Middle to late Miocene extremely rapid exhumation and thermal reequilibration in the Kung Co rift, southern Tibet

Tectonics

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Lee, Jeffrey ^a   Hager, Christian ^b,c   Wallis, Simon R ^d   Stockli, Daniel F ^b   Whitehouse, Martin J ^e   Aoya, Mutsuki ^f   Wang, Yu ^g  

^a CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^c CHEVRON ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COMPANY   (United States)

^d NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AIST   (Japan)

^g China University of Geosciences   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INVERSE PROBLEMS; PHOSPHATE MINERALS; SILICATE MINERALS;

CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU; DATA YIELDS; EARLY MIOCENE; FAULT SCARP; FAULT SLIP; GLACIAL VALLEYS; INVERSE MODELING; LATE MIOCENE; LATE QUATERNARY; LOWER CRUST; MIDDLE MIOCENE; NORMAL FAULTS; RE-EQUILIBRATION; SOUTHERN TIBET; TIBETAN PLATEAU;

TECTONICS;

APATITE; EXHUMATION; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FAULT SCARP; FAULT SLIP; FOOTWALL; HELIUM ISOTOPE; INVERSE ANALYSIS; MIOCENE; NORMAL FAULT; RIFT ZONE; URANIUM ISOTOPE;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU; XIZANG;

EID: 79953055056     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010TC002745     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, J. L. Mercier, and H. Tong- Lin (1986), Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,803-13,872, doi:10.1029/ JB091iB14p13803.
2. Blisniuk, P.M., B. R. Hacker, J. Glodny, L. Ratschbacher, S. W.Bi, Z.H.Wu, M. O.McWilliams, and A.Calvert (2001), Normal faulting in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago, Nature, 412, 628-632, doi:10.1038/ 35088045. (Pubitemid 32772272)
3. Cherniak, D. J., E. B. Watson, and J. B. Thomas (2009), Diffusion of helium in zircon and apatite, Chem. Geol., 268, 155-166, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo. 2009. 08.011.
4. Clark, M. K.,M.A.House, L.H. Royden, B. C. Burchfiel, K. X. Whipple, X. Zhang, and W. Tang (2005), Late Cenozoic uplift of southeastern Tibet, Geology, 33, 525-528, doi:10.1130/G21265.1. (Pubitemid 40829850)
5. Coleman, M., and K. Hodges (1995), Evidence for Tibetan Plateau uplift before 14 Myr ago from a new minimum age for east-west extension, Nature, 374, 49-52, doi:10.1038/374049a0.
6. Cook, K. L., and L. H. Royden (2008), The role of crustal strength variations in shaping orogenic plateaus, with application to Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08407, doi:10.1029/2007JB005457.
7. Copley, A., and D. McKenzie (2007), Models of crustal flow in the India-Asia collision zone, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 683-698, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 246X. 2007.03343.x. (Pubitemid 46605003)
8. Cottle, J. M., M. J. Jessup, D. L. Newell, M. S. A. Horstwood, S. R. Noble, R. R. Parrish, D. J. Waters, and M. P. Searle (2009), Geochronology of granulitized eclogite from the Ama Drime Massif: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the South Tibetan Himalaya, Tectonics, 28, TC1002, doi:10.1029/ 2008TC002256.
9. Currie, B. S., D. B. Rowley, and N. J. Tabor (2005), Mid-Miocene paleoaltimetry of southern Tibet: Implications for the role of mantle thickening and delamination in the Himalayan orogen, Geology, 33, 181-184, doi:10.1130/G21170.1. (Pubitemid 40413052)
10. Cyr, A. J., B. S. Currie, and D. B. Rowley (2005), Geochemical evaluation of Fenghuoshan Group lacustrine carbonates, north-central Tibet: Implications for the paleoaltimetry of the Eocene Tibetan Plateau, J. Geol., 113, 517-533. (Pubitemid 41294894)
11. DeCelles, P. G., D. M. Robinson, and G. Zandt (2002), Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 21(6), 1062, doi:10.1029/2001TC001322.
