Geochronology of granulitized eclogite from the Ama Drime Massif: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the South Tibetan Himalaya

Tectonics

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Cottle, John M ^a,b   Jessup, Micah J ^c,d   Newell, Dennis L ^e   Horstwood, Matthew S A ^b   Noble, Stephen R ^b   Parrish, Randall R ^b   Waters, David J ^a   Searle, Michael P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^e WESTERN STATE COLORADO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECLOGITE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; KINEMATICS; MAFIC ROCK; METAMORPHISM; MIOCENE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

AMA DRIME MASSIF; ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; XIZANG;

EID: 67649494643     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008TC002256     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Amelin, Y., and A. N. Zaitsev (2002), Precise geochronology of phoscorites and carbonatites: The critical role of U-series disequilibrium in age interpretations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66(13), 2399-2419, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00831-l.
2. Bordet, P. (1961), Recherches geologiques dans I'Himalaya du Nepal, region du Makaht, report, 275 pp., Cent. Natl, de la Rech. Sci., Paris.
3. Borghi, A., D. Castelli, B. Lombardo, and D. Visoná (2003), Thermal and baric evolution of garnet gran-ulites from the Kharta region of S Tibet, E Himalaya, Eur. J. Mineral., 15(2), 401-418, doi:10.1127/0935- 1221/2003/0015-0401.
4. Brookfield, M. E. (1993), The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times, Sediment. Geol., 84(1-4), 1-35, doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4.
5. Brunei, M., and J. R. Kienast (1986), Petro-structural study of Himalayan ductile thrusts as seen in the Everest-Makalu transversal (western Nepal), Can. J. Earth Sci., 23(8), 1117-1137, doi:10.1139/e86-111.
6. Burchfiel, B. C, Z. Chen, K. V. Hodges, Y. Liu, L. H. Royden, C. Deng, and J. Xu (1992), The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension Contemporaneous With and Parallel to Shortening in a Collisional Mountain Belt, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 269, 1-41.
7. Carosi, R., B. Lombardo, G. Molli, G. Musumeci, and P. C. Pertusati (1998), The South Tibetan detachment system in the Rongbuk valley, Everest region. Deformation features and geological implications, J. Asian Earth Sci., 16(2-3), 299-311, doi: 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00014-2.
8. Carosi, R., B. Lombardo, G. Musumeci, and P. C. Pertusati (1999), Geology of the higher Himalayan crystallines in Khumbu Himal (eastern Nepal), J. Asian Earth Sci., 17(5-6), 785-803, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00014-0.
9. Catlos, E. J., T. M. Harrison, C. E. Manning, M. Grove, S. M. Rai, M. S. Hubbard, and B. N. Upreti (2002), Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in-situ Th-Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: Eastern Nepal and western Garhwal, J. Asian Earth Sci., 20(5), 459-479, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00039-6.
10. Cawood, P. A., M. R. W. Johnson, and A. A. Nemchin (2007), Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: Tectonic response to Gondwana assembly, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255(1-2), 70-84, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.006.
11. Cherniak, D. J. (2000), Pb diffusion in rutile, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 139(2), 198-207, doi:10.1007/PL00007671.
12. Corfu, F., and E. C. Grunsky (1987), Igneous and tectonic evolution of the Batchawana Greenstone-Belt, Superior Province - A U-Pb zircon and titanite study J Geol., 95, 87-105.
13. Corfu, F., and S. R. Noble (1992), Genesis of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt, Superior Province, Canada: Evidence from zircon Hf isotope analyses using a single filament technique, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56(5), 2081-2097, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90331-C.
14. Cottle, J. M., M. J. Jessup, D. L. Newell, M. P. Searle, R. D. Law, and M. S. A. Horstwood (2007), Structural insights into the early stages of exhumation along an orogen-scale detachment: The South Tibetan Detachment System, Dzakaa Chu section, Eastern Himalaya, J. Struct. Geol., 29(11), 1781-1797, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.007.
15. Daniel, C. G., L. S. Hollister, R. R. Parrish, and D. Grujic (2003), Exhumation of the Main Central Thrust from lower crustal depths, eastern Bhutan Himalaya, J. Metamorph. Geol., 21(4), 317-334.
