Upper mantle structure of eastern Asia from multimode surface waveform tomography

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 111, Issue 10, 2006, Pages

  Priestley, Keith ^a   Debayle, Eric ^b   McKenzie, D ^a   Pilidou, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG EOST   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; MANTLE STRUCTURE; MODEL; SEISMIC DATA; SEISMOGRAM; SURFACE WAVE; TOMOGRAPHY; UPPER MANTLE;

ASIA; EURASIA;

EID: 33845571581     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JB004082     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Artemieva, I., and W. Mooney (2001), Thermal thickness and evolution of precambrian lithosphere: A global study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,387-16,414.
2. Baljinnyam, I., et al. (1993), Ruptures of major earthquakes and active deformation in Mongolia and its surroundings, Mem. Geol. Soe. Am., 181, 1-59.
3. Bayasgalan, A., J. Jackson, and D. McKenzie (2005), Lithosphere rheology and active tectonics in Mongolia: Relations between earthquake source parameters, gravity and GPS mesurements, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 1151-1179, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02764.x.
4. Beghein, C., and J. Trampert (2003), Probability density function for radial anisotropy: Implications for the upper 1200 km of the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 217, 151-162.
5. Boyd, F., M. Pokhilenko, D. Pearson, S. Mertzman, N. Sobolev, and L. Finger (1997), Composition of the Siberian cratonic mantle: Evidence from Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths, Contrib. Mineral Petrol., 128, 228-246, doi:10.1007/s004100050305.
6. Brey, G., and T. Kohler (1990), Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers, J. Petrol., 311, 1353-1378.
7. Cara, M., and J. Lévêque (1987), Waveform inversion using secondary observables, Geophy. Res. Lett., 14, 1046-1049.
8. Chemenda, A., J.-P. Burg, and M. Mattauer (2000), Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: Geopoem based on a new modelling, geological and geophysical data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 174, 397-409.
9. Chung, S.-L., et al. (2005), Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism, Earth Sci. Rev., 68, 173-196.
10. Cunningham, W. D. (1998), Lithospheric controls on late cenozoic construction of the Mongolian Altai, Tectonics, 17, 891-902.
11. Cunningham, W. D. (2001), Cenozoic normal faulting and regional doming in the southern Hangay region, Central Mongolia: Implications for the origin of the Baikal rift province, Tectonophysics, 331, 389-411.
12. Cunningham, W. D., B. Windley, D. Dodnamjaa, G. Badamgarov, and M. Saandar (1996), A structural transect across the Mongolian Western Altai; Active transpressional mountain building in central Asia, Tectonics, 157, 142-156.
13. Curtis, A., J. Trampert, R. Snieder, and B. Dost (1998), Eurasian fundamental mode surface wave phase velocities and their relationship with tectonic structures, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 26,919-26,947.
14. Debayle, E. (1999), Sv-wave azimuthal anisotropy in the Australian upper mantle: Preliminary results from automated Rayleigh waveform inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 137, 747-754.
15. Debayle, E., and B. Kennett (2000), Anisotropy in the Australasian upper mantle from Love and Rayleigh waveform inversion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 339-351.
16. Debayle, E., and B. Kennett (2003), Surface-wave studies in the Australian region, Geol. Soc. Aust. Spec. Publ., 22, 19-34.
17. Debayle, E., and M. Sambridge (2004), Inversion of massive surface wave data sets: Model construction and resolution assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02316, doi:10.1029/2003JB002652.
18. Debayle, E., J.-J. Lévêque, and M. Cara (2001), Seismic evidence for a plume in the upper mantle beneath the northeastern Afro /Arabian continent, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 423-436.
19. Debayle, E., B. Kennett, and K. Priestley (2005), Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate-motion deformation of Australia, Nature, 433, 509-512.
20. Dziewonski, M. A., and D. Anderson (1981), Preliminary Reference Earth Model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 25, 297-356.
21. Ekström, G., J. Tromp, and E. Larson (1997), Measurements and global models of surface wave propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8137-8157.
22. Engdahl, E., R. van der Hilst, and R. Bulland (1998), Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.
23. Friederich, W. (2003), The s-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle from inversion of shear and surface waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 88-102.
24. Goodwin, A. (1991), Precambrian Geology: The Dynamic Evolution of the Continental Crust, Elsevier, New York.
25. Griffin, W. L., Z. Andi, S. Y. O'Reilly, and C. G. Ryan (1998), Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton, in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 27, edited by M. Flower, pp. 107-126, AGU, Washington, D. C.
