59-79
93. Hooker, K. (1992). Possible selves and perceived health in older adults and college students. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 85-95
94. Horowitz, M. (1991). Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (Ed.).
95. Howe, H. (1981). Social factors associated with breast self-examination among high risk women. American Journal of Public Health, 71, 251-254
96. Huguley, C., & Brown, R. (1981). The value of breast self-examination Cancer, 47, 989-995
97. Jacob, T, Penn, N., & Brown, M. (1989). Breast self-examination: Knowledge, attitudes, and performance among Black women Journal of the National Medical Association, 81, 769-776
98. Jacob, T, Penn, N., Kulik, J., & Spieth, L. (1992). Effects of cognitive style and maintenance strategies on breast self-examination (BSE) practice by African American women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 589-609
99. Jam's, I. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 166-224). New York: Academic Press
100. Janis, I., & Leventhal, H. (1967). Human reactions to stress. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 1041-1085). Chicago: Rand McNally
101. Janz, N., & Becker, M. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1-47
102. Janz, N., Becker, M., Haefner, D., Rutt, W., & Weissfeld, L. (1990) Determinants of breast self-examination after a benign biopsy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 84-92
103. Kash, K., Holland, J., Halper, M., & Miller, D. (1992). Psychological distress and surveillance behaviors of women with a family history of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 84, 24-30
104. Kellner, R. (1990). Somatization: Theories and research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 150-160
105. Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Basic Books
106. Kelly, P. (1979). Breast self examinations: Who does them and why Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2, 31-38
107. King, E., Rimer, B., Balshem, A., Ross, E., & Seay, J. (1993). Mammography-related beliefs of older women. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 82-100
108. Kirscht, J. (1988). The health belief model and predictions of health actions. In D. Gochman (Ed.), Health behavior (pp. 27-41). New "Vbrk: Plenum Press
109. Lau, R., Hartman, K., & Ware, J. (1986). Health as a value: Methodological and theoretical considerations. Health Psychology, 5, 25-43
110. Lauver, D., & Angerame, M. (1988). Development of a questionnaire to measure beliefs and attitudes about breast self-examination. Cancer Nursing, 11, 51-57
111. Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press
112. Lehman, A., & Salovey, P. (1990). An introduction to cognitive-behavior therapy. In R. Wells & V. J. Gianetti (Eds.), The handbook of the brief 'psychotherapies (pp. 239-259). New York: Plenum Press
113. Lerman, C, Daly, M., Masny, A., & Balshem, A. (1994). Attitudes about genetic testing for breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12, 843-850
114. Lerman, C., Kash, K., & Stefanek, M. (1994). Younger women at increased risk for breast cancer Psychological well-being, perceived risk, and surveillance behavior. Monographs-National Cancer Institute, 16, 171-176
115. Lerman, C., Lustbader, E., Rimer, B., Daly, M., Miller, S., Sands, C., & Balshem, A. (1995). Effects of individualized breast cancer risk counseling: A randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 286-292
116. Lerman, C., Rimer, B., Blumberg, B., Cristinzio, S., Engstrom, P., Mac-Elwee, N., O'Conner, K., & Seay, J. (1990). Effects of coping style and relaxation on cancer chemotherapy side-effects and emotional responses. Cancer Nursing, 13, 308-315
117. Lerman, C., & Schwartz, M. (1993). Adherence and psychological adjustment among women at high risk for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 28, 145-155
118. Lerman, C., Schwartz, M., Miller, S., Daly, M., & Rimer, B. (in press) Psychological impact of breast cancer risk counseling in high risk women: Results of a randomized trial. Health Psychology
119. Lerman, C., Trock, B., Rimer, B., Jepson, C., Brody, D., & Boyce, A (1991). Psychological side effects of breast cancer screening. Health Psychology, 10, 259-267
120. Leventhal, E., Suls, J., & Leventhal, H. (1993). Hierarchical analysis of coping: Evidence from life-span studies. In H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance (pp. 71-98). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber
121. Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 120-186). New York: Academic Press
122. Leventhal, H. (1983). Behavioral medicine: Psychology in health care In D. Mechanic (Ed.), Handbook of health, health care, and the health professions (pp. 709-743). New York: Free Press
123. Leventhal, H. (1989). Emotional and behavioral processes in the study of stress during medical procedures. In M. Johnston & L. Wallace (Eds.), Stress and medical procedures (pp. 3-35). Oxford, England: Oxford Science and Medical Publications
124. Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interaction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 143-163