16. Davis, W. J., V. J. McNicoll, D. R. Bellerive, K. Santowski, and D. J. Scott (1997), Modified chemical procedures for the extraction and purification of uranium from titanite, allanite, and rutile in the Geochronology Laboratory, Geological Survey of Canada, in Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies, Rep. 10, pp. 33-35, Geol. Surv. of Can., Booth, Ottawa.
17. DeCelles, P. G., G. E. Gehrels, J. Quade, B. LaReau, and M. Spurlin (2000), Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal, Science, 288(5465), 497-499, doi:10.1126/science.288.5465.497.
18. de Sigoyer, J., S. Guillot, J. M. Lardeaux, and G. Mascle (1997), Glaucophane-bearing eclogites in the Tso Morari dome (eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya), Eur. J. Mineral., 9(5), 1073-1083.
19. de Sigoyer, J., V. Chavagnac, J. Blichert-Toft, I. M. Villa, B. Luais, S. Guillot, M. Cosca, and G. Mascle (2000), Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya: Multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites, Geology, 28(6), 487-490, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2000) 28<487:DTICSA>2.0.CO;2.
20. Fitzsimons, I. C. W. (2000), A review of tectonic events in the East Antarctic Shield and their implications for Gondwana and earlier supercontinents, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 31(1), 3-23, doi: 10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00069-5.
21. Gehrels, G. E., P. G. DeCelles, T. P. Ojha, and B. N. Upreti (2006a), Geologic and U-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya, J. Asian Earth Sci., 28(4-6), 385-408, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.012.
22. Gehrels, G. E., P. G. DeCelles, T. P. Ojha, and B. N. Upreti (2006b), Geologic and U-Th-Pb geochrono-logic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1I8(1), 185-198, doi:10.H30/B25753.1.
23. 40Ar/Ar thermochronology, Tectonics, 20(5), 729-747, doi:10.1029/2000TC001204.
24. Godin, L., D. Grujic, R. D. Law, and M. P. Searle (2006), Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: An introduction, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 1-23.
25. Goscombe, B., D. Gray, and M. Hand (2006), Crustal architecture of the Himalayan metamorphic front in eastern Nepal, Gondwana Res., 10(3-4), 232-255, doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2006.05.003.
26. 4, Am. Mineral., 82(7-8), 772-780.
27. Groppo, G, B. Lombardo, F. Rolfo, and P. Pertusati (2007), Clockwise exhumation path of granulitized eclogites from the Ama Drime range (Eastern Himalayas), J. Metamorph. Geol., 25(1), 51-75, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314. 2006.00678.x.
28. Guillot, S., G. Maheo, J. de Sigoyer, K. H. Hattori, and A. Pecher (2008), Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, Tectonophysics, 451(1-4), 225-241, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007. 11.059.
29. Harley, S. L. (1984), An experimental study of the partitioning of Fe and Mg between garnet and otheropyroxene, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 86, 359-373.
30. Harris, N. B. W., and J. A. Massey (1994), Decompression and anatexis of Himalayan metapelites, Tectonics, 13(6), 1537-1546, doi:10.1029/ 94TC01611.
31. Harris, N. B. W., M. Caddick, J. Kosler, S. Goswami, D. Vance, and A. G. Tindle (2004), The pressure-temperature-time path of migmatites from the Sik-kim Himalaya, J. Metamorph. Geol., 22(3), 249-264, doi:10.111 l/j.1525-1314.2004.00511.x.
32. Hodges, K. V, S. A. Bowring, K. L. Davidek, D. P. Hawkins, and M. A. Krol (1998), Evidence for rapid displacement on Himalayan normal faults and the importance of tectonic denudation in the evolution of mountain ranges, Geology, 26, 483-486.
33. Holland, T. J. B., and J. Blundy (1994), Non-ideal interactions in calcite amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioelase thermometry, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol, 116(4), 433-447, doi:10.1007/BF00310910.
34. Holland, T. J. B., and R. Powell (1998), An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest, J. Metamorph. Geol., 16(3), 309-343, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00I40.x.
35. Horstwood, M. S. A. (2008), Data reduction strategies, uncertainty assessment and interpretation of LA-(MC-)ICP-MS isotope data, in Laser Ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: Current Practices and Outstanding Issues, edited by P. Sylvester, Mineral. Assoc. Can. Short Course Ser., 40, 283-303.