26. Griffin, W. L., C. Ryan, F. Kaminsky, S. O'Reilly, L. Natapov, T. Win, P. Kinny, and I. Ilupin (1999), The Siberian lithosphere traverse: Mantle terranes and the assembly of the Siberian Craton, Tectonophysics, 310, 1-35.
27. Griot, D., J. Montagner, and P. Tapponnier (1998a), Phase velocity structure from Rayleigh and Love waves in Tibet and its neighboring regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21,215-21,232.
28. Griot, D., J. Montagner, and P. Tapponnier (1998b), Confrontation of mantle seismic anisotropy with two extreme models of strain, in central Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1447-1450.
29. Hofmeister, A. (1999), Mantle values of thermal condutivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes, Science, 283, 1699-1709, doi:10.1126/ science.283.5408.1699.
30. Ionov, D., I. Ashchepkov, H.-G. Stosch, G. Witt-Eickschen, and H. Seck (1993), Garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Vitim volcanic field, Baikal region: The nature of the garnet-spinel peridotite transition zone in the continental mantle, J Petrol., 34, 1141-1175.
31. Ionov, D., S. O'Reilly, and I. Ashchepkov (1995), Feldspar-bearing lherzolite xenoliths in alkali basalts from Hamar-Daban, southern Baikal region, Russia, Contrib. Mineral Petrol., 122, 174-190.
32. Ionov, D., S. O'Reilly, and W. Griffin (1998), A geotherm and lithospheric section for central Mongolia (Tariat region), in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia, Geodyn. Ser, vol. 27, edited by M. Flower, pp. 127-153, AGU, Washington, D. C.
33. Jackson, J. (2002), Strength of the continental lithosphere: Time to abandon the jelly sandwich?, GSA Today, 12, 4-10.
34. Jackson, J., K. Priestley, M. Allen, and M. Berberian (2002), Active tectonics of the South Caspian Basin, Geophys. J. Int., 148(2), 214-245.
35. Jackson, J., H. Austrheim, D. McKenzie, and K. Priestley (2004), Metastability, mechanical strength, and the support of mountain belts, Geology, 32, 625-628.
36. Jahn, B. M., B. Auvray, J. Cornichet, Y. Bai, Q. Shen, and D. Liu (1987), 3.5 Ga old amphibolites from eastern Hebei Provience, China: Field occurrence, petrography, Sm-Nd isochron age and REE geochemistry, Precambrian Res., 34, 311-346.
37. Jahn, B. M., G. Gruau, R. Capdevila, J. Comichet, A. Nemchin, R. Pidgeon, and V. A. Rudnik (1998), Archean crustal evolution of the Aldan Shield, Siberia: Geochemical and isotopic constraints, Precambrian Res., 91, 333-363.
38. Jaupart, C., and J. Mareschal (1999), The thermal structure and thickness of continental roots, Lithos, 48, 93-114.
39. Jordan, T. (1979), Mineralogies, densities and seismic velocities of garnet lherzolite and their geophysical implications, in The Mantle Sample: Inclusions in Kimberlites and Other Volcanics, vol. 2, edited by F. Boyd and H. Meyer, pp. 155-165, AGU, Washington, D. C.
40. Jung, H., and S.-I. Karato (2001), Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine, Science, 293, 1460-1463.
41. Kaminski, E. (2002), The influence of water on the development of lattice preferred orientation in olivine aggregates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(12), 1576, doi:10.1029/2002GL014710.
42. Kaminski, E., and N. M. Ribe (2002), Timescales for the evolution of seismic anisotropy in mantle flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(8), 1051, doi:10.1029/2001GC000222.
43. Kennedy, C., and G. Kennedy (1976), The equilibrium boundary between graphite and diamond, J Geophys. Res., 81, 2467-2470.
44. Kennett, B. (1995), Approximations for surface-wave propagation in laterally varying media, Geophys. J. Int., 122, 470-478.
45. Kennett, B., and S. Widiyantoro (1999), A low seismic wavespeed anomaly beneath northwest India: A seismic signature of the Deccan plume?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 165, 145-155.
46. Khutorskoy, M., and V. Yarmoluk (1989), Heat flow, structure and evolution of the lithosphere of Mongolia, Tectonophysics, 164, 315-322.