125. Leventhal, H., & Everhart, D. (1979). Emotion, pain and physical illness In C. Izard (Ed.), Emotions in personality andpsychopathology (pp. 263-299). New York: Plenum Press
126. Leventhal, H., Hochbaum, G., & Rosenstock, I. (1960). The impact of Asian influenza on community life: A study in five cities (U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 766). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
127. Leventhal, H., & Mosbach, P. (1983). A perceptual-motor theory of emotion. In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Socialpsychophysiology (pp. 353-388). New York: Guilford Press
128. Litt, M., Nye, C., & Shafer, D. (1992, July). Distraction from information in coping with oral surgery. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, Glasgow, Scotland
129. Locker, A., Caseldine, J., Mitchell, A., Blarney, R., Roebuck, E., & Elston, C. (1989). Results from a seven-year programme of breast selfexamination in 89,010 women. British Journal of Cancer, 60, 401-405
130. Lorig, K., & Holman, H. (1993). Arthritis self-management studies: A twelve-year review. Health Education Quarterly, 20, 17-28
131. Ludwick-Rosenthal, R., & Neufeld, R. (1993). Preparation for undergoing an invasive medical procedure: Interacting effects of information and coping style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 156-164
132. Maddux, J., & Rogers, R. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 469-479
133. Mah, Z., & Bryant, H. (1992). Age as a factor in breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and screening behavior. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 146, 2167-2174
134. Marty, P., McDermott, R., & Christiansen, K. (1983). Evaluation of two pedagogical techniques for enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and frequency of practice related to breast self-examination. Health Education, 9, 25-28
135. Mayer, J. A., & Solomon, L. (1992). Breast self-examination skill and frequency: A review. A nnals of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 189-196
136. Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum Press
137. Meichenbaum, D. (1992). Stress inoculation training: A twenty year update. In R. L. Woolfolk & P. M. Lehrer(Eds-), Principles and practice of stress management (pp. 373-406). New >ork: Guilford Press
138. Meichenbaum, D., & Deffenbacher, J. (1988). Stress inoculation training The Counselling Psychologist, 16, 69-90
139. Meichenbaum, D., & Fong, G. (1992). How individuals control their own minds: A constructive narrative perspective. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker(Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 473-490) New York: Prentice-Hall
140. Meyerowitz, B., & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effects of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 500-510
141. Miller, S. M. (1989). Cognitive informational styles in the process of coping with threat and frustration. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77,223-234
142. Miller, S. M. (1995). Monitoring versus blunting styles of coping influence the information patients want and need about cancer: Implications for cancer screening and management. Cancer, 76, 167-177
143. Miller, S. M. (in press). Monitoring and blunting of threatening information: Cognitive interference and facilitation in the coping process In I. Sarason, B. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, models, and findings. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
144. Miller, S. M., Brody, D., & Summerton, J. (1988). Styles of coping with threat: Implications for health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 142-148
145. Miller, S. M., Combs, C., & Kruus, L. (1993). Tuning in and tuning out: Confronting the effects of confrontation. In H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance: Strategies in coping with aversiveness (pp 51 -69). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber
146. Miller, S. M., Combs, C., & Stoddard, E. (1989). Information, coping, and control in patients undergoing surgery and stressful medical procedures In A. Steptoe & A. Appels (Eds.), Stress, personal control and health (pp. 107-130). New York: Wiley
147. Miller, S. M., Leinbach, A., & Brody, D. (1989). Coping style in hypertensive patients: Nature and consequences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 333-337
148. Miller, S. M., & Mangan, C. (1983). Interacting effects of information and coping style in adapting to gynecologic stress: Should the doctor tell all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 223-236
149. Miller, S. M., & O'Leary, A. (1993). Cognition, stress and health. In K Dobson & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), Cognition andpsychopathology (pp 159-189). New York: Academic Press
150. Miller, S. M., Rodoletz, M., Schroeder, C., Mangan, C., & Sedlacek, T (in press). Applications of the monitoring process model to coping with severe long-term medical threats. Health Psychology
151. Miller, S. M., Roussi, P., Altman, D., Helm, W., & Steinberg, A. (1994) The effects of coping style on psychological reactions to colposcopy among low-income minority women. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 59,711-718