36. Horstwood, M. S. A., G. L. Foster, R. R. Parrish, S. R. Noble, and G. M. Nowell (2003), Common-Pb corrected in-situ U-Pb accessory mineral geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18(8), 837-846, doi:10.1039/b304365g.
37. Hubbard, M. S. (1989), Thermobarometric constraints on the thermal history of the Main Central Thrust Zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya, J. Metamorph. Geol., 7(1), 19-30, doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1314. 1989.tb00572.x.
38. 39Ar age constraints on deformation and metamorphism in the Main Central Thrust Zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya, Tectonics, 8(4), 865-880, doi: 10.1029/TC008i004p00865.
39. Inger, S., and N. B. W. Harris (1992), Tectonothermal evolution of the high Himalayan crystalline sequence, Langtang Valley, northern Nepal, J. Metamorph. Geol., 10(3), 439-452, doi:10.1111/j. 1525-1314.1992.tb00095.x.
40. 238U, Phys. Rev. C, 4, 1889-1906, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC4.1889.
41. Jessup, M. J., R. D. Law, M. P. Searle, and M. S. Hubbard (2006), Structural evolution and vorticity of flow during extrusion and exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Mount Everest Massif, Tibet/Nepal: Implications for orogen-scale flow partitioning, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pubi, 268, 379-413.
42. Jessup, M. J., D. L. Newell, J. M. Cottle, A. L. Berger, and J. A. Spotila (2008a), Orogen-parallel extension and exhumation enhanced by denudation in the trans-Himalayan Arun River gorge, Ama Drime Massif, Tibet-Nepal, Geology, 36(1), 587-590, doi:10.1130/G24722A.l.
43. Jessup, M. J., J. M. Cottle, M. P. Searle, R. D. Law, R. J. Tracy, D. L. Newell, and D. J. Waters (2008b), P-T-t-D paths of Everest series schist, J. Metamorph. Geol., 26(7), 717-739, doi: 10.1111/j. 1525-1314.2008.00784.x.
44. Kaneko, Y., I. Katayama, H. Yamamoto, K. Misawa, M. Ishikawa, H. U. Rehman, A. B. Kausar, and K. Shiraishi (2003), Timing of Himalayan ultra-high-pressure metamorphism: Sinking rate and subduction angle of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia, J. Metamorph. Geol., 21(6), 589-599, doi: 10.1046/j. 1525-1314.2003.00466.x.
45. Kohn, M. J., E. J. Catlos, F. J. Ryerson, and T. M. Harrison (2002), Reply to "Pressure-temperature-time path discontinuity in the Main Central Thrust Zone, central Nepal", 30(5), 480-481, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2002) 030<0480: R>2.0.CO;2.
46. Kretz, R. (1983), Symbols for rock-forming minerals, Am. Mineral., 68(1-2), 277-279.
47. Krogh, T. E. (1973), Low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37(3), 485-494, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90213-5.
48. Law, R. D., M. P. Searle, and R. L. Simpson (2004), Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Everest Massif, Tibet, J. Geol. Soc, 161, 305-320, doi:10.1144/0016- 764903-047.
49. Leech, M. L., S. Singh, A. K. Jain, S. L. Klemperer, and R. M. Manickavasagam (2005), The onset of India-Asia continental collision: Early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234(1-2), 83-97, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2005.02.038.
50. Liu, Y., W. Siebel, H. Massonne, and X. Xiao (2007), Geochronological and petrological constraints for tectonic evolution of the central Greater Himalayan sequence in the Kharta area, southern Tibet, J. Geol, 115, 215-242, doi: 10.1086/510806.
51. Lombardo, B., and F. Rolfo (2000), Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: Implications for the Himalayan orogeny, J. Geodyn., 30(1-2), 37-60, doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00026-5.
52. Lombardo, B., P. Pertusati, F. Rolfo, and D. Visona (1998), First report of eclogites from the E Himalaya; implications for the Himalayan orogeny, Mem. Sci. Geol., 50, 67-68.
53. Ludwig, K. R. (1980), Calculation of uncertainties of U-Pb isotope data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 46, 212-220.
54. Martin, A. J., P. G. DeCelles, G. E. Gehrels, P. J. Patchett, and C. Isachsen (2005), Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central Thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117(1), 926-944, doi: 10.1130/B25646.1.