12. DeCelles, P. G., J. Quade, P. Kapp, M. Fan, D. L. Dettman, and L. Ding (2007), High and dry in the central Tibet during the Late Oligocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 389-401, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2006.11.001. (Pubitemid 46050391)
13. Dewane, T. J., D. F. Stockli, C. Hager, M. Taylor, L. Ding, J. Lee, and S. Wallis (2006), Timing of Cenozoic E-W extension in the Tangra Yum Co-Kung rift, south-central Tibet, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T34C-04.
14. Edwards, M. A., and T. M. Harrison (1997), When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene N-S extension in the High Himalaya revealed by Th-Pb dating of the Khula Kangri granite, Geology, 25, 543-546, doi : 10.1130/0091-7613(1997) 0250543: WDTRCL2.3.CO;2.
15. Ehlers, T. A., and D. S. Chapman (1999), Normal fault thermal regimes: Conductive and hydrothermal heat transfer surrounding the Wasatch fault, Utah, Tectonophysics, 312, 217-234, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (99)00203-6. (Pubitemid 30119117)
16. Ehlers, T. A., and K. A. Farley (2003), Apatite (U-Th)/ He thermochronometry: Methods and applications to problems in tectonic and surface process, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 1-14, doi:10.1016/S0012- 821X(02)01069-5. (Pubitemid 36141296)
17. Ehlers, T. A., P. A. Armstrong, and D. S. Chapman (2001), Normal fault thermal regimes and the interpretation of low-temperature thermochronometers, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , 126, 179-194, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00254-0. (Pubitemid 33050606)
18. England, P., and G. Houseman (1989), Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17,561-17,579.
19. Farley, K. A. (2000), Helium diffusion from apatite: General behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2903-2914.
20. Farley, K. A., R. A. Wolf, and L. T. Silver (1996), The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4223-4229, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00193-7. (Pubitemid 126379160)
21. Fielding, E., B. Isacks, M. Barazangi, and C. Duncan (1994), How flat is Tibet?, Geology, 22, 163-167, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)0220163:HFIT2.3. CO;2. (Pubitemid 24404102)
22. Flowers, R. M., R. A. Ketcham, D. L. Shuster, and K. A. Farley (2009), Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 2347-2365, doi:10.1016/j.gca. 2009.01. 015.
23. France-Lanord, C., S. M. F. Sheppard, and P. Le Fort (1988), Hydrogen and oxygen isotope variations in the High Himalaya peraluminous Manaslu leucogranite: Evidence for heterogeneous sedimentary source, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 513-526, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90107-X.
24. Garzione, C. N., D. L. Dettman, J. Quade, P. G. DeCelles, and R. F. Butler (2000a), High times on the Tibetan Plateau: Paleoelevation of the Thakkhola graben, Nepal, Geology, 28, 339-342, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(2000)28339:HTOTTP2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32836080)
25. Garzione, C. N., J. Quade, P. G. DeCelles, and N. B. English (2000b), Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from d18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 215-229, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(00)00252-1. (Pubitemid 32010676)
26. Garzione, C. N., P. G. DeCelles, D. G. Hodkinson, T. P. Ojha, and B. N. Upreti (2003), East-west extension and Miocene environmental change in the southern Tibetan Plateau; Thakkhola Graben, central Nepal, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 3-20, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(2003)1152.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 36234614)
27. Hager, C., and D. F. Stockli (2009), A new MATLAB©- based helium modeling package ("HeMP") for thermal history recovery from single and multithermochronometer (U-Th)/He data and data arrays, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 41, 487.
28. Hager, C., D. F. Stockli, T. J. Dewane, G. Gehrels, and L. Ding (2009), Anatomy and crustal evolution of the central Lhasa terrane (S-Tibet) revealed by investigations in the Xainza rift, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 11, EGU2009-11346-1.