152. Miller, S. M., Roussi, P., Caputo, C., & Kruus, L. (1995). Patterns of children's coping with an aversive dental treatment. Health Psychology, 14, 236-246
153. Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252-283
154. Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 249-292). New York: Academic Press
155. Mischel, W. (1981). Metacognition and the rules of delay. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 240-271). New York: Cambridge University Press
156. Mischel, W. (1990). Personality disposition revisited and revised: A view after three decades. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 111 -134). New York: Guilford Press
157. Mischel, W. (1993). Introduction to personality. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
158. Mischel, W., Cantor, N., & Feldman, S. (in press). Principles of selfregulation: The nature of will power and self-control. In E. P. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology: Basic principles New York: Guilford Press
159. Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E., & Zeiss, A. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 204-218
160. Mischel, W., & Moore, B. (1980). The role of ideation in voluntary delay for symbolically presented rewards. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 211-221
161. Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and in variance in personality structures. Psychological Review, 102, 246-268
162. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y, & Rodriguez, M. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938
163. Morris, X, Greer, H., & White, P. (1977). Psychological and social adjustment to mastectomy. Cancer, 40, 2381 -2387
164. Muris, P., de Jong, P., van Zuuren, E, & ter Horst, G. (1994). Coping style, anxiety, cognitions, and cognitive control in dental phobia. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 143-145
165. Muris, P., & van Zuuren, F. (1992). Monitoring, medical fears and physical symptoms. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 360-362
166. Murray, M., & McMillan, C. (1993). Health beliefs, locus of control, emotional control and women's cancer screening behaviour. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 87-100
167. Newcomb, P., Weiss, N., Storer, B., Scholes, D., Young, B., & Voigt, L. (1991). Breast self-examination in relation to the occurrence of advanced breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 83, 260-265
168. Nezu, A. M. (1986). Efficacy of a social problem-solving therapy approach for unipolar depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196-202
169. O'Leary, A. (1985). Self-efficacy and health. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23,437-451
170. O'Leary, A. (1992). Self-efficacy and health: Behavioral and stressphysiological mediation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 229-245
171. O'Leary, A., Shoor, S., Lorig, K., & Holman, H. (1988). A cognitivebehavioral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Health Psychology, 7, 527-544
172. O'Malley, M., & Fletcher, S. (1987). Screening for breast cancer with breast self examination-A critical review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 2196-2203
173. Pennebaker, J. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag
174. Phipps, S., & Zinn, A. (1986). Psychological response to amniocentesis: II. Effects of coping style. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 25, 143-148
175. Pinto, B., & Fuqua, R. (1991). Training breast self-examination: A research review and critique. Health Education Quarterly, 18,495-516
176. Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. (1986). Protection motivation theory and preventive health: Beyond the health belief model. Health Education Research, 7, 153-161
177. Price, J., Desmond, S., Slenker, S., Smith, D., & Stewart, P. (1992) Urban Black women's perceptions of breast cancer and mammography Journal of Community Health, 17, 191-204
178. Prochaska, J. (1994). Strong and weak principles for progressing from precontemplation to action on the basis of twelve problem behaviors Health Psychology, 13, 47-51
179. Prochaska, J., & DiClemente, C. (1983). Stages and processes of selfchange of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390-395
180. Prochaska, J., Velicer, W, Rossi, J., Goldstein, M., Marcus, B., Rakowski, W, Fiore, C., Harlow, L., Redding, C., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39-46
181. Quadrel, M., & Lau, R. (1989). Health promotion, health locus of control, and health behavior: Two field experiments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1497-1521
182. Redd, W., Silberfarb, P., Andersen, B., Andrykowski, M., Bovbjerg, D., Burish, T., Carpenter, P., Cleeland, D., Dolgin, M., Levy, S., Mitnick, L., Morrow, G., Schover, L., Spiegel, D., & Stevens, J. (1991). Physiologic and psychobehavioral research in oncology. Cancer, 67, 813-822
183. Richardson, J., Marks, G., Solis, J., Collins, L., Virba, L., & Hisserich, J. (1987). Frequency and adequacy of breast cancer screening among elderly Hispanic women. Preventive Medicine, 16, 761-774