55. Mattinson, J. M. (2005), Zircon U-Pb chemical abrasion ("CA-T1MS") method: Combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages, Chem. Geol., 220(1-2), 47-66, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.03.011.
56. Mezger, K., G. N. Hanson, and S. R. Bohlen (1989), High-precision U-Pb ages of metamorphic rutile-Application to the cooling history of high-grade terranes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 96(1-2), 106-118, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(89)90126-X.
57. Miller, C, U. Klotzli, W. Frank, M. Thoni, and B. Grasemann (2000), Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism, Precambrian Res., 103(3-4), 191-206, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00091-7.
58. Mukherjee, B. K., and H. K. Sachan (2001), Discovery of coesite from Indian Himalaya: A record of ultra-high pressure metamorphism in Indian continental crust, Curr. Sci., 81, 1358-1361.
59. Murphy, M. A., and T. M. Harrison (1999), Relationship between leucogranites and the Qomolangma Detachment in the Rongbuk Valley, South Tibet, Geology, 27(9), 831-834, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1999) 027 <831:RBLATQ>2.3.CO;2.
60. Myrow, P. M., N. C. Hughes, T. S. Paulsen, I. S. Williams, S. K. Parcha, K. R. Thompson, S. A. Bowring, S. C. Peng, and A. D. Ahluwalia (2003), Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 212(3-4), 433-441, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821 X(03)00280-2.
61. Noble, S. R., J. Schwieters, D. J. Condon, Q. C. Crowley, N. Quaas, and R. R. Parrish (2006), TIMS characterization of new generation secondary electron multiplier, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V11E-06.
62. O'Brien, P. J., N. Zotov, R. Law, M. A. Khan, and M. Q. Jan (2001), Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India-Asia collision, Geology, 29(5), 435-438, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (2001) 029<0435:CIHEAI>2.0.CO;2.
63. Paquette, J. L., A. Nedelec, B. Moine, and M. Rakotondrazafy (1994), U-Pb, single zircon Pb-evaporation, and Sm-Nd isotopic study of a granulite domain in SE Madagascar, J. Geol., 102, 523-538.
64. Parrish, R. R. (1987), An improved micro-capsule for zircon dissolution in U-Pb geochronology, Chem. Geol., 66(1-2), 99-102.
65. Parrish, R. R. (1990), U-Pb dating of monazite and its application to geological problems, Can. J. Earth Sci., 27(11), 1431-1450.
66. Parrish, R. R., and K. V. Hodges (1996), Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108(1), 904-911, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1996) 108<0904:ICOTAA> 2.3.CO;2.
67. Parrish, R. R., S. J. Gough, M. P. Searle, and D. J. Waters (2006), Plate velocity exhumation of ultra-high-pressure eclogites in the Pakistan Himalaya, Geology, 34(11), 989-992, doi:10.1130/G22796A.1.
68. Pognante, U., and P. Benna (1993), Metamorphic zonation, migmatization and leucogranites along the Everest transect of eastern Nepal and Tibet: Record of an exhumation history, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 74, 323-340.
69. Pognante, U., and D. A. Spencer (1991), 1st report of eclogites from the Himalayan Belt, Kaghan Valley (northern Pakistan), Eur. J. Mineral., 3(3), 613-618.
70. Powell, R. (1985), Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer geobarometer calibration - The garnet clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited, J. Metamorph. Geol., 3(3), 231-243, doi: 10.1111/j. 1525-1314.1985.tb00319.x.
71. Powell, R., and T. J. B. Holland (1988), An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program, J. Metamorph. Geol., 6(2), 173-204, doi: 10. 1111/j. 1525-1314.1988.tb00415.x.
72. Richards, A., R. R. Parrish, N. B. W. Harris, T. Argles, and L. Zhang (2006), Correlation of lithotectonic units across the eastern Himalaya, Bhutan, Geology, 34(5), 341-344, doi: 10.1130/G22169.1.
73. Robinson, D. M., P. G. DeCelles, P. J. Patchett, and C. N. Garzione (2001), The kinematic evolution of the Nepalese Himalaya interpreted from Nd isotopes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 192(4), 507-521, doi:10.1016/S0012- 821X(01)00451-4.