29. Harrison, T. M., P. Copeland, W. S. F. Kidd, and A. Yin (1992), Raising Tibet, Science, 255, 1663-1670, doi:10.1126/science.255.5052.1663.
30. Harrison, T. M., P. Copeland, W. S. F. Kidd, and O. M. Lovera (1995), Activation of the Nyainquentanghla Shear Zone: Implications for uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 14, 658-676, doi:10.1029/95TC00608. (Pubitemid 26455705)
31. Harrison, T. M., M. Grove, K. D. McKeegan, C. D. Coath, O. M. Lovera, and P. Le Fort (1999), Origin and episodic emplacement of the Manaslu intrusive complex, central Himalaya, J. Petrol., 40, 3-19. (Pubitemid 29163832)
32. Hintersberger, E., R. C. Thiede, M. R. Strecker, and B. R. Hacker (2010), East-west extension in the NW Indian Himalaya, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122, 1499-1515, doi:10.1130/B26589.1.
33. Hirth, G., and J. Tullis (1992), Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145-159, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(92)90053-Y.
34. House, M. A., K. A. Farley, and B. P. Kohn (1999), An empirical test of helium diffusion in apatite: Borehole data from the Otway Basin, Australia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 463-474, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(99)00120-X. (Pubitemid 29532494)
35. Huang, W.-C., et al. (2000), Seismic polarization anisotropy beneath the central Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27,979-27,989, doi:10.1029/ 2000JB900339.
36. Jiménez-Munt, I., and J. P. Platt (2006), Influence of mantle dynamics on the topographic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: Results from numerical modeling, Tectonics, 25, TC6002, doi:10.1029/ 2006TC001963.
37. Kali, E., P. H. Leloup, N. Arnaud, G. Mahéo, D. Liu, E. Boutonnet, J. Van der Woerd, L. Xiaohan, J. Liu-Zeng, and L. Haibing (2010), Exhumation history of the deepest central Himalayan rocks (Ama Drime range): Key pressure-temperaturedeformation- time constraints on orogenic models, Tectonics, 29, TC2014, doi:10.1029/2009TC002551.
38. Kapp, P., and J. H. Guynn (2004), Indian punch rifts Tibet, Geology, 32, 993-996, doi:10.1130/ G20689.1. (Pubitemid 39547498)
39. Ketcham, R. A. (2005), Forward and inverse modeling of low-temperature thermochronometry data, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58, 275-314, doi:10.2138/ rmg.2005.58.11. (Pubitemid 41742434)
40. Ketcham, R. A., R. A. Donelick, and M. B. Donelick (2000), AFTSolve: A program for multi-kinetic modeling of apatite fission-track data, Geol. Mater. Res., 2, 1-32.
41. Kind, R., et al. (2002), Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: Evidence for Eurasian Plate subduction, Science, 298, 1219-1221, doi:10.1126/science.1078115. (Pubitemid 35285485)
42. Klootwijk, C. T., P. J. Conaghan, and C. M. Powell (1985), The Himalayan arc: Large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 167-183, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(85) 90099-8.
43. Kosarev, G., R. Kind, S. V. Sobolev, X. Yuan, W. Hanka, and S. Oreshin (1999), Seismic evidence for a detached Indian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet, Science, 283, 1306-1309, doi:10.1126/ science.283.5406.1306.
44. Lee, J., and M. J. Whitehouse (2007), Onset of midcrustal extensional flow in southern Tibet: Evidence from U/Pb zircon ages, Geology, 35, 45-48, doi:10.1130/G22842A.1. (Pubitemid 46131804)
45. Lee, J., D. F. Stockli, L. A. Owen, R. C. Finkel, and R. Kislitsyn (2009), Exhumation of the Inyo Mountains, California: Implications for the timing of extension along the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province and distribution of dextral fault slip rates across the eastern California shear zone, Tectonics, 28, TC1001, doi:10.1029/ 2008TC002295.