184. Rimer, B., Jones, W, Wilson, C., Bennett, D., & Engstrom, P. (1983) Planning a cancer control program for older citizens. The Gerontologist, 23, 384-389
185. Rippetoe, P., & Rogers, R. (1987). Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 596-604
186. Roberts, M., French, K., & Duffy, J. (1984). Breast cancer and breast self-examination: What do Scottish women know? Social Science and Medicine, 18,791-797
187. Rodin, J., & Salovey, P. (1989). Health psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 553-579
188. Rodriguez, M., Mischel, W, & Shoda, Y. (1989). Cognitive person variables in the delay of gratification of older children at risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 358-367
189. Rogers, R. (1983). Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Socialpsychophysiology (pp. 153-176). New York: Guilford Press
190. Ronis, D. (1992). Conditional health threats: Health beliefs, decisions, and behaviors among adults. Health Psychology, 11, 127-134
191. Ronis, D., & Harel, Y. (1989). Health beliefs and breast examination behaviors: Analyses of linear structural relations. Psychology and Health, 3, 259-285
192. Ronis, D., & Kaiser, M. (1985). Correlates of breast self-examination in a sample of college women: Analyses of linear structural relations Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19,1068-1084
193. Rothman, A., Salovey, P., Antone, C, Keough, K., & Martin, C (1993), The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 408-433
194. Rothman, A., Salovey, P., Turvey, C., & Fishkin, S. (1993). Attributions of responsibility and persuasion: Increasing mammography utilization among women over 40 with an internally oriented message Health Psychology, 12, 39-47
195. Rotter,J. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
196. Rutledge, D. (1987). Factors related to women's practice of breast selfexamination, flursing Research, 36, 117-121
197. Rutledge, D. (1992). Effects of age on lump detection accuracy. Nursing Research, 41, 306-308
198. Rutledge, D., & Davis, G. (1988). Breast self-examination compliance and the health belief model. Oncology Nursing Forum, 15, 175-179
199. Rutledge, D., Hartmann, W., Kinman, P., & Winfield, A. (1988). Exploration of factors affecting mammography behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 77,412-422
200. Saint-Germain, M., & Longman, A. (1993). Breast cancer screening among older Hispanic women: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices Health Education Quarterly, 20, 539-553
201. Salazar, M., Wilkinson, W., DeRoos, R., Lee, C., Lyons, R., Rubadue, C., & Fetrick, A. (1994). Breast cancer behaviors following participation in a cancer risk appraisal. Health Values, 18, 41 -49
202. Salovey, P., & Birnbaum, D. (1989). Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 539-551
203. Salovey, P., & Singer, J. (1991). Cognitive behavior modification. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change: A textbook of methods (4th ed., pp. 361-395). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press
204. Sarason, I. (1979). Three lacunae of cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 223-235
205. Sarason, I. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938
206. Sarason, I., Sarason, B., Keefe, D., Hayes, B., & Shearin, E. (1986) Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215-226
207. Schwartz, M., Lerman, C, Miller, S. M., Daly, M., & Masny, A. (1995) Coping disposition, perceived risk, and psychological distress among women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Health Psychology, 14, 232-235
208. Semiglazov, V., & Moiseenko, V. (1987). Breast self-examination for the early detection of breast cancen A USSR/WHO controlled trial in Leningrad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65, 391-396
209. Senie, R., Lesser, M., Kinne, D., & Rosen, P. (1994). Method of tumor detection influences disease-free survival of women with breast carcinoma Cancer, 73,1666-1672
210. Sheley, J., & Lessan, G. (1986). Limited impact of the breast self-examination movement: A Latin American illustration. Social Science and Medicine, 23, 905-910
211. Shepperd, S., Solomon, L., Atkins, E., Foster, R., & Frankowski, B (1990). Determinants of breast self-examination among women of lower income and lower education. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 359-371
212. Shoda, Y. (1990). Conditional analyses of personality coherence and dispositions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New %rk
213. Singer, J., & Salovey, P. (1991). Organized knowledge structures and personality: Person schemas, self-schemas, prototypes, and scripts. In M. J. Horowitz (Ed.), Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns (pp. 33-79). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
214. Smith, C, & Lazarus, R. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New Ybrk: Guilford Press
215. Smith, P., & Hailey, B. (1988). Compliance with instructions for regular breast self-examination. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, J, 151-161