74. Rolfo, E, W. McClelland, and B. Lombardo (2005), Geochronological constraints on the age of the eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Eastern Himalaya, paper presented at the 20th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet Workshop, Lab. de Geodynamique des Chaines Alp., Aussois, France.
75. Scharer, U. (1984), The effect of initial Th-230 disequilibrium on young U-Pb ages - The Makalu Case, Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 67(2), 191-204, doi: 10.1016/0012-821 X(84)90114-6.
76. Schelling, D. (1992), The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the eastern Nepal Himalaya, Tectonics, 11(5), 925-943, doi:10.1029/92TC00213.
77. Searle, M. P. (1999), Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest-Lhotse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal, J. Geol. Soc, 156, 227-240, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0227.
78. Searle, M. P., D. J. Waters, and B. J. Stephenson (2002), Pressure-temperature-time path discontinuity in the Main Central Thrust Zone, central Nepal: Comment and reply, Geology, 30(5), 479-480, doi: 1.0.1130/0091-7613 (2002) 030<0479: PTTPDI>2.0.CO;2.
79. Searle, M. P., R. L. Simpson, R. D. Law, R. R. Parrish, and D. J. Waters (2003), The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal-South Tibet, J. Geol. Soc, 160, 345-366, doi: 10.1144/0016-764902-126.
80. Simonetti, A., L. M. Heaman, R. P. Hartlaub, R. A. Creaser, T. G. MacHattie, and C. Bohm (2005), U-Pb zircon dating by laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS using a new multiple ion counting Faraday collector array, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 20(8), 677-686, doi:10.1039/b504465k.
81. Simpson, R. L., R. R. Parrish, M. P. Searle, and D. J. Waters (2000), Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphism and crustal melting in the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya, Geology, 28(5), 403-406, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2000) 28<403:TEOMCD>2.0.CO;2.
82. Spencer, D. A., J. G. Ramsay, C. Spencer-Cervalo, U. Pognante, M. N. Chaudhry, and M. Ghazanfar (1990), High pressure (eclogite facies) metamorphism in the Indian Plate, NW Himalaya, Pakistan, Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 23, 87-100.
83. Stacey, J. S., and J. D. Kramers (1975), Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a 2-stage model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26(2), 207-221, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6.
84. Tera, F., and G. J. Wasserburg (1972), U-Th-Pb systematics in lunar highland samples from Luna-20 and Apollo-16 missions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 17(1), 36-51, doi:10.1016/0012-82IX(72)90257-9.
85. Tonarini, S., I. M. Villa, F. Oberli, M. Meier, D. A. Spencer, U. Pognante, and J. G. Ramsay (1993), Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in Pakistan Himalaya: Implications for India-Eurasia collision, Terra Nova, 5(1), 13-20, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00221.x.
86. Vannay, J., and K. V. Hodges (1996), Tectonometa-morphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal, J. Metamorph. Geol., 14(5), 635-656, doi: 10.1046/j. 1525-1314.1996.00426.x.
87. Veevers, J. J. (2007), Pan-Gondwanaland post-collisional extension marked by 650-500 Ma alkaline rocks and carbonatites and related detrital zircons: A review, Earth Sci. Rev., 83(1-2), 1-47, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.03. 001.
88. Viskupic, K., and K. V. Hodges (2001), Monazite-xenotime thermochronometry: Methodology and an example from the Nepalese Himalaya, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 141(2), 233-247.
89. Viskupic, K., K. V. Hodges, and S. A. Bowring (2005), Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core, Everest region, eastern Nepal, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 149(1), 1-21, doi:10.1007/s00410-004-0628-5.
90. Wendt, I., and C. Carl (1991), The statistical distribution of the mean squared weighted deviation, Chem. Geol. Isotope Geosci. Sect., 56(4), 275-285, doi:10.1016/0168-9622(91)90010-T.
91. Wiedenbeck, M., P. Alle, F. Corfu, W. L. Griffin, M. Meier, F. Oberli, A. Vonquadt, J. C. Roddick, and W. Speigel (1995), Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace-element and REE analyses, Geostand. Newsl., 19(1), 1-23, doi: 10.1111/j. 1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x.
92. Zhang, J., and G. Lei (2007), Structure and geochronol-ogy of the southern Xainza-Dinggye rift and its relationship to the South Tibetan detachment system, J. Asian Earth Sci., 29(5-6), 722-736, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.003.