47. Kiselev, A. (1987), Volcanism of the Baikal rift zone, Tectonophysics, 143, 235-244.
48. Kiselev, A., and A. Popov (1992), Asthenospheric diapir beneath the Baikal rift petrological constraints, Tectonophysics, 208, 287-295.
49. Kopylova, M., S. O'Reilly, and Y. Genshaft (1995), Thermal state of the lithosphere beneath central Mongolia: Evidence from the deep-seated xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression, Hangai, Mongolia, Lithos, 36, 243-255.
50. Lebedev, S., and G. Nolet (2003), Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2048, doi:10.1029/ 2000JB000073.
51. Lévêque, J., E. Debayle, and V. Maupin (1998), Anisotropy in the Indian Ocean upper mantle from Rayleigh and Love waveform inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 529-540.
52. Li, Z. (1994), Collision between the North and South China blocks: A crustal-detachment model for suturing in the region cast of the Tanlu fault, Geology, 22, 739-742.
53. Li, Z., L. Zhang, and C. Powell (1995), South China in Rodinia: Part of the missing link between Australia-East Antarctica and Laurentia?, Geology, 23, 407-410.
54. Liu, D. Y., A. Nutman, W. Compston, J. Wu, and Q. Shen (1992), Remnants of >3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean craton, Geology, 20, 339-342.
55. Liu, G. (1987), The Cenozoic rift system of the North China Plain and the deep internal process, Tectonophysics, 133, 277-285.
56. Logatchev, N. (1993), History and geodynamics of the Lake Baikal rift in the context of the eastern Siberian rift system: A review, Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf Aquitaine, 17, 353-370.
57. Logatchev, N., and Y. Zorin (1987), Evidence and causes of the two-stage development of the Baikal rift, Tectonophysics, 143, 225-234.
58. Logatchev, N., and Y. Zorin (1992), Baikal rift zone - Structure and geodynamics, Tectonophysics, 208, 273-286.
59. Lowman, J., and G. Jarvis (1996), Continental collision in wide aspect ratio and high Rayleigh number two-dimensional mantle convection models, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25,485-25,497.
60. Ma, X., G. Liu, and J. Su (1984), The structure and dynamics of the continental lithosphere in north-northeast China, Ann. Geophys., 3, 611-620.
61. Maggi, A., and K. Priestley (2005), Surface waveform tomography of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 1068-1080.
62. Mainprice, D., A. Tommasi, H. Couvy, P. Cordler, and D. Frost (2005), Pressure sensitivity of olivine slip systems and seismic anisotropy of Earth's upper mantle, Nature, 433, 731-733.
63. Marquering, H., R. Snieder, and G. Nolet (1996), Waveform inversion and the significance of surface-wave mode coupling, Geophys. J. Int., 124, 258-278.
64. McKenzie, D., and M. Bickle (1988), The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Petrol., 29, 625-679.
65. McKenzie, D., J. Jackson, and K. Priestley (2005), Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 233, 337-349.
66. McNamara, D. E., T. J. Owens, and W. Walter (1995), Observations of regional phase propagation across the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,215-22,229.
67. McNamara, D. E., W. Walter, T. J. Owens, and C. Ammon (1997), Upper mantle velocity structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn travel time tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 493-505.
68. Menzies, M. A., and Y. Xu (1998), Geodynamics of the north China craton, in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 27, edited by M. Flower, pp. 155-165, AGU, Washington, D. C.
69. Menzies, M. A., W.-M. Fan, and M. Zhang (1993), Pleozoic and Cenozoic lithosphere and the loss of > 120 km of archean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China, in Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, edited by H. Orichard et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 76, 71-81.
70. Mitra, S., K. Priestley, A. Bhattacharyya, and V. Gaur (2005), Crustal structure and earthquake focal depths beneath northeastern India and southern Tibet, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 227-248.
71. Mitrofanov, G., and A. Taskin (1994), Structural relations of the Siberian Platform with its folded frame, Geotectonics, 28, 1-12.
72. Molnar, P. (1988), A review of geophysical constraints on the deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalaya and the Karakoram, and their implications, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 326, 33-88.
73. Molnar, P., and P. Tapponnier (1975), Cenozoic tectonic of asia: Effects of a continental collision, Science, 189, 419-426.
74. Molnar, P., P. England, and J. Martinod (1993), Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon, Rev. Geophys., 31, 357-396.
75. Montagner, J. (1986), Regional three-dimensional structures using long-period surface waves, Annales Geophysicae, 4, 283-294.