216. Sparks, G. (1989). Understanding emotional reactions to a suspenseful movie: The interaction between forewarning and preferred coping style. Communications Monographs, 56, 325-340
217. Sparks, G., & Spirek, M. (1988). Individual differences in coping with stressful mass media: An activation-arousal view. Human Communication Research, 15, 191-216
218. Stefanek, M., & Wilcox, P. (1991). First degree relatives of breast cancer patients: Screening practices and provision of risk information Cancer Detection and Prevention, 15, 379-384
219. Steptoe, A., & O'Sullivan, J. (1986). Monitoring and blunting coping styles in women prior to surgery. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 143-144
220. Steptoe, A., & Vogele, C. (1992). Individual differences in the perception of bodily sensations: The role of trait anxiety and coping style, Behavioral Research and Therapy, 30, 597-607
221. Stillman, M. (1977). Women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination. Nursing Research, 26, 121-127
222. Strauss, L., Solomon, L., Costanza, M., Worden, J., & Foster, R. (1987) Breast self-examination practices and attitudes of women with and without a history of breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 337-350
223. Sutton, S. (1982). Fear arousing communications: A critical examination of theory and research. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Social psychology and behavioral medicine (pp. 303-338). New York: Wiley
224. Taylor, S. (1990). Health psychology: The science and the field. American Psychologist, 45,40-50
225. Taylor, S. (1995). Health psychology. New York: McGraw Hill
226. Taylor, S., Lichtman, R., Wood, J., Bluming, A., Dbsik, G., & Leibowitz, R. (1984). Breast self-examination among diagnosed breast cancer patients. Cancer, 54,2528-2532
227. Thurnher, M. (1974). Goals, values, and life evaluations at the preretirement stage. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 85-96
228. Turk, D., Salovey, P., & Litt, M. (1986). Adherence: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. In K. E. Gerber & A. M. Nehemkis (Eds.), Compliance: The dilemma of the chronically ill. New 'York: Springer
229. van Zuuren, F. J. (1993). Coping style and anxiety during prenatal diagnosis Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11, 57-59
230. van Zuuren, F. J., & Muris, P. (1993). Coping under experimental threat: Observable and cognitive correlates of dispositional monitoring and blunting. European Journal of Personality, 7,245-253
231. van Zuuren, F, & Wolfs, H. (1991). Styles of information seeking under threat: Personal and situational aspects of monitoring and blunting Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 141-149
232. Vogel, V. (1991). High-risk populations as targets for breast cancer prevention trials. Preventive Medicine, 20, 86-100
233. Wardle, F, Collins, W., Fernet, A., Whitehead, M., Bourne, T, & Campbell, S. (1993). Psychological impact of screening for familial ovarian cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85, 653-657
234. Wardle, J. (1995). Women at risk of ovarian cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 17, 81-85
235. Wardle, J., Fernet, A., Collins, W.& Bourne, T. (1994). False positive results in ovarian cancer screening: One year follow-up of psychological status. Psychology and Health, 10, 33-40
236. Ware, J., & Young, J. (1979). Issues in the conceptualization and measurement of value placed on health. In S. Mushkin & D. Dunlop (Eds.), Health: What is it worth?(pp. 141-166). New York: Pergamon Press
237. Watkins, L., Weaver, L., &Odegaard, V. (1986). Preparation for cardiac catheterization: Tailoring the content of instruction to coping style Heart and Lung, 15, 382-389
238. Weinstein, N. (1983). Reducing unrealistic optimism about illness susceptibility Health Psychology, 2, 11-20
239. Weinstein, N. (1984). Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility. Health Psychology, 3, 431 -457
240. Weinstein, N. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7, 355-386
241. Weinstein, N. (1989). Effects of personal experience on self-protective behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 31-50
242. Weinstein, N. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12, 324-333
243. Weinstein, N., & Sandman, P. (1992). A model of the precaution adoption process: Evidence from home radon testing. Health Psychology, 11, 170-180
244. Weiss, S. (1992). Behavioral medicine on the world scene: Toward the year 2000. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 302-306
245. Wilson, D., Purdon, S., & Wallston, K. (1988). Compliance to health recommendations: A theoretical overview of message framing Health Education Research, 3, 161-171
246. Wojcik, J. (1988). Social learning predictors of the avoidance of smoking relapse. Addictive Behaviors, 13, 177-180
247. Wright, J., & Mischel, W. (1982). The influence of affect on cognitivesocial learning person variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 901-914
248. Wyper, M. (1990). Breast self-examination and the health belief model Research in Nursing and Health, 13, 421-428
249. Zajonc, R. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences American Psychologist, 35, 151-175