46. Liu, M., and Y. Yang (2003), Extensional collapse of the Tibetan Plateau: Results of three-dimensional finite element modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B8), 2361, doi:10.1029/2002JB002248.
47. Ludwig, K. R. (1998), On the treatment of concordant uranium-lead ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 665-676, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00059-3.
48. Mahéo, G., P. H. Leloup, F. Valli, R. Lacassin, N. Arnaud, J.-L. Paquette, A. Fernandez, L. Haibing, K. A. Farley, and P.G. Tapponnier (2007), Post 4 Ma initiation of normal faulting in southern Tibet: Constraints from the Kung Co half graben, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 256, 233-243, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01. 029. (Pubitemid 46388897)
49. Marrett, R., and R. W. Allmendinger (1990), Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 973-986, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(90)90093- E.
50. McCaffrey, R., and J. Nabelek (1998), Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau, Geology, 26, 691-694, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998) 0260691:ROOCIT2.3.CO;2. (Pubitemid 29040967)
51. McLaren, A. C., J. D. FitzGerald, and I. S. Williams (1994), The microstructure of zircon and its influence on the age determination from Pb/U isotopic ratios measured by ion microprobe, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 993-1005, doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(94)90521-5. (Pubitemid 24423857)
52. Meesters, A. G. C. A., and T. J. Dunai (2002), Solving the production-diffusion equation for finite diffusion domains of various shapes: Part l. Implications for low-temperature (U-Th)/He thermochronology, Chem. Geol., 186, 333-344, doi:10.1016/S0009- 2541(01)00422-3. (Pubitemid 34763354)
53. Mercier, J.-L., R. Armijo, P. Tapponnier, E. Carey- Gailhardis, and H. T. Lin (1987), Change from late Tertiary compression to Quaternary extension in southern Tibet during the India-Asia collision, Tectonics, 6, 275-304, doi:10.1029/TC006i003p00275.
54. Molnar, P. (2005), Mio-Pliocene growth of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of East Asian climate, Palaeontol. Electron., 8, 1-23.
55. Molnar, P., and H. Lyon-Caen (1989), Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 123-154.
56. Molnar, P., P. England, and J. Martinod (1993), Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon, Rev. Geophys., 31, 357-396, doi:10.1029/93RG02030. (Pubitemid 24423082)
57. Murphy, M. A., and P. Copeland (2005), Transtensional deformation in the central Himalaya and its role in accommodating growth of the Himalayan orogen, Tectonics, 24, TC4012, doi:10.1029/2004TC001659. (Pubitemid 41582508)
58. Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, P. Kapp, T. M. Harrison, C. E. Manning, F. J. Ryerson, L. Ding, and J. Guo (2002), Structural evolution of the Gurla Mandhata detachment system, southwest Tibet: Implications for the eastward extent of the Karakoram fault system, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 428-447, doi : 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)1140428: SEOTGM2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35016104)
59. Nabelek, J., et al. (2009), Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment, Science, 325, 1371-1374, doi:10.1126/science.1167719.
60. Nelson, K. D., et al. (1996), Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: Synthesis of project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684-1688, doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1684. (Pubitemid 26414892)
61. Ouimet, W., K. Whipple, L. Royden, P. Reiners, K. Hodges, and M. Pringle (2010), Regional incision of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Lithosphere, 2, 50-63, doi:10.1130/L57.1.
62. Owens, T. J., and G. Zandt (1997), Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution, Nature, 387, 37-43, doi:10.1038/ 387037a0.
63. Press, W. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling (1988), Numerical Recipes in C- The Art of Scientific Computing, 993 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
64. Priestley, K., E. Debayle, D. McKenzie, and S. Pilidou (2006), Upper mantle structure of eastern Asia from multimode surface waveform tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B10304, doi:10.1029/ 2005JB004082.