76. Nataf, H.-C., and Y. Ricard (1996), 3SMAC: An a priori tomographic model of the upper mantle based on geophysical modeling, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 101-122.
77. Ni, J., and M. Barazangi (1983), High-frequency seismic wave propagation beneath the Indian Shield, Himalayan Arc, Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions, high uppermost mantle velocities and different propagation beneath Tibet, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 72, 665-689.
78. Pandey, M., S. Roecker, and P. Molnar (1991). P-waveresiduals at stations in Nepal: Evidence for a high velocity region beneath the Karakorum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1909-1912.
79. Pavlenkova, G., K. Priestley, and J. Cipar (2002), 2D model of the crust and uppermost mantle along rift profile, Siberian craton, Tectonophysics, 355, 171-186.
80. Petit, C., I. Koulakov, and J. Deverchere (1998). Velocity structure around the Baikal rift zone from teleseismic amd local earthquake traveltimes and geodynamic implications, Tectonophysics, 296, 125-144.
81. Petit, C., J. Deverchere, E. Calais, V. San'kov, and D. Fairhead (2002), Deep structure and mechanical behavior of the lithosphere in the Hangai-Hovsgol region, Mongolia: New constraints from gravity modeling, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1972, 133-149.
82. Pilidou, S., K. Priestley, G. Gudmundsson, and E. Debayle (2005), Upper mantle S-wavespeed heterogeneity beneath the North Atlantic from regional surface waveform tomography: High resolution image of the Iceland plume, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 1057-1076.
83. Priestley, K., and E. Debayle (2003), Seismic evidence for a moderately thick lithosphere beneath the Siberian Platform, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(3), 1118, doi:10.1029/2002GL015931.
84. Priestley, K., and D. McKenzie (2006), The thermal structure of the lithosphere from shear wave velocities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 244, 285-301.
85. Priestley, K., C. Baker, and J. Jackson (1994), Implications of earthquake focal mechanism data for the active tectonics of the south Caspian Basin and surrounding regions, Geophys. J. Int., 118, 111-141.
86. Rapine, R., F. Tilmann, M. West, J. Ni, and A. Rodgers (2003), Crustal structure of northern and southern Tibet from surface wave dispersion analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2120, doi:10.1029/2001JB000445.
87. Richter, F., and D. McKenzie (1981), Parameterizations for the horizontally averaged temperature of infinite Prandtl number convection, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1738-1744.
88. Ritzwoller, M., and A. Levshin (1998), Eurasian surface wave tomography: Group velocities, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4839-4878.
89. Ritzwoller, M. H., N. M. Shapiro, M. P. Barmin, and A. L. Levshin (2002), Global surface wave diffraction tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2335, doi:10.1029/2002JB001777.
90. Schatz, J., and G. Simmons (1972), Thermal conductivity od Earth materials at high temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6966-6983.
91. Sengor, A., and B. Natal'in (1996), Paleotectonics of Asia: Fragments of a synthesis, in The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, edited by A. Yin and T. Harrison, pp. 486-640, Cambridge University Press, New York.
92. Sieminski, A., J. Lévêque, and E. Debayle (2004), Can finite-frequency effects be accounted for in ray theory surface wave tomography?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24614, doi:10.1029/2004GL021402.
93. Song, B., A. Nutman, D. Liu, and J. Wu (1996), 3800 to 2500 Ma crustal evolution in the Amhan area of Kiaoning Provience, northeastern China, Phys. Rev. C, 78, 79-94.
94. Spetzler, J., and R. Snieder (2001), The effects of small-scale heterogeneity on arrival time of waves, Geophys. J. Int., 144, 786-796.
95. Suvorov, V., Z. Mishenkina, V. Gennadii, I. Sheludko, V. Seelenzrv, and V Solovyov (2002), Structure of the crust in the Baikal rift zone and adjacent areas from deep seismic sounding data, Tectonophysics, 351, 61-74.
96. Tain, Z.-Y., P. Han, and K.-D. Xu (1992), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic East China rift system, Tectonophysics, 208, 341-363.
97. Tapponnier, P., and P. Molnar (1979), Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3425-3459.
98. Tarantola, A., and B. Valette (1982), Generalized nonlinear inverse problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 219-232.