65. Priestley, K., J. Jackson, and D. McKenzie (2008), Lithospheric structure and deep earthquakes beneath India, the Himalaya and southern Tibet, Geophys. J. Int., 172, 345-362, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.2007.03636.x.
66. Pryer, L. L. (1993), Microstructures in feldspars from a major crustal thrust zone: The Grenville Front, Ontario, Canada, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 21-36, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(93)90076-M.
67. Reiners, P. W. (2005), Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry, in Low-Temperature Thermochronology: Techniques, Interpretations, and Applications, edited by P. W. Reiners and T. A. Ehlers, pp. 151-179, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Chantilly, Va.
68. Reiners, P. W., T. L. Spell, S. Nicolescu, and K. A. Zanetti (2004), Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: He diffusion and comparisons with 40Ar/39Ar dating, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1857-1887. (Pubitemid 38473029)
69. Rodgers, A. J., and S. Y. Schwartz (1997), Low crustal velocities and mantle lithospheric variations in southern Tibet from regional Pnl waveforms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 9-12, doi:10.1029/96GL03774.
70. Rodgers, A. J., and S. Y. Schwartz (1998), Lithospheric structure of the Qiangtang Terrane, northern Tibetan Plateau, from complete regional waveform modeling: Evidence for partial melt, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7137-7152, doi:10.1029/97JB03535. (Pubitemid 28433988)
71. Rowley, D. B., and B. S. Currie (2006), Palaeoaltimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet, Nature, 439, 677-681, doi:10.1038/nature04506. (Pubitemid 43237608)
72. Rowley, D. B., and C. N. Garzione (2007), Stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35, 463-508, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.35.031306.140155. (Pubitemid 46947831)
73. Rowley, D. B., R. T. Pierrehumbert, and B. S. Currie (2001), A new approach to stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry: Implications for paleoaltimetry and paleohypsometry of the High Himalaya since the late Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 188, 253-268, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00324-7. (Pubitemid 32516590)
74. Royden, L. (1996), Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,679-17,705, doi:10.1029/96JB00951.
75. Royden, L. H., B. C. Burchfiel, R. W. King, E. Wang, Z. Chen, F. Shen, and Y. Liu (1997), Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet, Science, 276, 788-790, doi:10.1126/science.276. 5313.788.
76. Rubatto, D., and D. Gebauer (2000), Use of cathodoluminescence for U-Pb zircon dating by ion microprobe: Some examples from the western Alps, in Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences, edited by M. Pagel et al., pp. 373-400, Springer, Berlin.
77. Saylor, J. E., J. Quade, D. L. Dellman, P. G. DeCelles, P. A. Kapp, and L. Ding (2009), The late Miocene through present paleoelevation history of southwestern Tibet, Am. J. Sci., 309, 1-42, doi:10.2475/ 01.2009.01.
78. Saylor, J. E., P. G. DeCelles, and J. Quade (2010), Climate-driven environmental change in the Zhada basin, southwestern Tibet, Geosphere, 6, 74-92, doi:10.1130/GES00507.1.
79. Shen, F., L. H. Royden, and B. C. Burchfiel (2001), Large-scale crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6793-6816, doi:10.1029/2000JB900389.
80. Shi, D., et al. (2004), Detection of southward intracontinental subduction of Tibetan lithosphere along the Bangong-Nujiang suture by P-to-S converted waves, Geology, 32, 209-212, doi:10.1130/ G19814.1. (Pubitemid 38423520)
81. Spicer, R. A., N. B. W. Harris, M. Widdowson, A. B. Herman, S. Guo, P. J. Valdes, J. A. Wolfek, and S. P. Kelley (2003), Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years, Nature, 421, 622-624. (Pubitemid 36227667)
82. Stipp, M., H. Stünitz, R. Heilbronner, and S. M. Schmid (2002), The eastern Tonale fault zone: A "natural laboratory" for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1861-1884, doi:10.1016/ S0191-8141(02)00035-4.
83. Stockli, D. F. (2005), Application of low-temperature thermochronology to extensional tectonic settings, in Low-Temperature Thermochronology: Techniques, Interpretations, and Applications, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., vol. 58, edited by R. W. Reiners and T. A. Ehlers, pp. 411-448, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Chantilly, Va.
84. Stockli, D. F., K. A. Farley, and T. A. Dumitru (2000), Calibration of the apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometer on an exhumed fault block, White Mountains, Calif. Geol., 28, 983-986. (Pubitemid 32863338)
85. Stockli, D. F., M. Taylor, A. Yin, T. M. Harrison, J. D'Andrea, P. Kapp, and L. Ding (2002), Late Miocene-Pliocene inception of E-W extension in Tibet as evidenced by apatite (U-Th)/He data, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 34, 411.
86. Tagami, T., K. A. Farley, and D. F. Stockli (2003), (U-Th)/He geochronology of single zircon grains of known Tertiary eruption age, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 207, 57-67, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02) 01144-5. (Pubitemid 36257706)
87. Taylor, M., A. Yin, F. J. Ryerson, P. Kapp, and L. Ding (2003), Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 22(4), 1044, doi:10.1029/2002TC001361.
88. Thiede, R. C., J. R. Arrowsmith, B. Bookhagen, M. McWilliams, E. R. Sobel, and M. R. Strecker (2006), Dome formation and extension in the Tethyan Himalaya, Leo Pargil, northwest India, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118, 635-650, doi:10.1130/ B25872.1.
89. Vavra, G., R. Schmid, and D. Gebauer (1999), Internal morphology, habit and U-Th-Pb microanalysis of amphibolite-to-granulite facies zircons: Geochronology of the Ivrea Zone (Southern Alps), Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 134, 380-404, doi:10.1007/ s004100050492.
90. Whittington, A. G., A. M. Hofmeister, and P. I. Nabelek (2009), Temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the Earth's crust and implications for magmatism, Nature, 458, 319-321, doi:10.1038/ nature07818.
91. Williams, H., S. Turner, S. Kelley, and N. Harris (2001), Age and composition of dikes in southern Tibet: New constraints on the timing of east-west extension and its relationship to postcollisional volcanism, Geology, 29, 339-342, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(2001)0290339:AACODI2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35294953)
92. Wolf, R. A., K. A. Farley, and L. T. Silver (1996), Helium diffusion and low temperature thermochronometry of apatite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4231-4240, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00192-5. (Pubitemid 126379161)
93. Wolf, R. A., K. A. Farley, and D. M. Kass (1998), Modeling of the temperature sensitivity of the apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometer, Chem. Geol., 148, 105-114, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00024-2. (Pubitemid 28469358)
94. Wolfe, M. R., and D. F. Stockli (2010), Zircon (U-Th)/ He thermochronometry in the KTB drill hole, Germany, and its implications for bulk He diffusion kinetics in zircon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295, 69-82, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.025.
95. Yin, A. (2000), Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,745-21,759, doi:10.1029/2000JB900168.
96. Yin, A. (2010), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Asia: A preliminary synthesis, Tectonophysics, 488, 293-325.
97. Yin, A., T. M. Harrison, F. J. Ryerson, C. Wenji, W. S. F. Kidd, and P. Copeland (1994), Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system, southeastern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,175-18,201, doi:10.1029/94JB00504.
98. Zhang, H., N. Harris, R. Parrish, S. Kelley, L. Zhang, N. Rogers, T. Argles, and J. King (2004), Causes and consequences of protracted melting of the mid-crust exposed in the North Himalayan antiform, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 195-212, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.031. (Pubitemid 39499932)
99. Zhang, P.-Z., et al. (2004), Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data, Geology, 32, 809-812, doi:10.1130/G20554.1. (Pubitemid 39316145)