99. Taylor, L., G. Snyder, R. Keller, D. Remley, M. Anand, R. Wiesli, J. Valley, and N. Sobolev (2003), Petrogenesis of group A eclogites and websterites: Evidence from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite, Yakutia, Contrib. Mineral Petrol., 145, 424-443, doi:10.1007/s00410-003-0465-y.
100. Tilmann, F., J. Ni, and INDEPTH III Seismic Team (2003), Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indian lithosphere beneath central Tibet. Science, 300, 1424-1427.
101. Trampert, J., and J. Spetzler (2006), Surface wave tomography: Finite-frequency effects lost in the null space, Geophys. J Int., 164, 394-400.
102. van der Hilst, R., E. Engdahl, and W. Spakman (1993), Tomographic inversion of p and pp data for aspherical mantle structure below the north-west Pacific region, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 264-302.
103. Van der Voo, R., W. Spakman, and H. Bijwaard (1999), Tethyan subducted slabs under India, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 7-20.
104. Villaseñor, A., M. Ritzwoller, A. Levshin, M. Barmin, E. Engdahl, W. Spakman, and J. Trampert (2001), Shear velocity structure of central eurasia from inversion of surface wave velocities, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 123, 169-184.
105. Wesnousky, S., L. Jones, C. Scholz, and Q. Deng (1984), Historical seismicity and rates of crustal deformation along the margins of the Ordos block, north China, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 74, 1767-1783.
106. Wessel, P., and W. Smith (1995), New version of the generic mapping tool release, Eos Trans. AGU, 76, 329.
107. Windley, B., and M. Allen (1993), Mongolian plateau: Evidence for a late Cenozoic mantle plume under central Asia, Geology, 21, 295-298.
108. Wittlinger, G., J. Vergne, P. Tapponnier, V. Farm, G. Poupinet, M. Jiang, H. Su, G. Herquel, and A. Paul (2004), Telesesimic imaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath western Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 221, 117-130.
109. Woodhouse, J. (1974), Surface waves in a laterally varying layered structure, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 37, 461-490.
110. Woodward, R., and P. Molnar (1995), Lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle and SS-S traveltime intervals for SS rays reflected from the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 135, 139-148.
111. Xu, X. and X. Ma (1992), Geodynamics of the Shanxi rift system, China, Tectonophysics, 208, 325-340.
112. Xu, X., S. Y. O'Reilly, W. L. Griffin, X. Zhou, and X. Huang (1998), The nature of the Cenozoic lithosphere at Nushan, eastern China, in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia, Geodyn. Sen, vol. 27, edited by M. Flower, pp. 167-195, AGU, Washington, D. C.
113. Xu, Y., T. Shankland, S. Linhardt, D. Rubie, F. Langenhorst, and K. Klasinski (2004), Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite to 20 GPa and 1373 K, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 143, 321-336, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2004.03.005.
114. Yin, A., and S. Nie (1996), A phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, in The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, edited by A. Yin and T. Harrison, pp. 442-485, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
115. Yoshizawa, K., and B. Kennett (2002), Determination of the influence zone for surface wave paths, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 440-453.
116. Yuan, X., J. Ni, R. Kind, J. Mechie, and E. Sandvol (1997), Lithospheric and upper mantle structure of southern Tibet from a seismological passive source experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,491-27,500.
117. Zhang, M., X.-H. Zhou, and J.-B. Zhang (1998), Nature of the lithospheric mantle beneath NE China: Evidence from potassic volcanic rocks and mantle xenoliths, in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interaction in East Asia, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 27, edited by M. Flower, pp. 197-219, AGU, Washington, D. C.
118. Zhang, S., and S. Karato (1995), Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggragate deformed in simple shear, Nature, 375, 774-777.
119. Zhao, X., R. Coe, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, and J. Wang (1990), New paleomagnetic results from northern China: Collision and suturing with Siberia and Kazakhstan, Tectonophysics, 181, 43-81.
120. Zhou, R., S. Grand, F. Tajima, and X. Ding (1996), High velocity zone beneath the southern Tibetan Plateau from P-wave differential travel-time data, Geophys. Res., 23.
121. Zolutkhin, V., and A. Al'muckhamedor (1988), Traps of the Siberian Platform, in Continental Flood Basalts, edited by J. Macdougall, pp. 272-310, Springer, New York.
122. Zorin, Y., V. Kozhevnikov, M. Novoselova, and E. Turutanov (1989), Thickness of the lithosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone and adjacent regions, Tectonophysics, 168, 327-337.