Quantifying internal strain and deformation temperature in the eastern Himalaya, Bhutan: Implications for the evolution of strain in thrust sheets

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 579-608

  Long, Sean ^a   McQuarrie, Nadine ^a   Tobgay, Tobgay ^a   Hawthorne, Jessica ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Balanced cross section; Bhutan; Himalaya; Normalized Fry method; Quartz microstructure; Rf phi method; Strain

Indexed keywords

BALANCED CROSS-SECTION; BHUTAN; HIMALAYA; NORMALIZED FRY METHOD; QUARTZ MICROSTRUCTURE; RF-PHI METHOD;

DEFORMATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; ROCKS; TECTONICS; WALLS (STRUCTURAL PARTITIONS);

QUARTZ;

DEFORMATION MECHANISM; EXTRUSION; HANGING WALL; PLASTICITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUARTZ; STRAIN RATE; TECTONIC SETTING; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; THRUST FAULT;

BHUTAN; HIMALAYAS;

EID: 79953029380     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.011     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Aikman A.B., Harrison T.M., Ding L. Evidence for early (>44 Ma) Himalayan crustal thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 274:14-23.
2. Arita K. Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the Lower Himalayas, central Nepal. Tectonophysics 1983, 95:43-60.
3. Bailey J.E., Hirsch P.B. The recrystallization process in some polycrystalline metals. Proclamations of the Royal Society of London, Serial 1962, A267:11-30.
4. Bhargava O.N. The Bhutan Himalaya. A Geological Account. Geol. Soc. India Special Publication 1995, vol. 39. p. 245.
5. Bhattacharyya K., Mitra G. A new kinematic evolutionary model for the growth of a duplex - an example from the Rangit duplex, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:697-715.
6. Bolhar R., Ring U. Deformation history of the Yolla Bolly terrane at Leech Lake Mountain, eastern belt, Franciscan subduction complex, California Coast Ranges. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2001, 113:181-195.
7. Boyer S.E., Elliott D. Thrust systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 1982, 66:1196-1230.
8. Brandon M.T., Kang B. Exhumation processes operating above the Cascadia subduction zone, NW Washington State. Terra Nova 1995, 7:170.
9. Burchfiel B.C., Chen Z.L., Hodges K.V., Liu Y.P., Royden L.H., Deng C.R., Xu J.N. The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension Contemporaneous with and Parallel to Shortening in a Collisional Mountain Belt. Geological Society of America Special Paper 1992, vol. 269. p. 41.
10. Burg, J.P., 1983. Tectogenese compare de deux segments de chaine de collision: le sud du Tibet (suture du Tsangpo), la chaine hercynienne en Europe (suture du Massif Central): Thesis, Montpellier.
11. Carosi R., Montomoli C., Rubatto D., Visona D. Normal-sense shear zones in the core of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (Bhutan Himalaya): evidence for extrusion?. Geolocial Society of London Special Publication 2006, vol. 268:425-444. R.D. Law, M.P. Searle, L. Godin (Eds.).
12. Catlos E.J., Harrison T.M., Kohn M.J., Grove M., Ryerson F.J., Manning C.E., Upreti B.N. Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main central thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical research (Series B). Solid Earth and Planets 2001, 106:16,177-16,204.
13. Cawood P.A., Johnson M.R.W., Nemchin A.A. Early Paleozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: tectonic response to Gondwana assembly. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 255:70-84.
14. Chakungal J., Dostal J., Grujic D., Duchene S., Ghalley K.S. Provenance of the Greater Himalayan sequence: evidence from mafic granulites and amphibolites in NW Bhutan. Tectonophysics 2010, 480:198-212.
15. Corfield R.I., Searle M.P. Crustal shortening estimates across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, NW India. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2000, vol. 170:395-410. M.A. Khan, P.J. Treloar, M.P. Searle, M.Q. Jan (Eds.).
16. Coward M.P., Kim J.H. Strain within thrust sheets. Geological Society of London Special Publication 1981, vol. 9:275-292. K.R. McClay, N.J. Price (Eds.).
17. Craddock J.P. Transpression during tectonic evolution of the Idaho-Wyoming fold-and- thrust belt. Geological Society of America Memoir 1992, 179:55-81. P.K. Link, M.A. Kuntz, L.B. Platt (Eds.).
18. Crosby G.W. Radial movements in the western Wyoming salient of the Cordilleran Overthrust Belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1969, 80:1061-1077.
19. Czeck D.M., Hudleston J. Testing models for obliquely plunging lineations in transpression: a natural example and theoretical discussion. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:959-982.
20. Dahlstrom C.D.A. Balanced cross-sections. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1969, 6:743-757.
21. Daniel C.G., Hollister L.S., Parrish R.R., Grujic D. Exhumation of the Main central thrust from lower crustal depths, eastern Bhutan Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2003, 21:317-334.
22. Dasgupta S., Ganguly J., Neogi S. Inverted metamorphic sequence in the Sikkim Himalayas: crystallization history, P-T gradient and implications. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2004, 22:395-412.
23. Dasgupta S. Jaishidanda formation. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, vol. 39:79-88. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
24. Davidson C., Grujic D.E., Hollister L.S., Schmid S.M. Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystallines, Bhutan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1997, 15:593-612.
25. DeCelles P.G., Robinson D.M., Zandt G. Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 2002, 21:1062-1087. 10.1029/2001TC001322.
26. Drury M.R., Humphreys F.J., White S.H. Large strain deformation studies using polycrystalline magnesion as rock analogue, Part II. Dynamic recrystallization mechanisms at high temperatures. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior 1985, 40:208-222.
27. Dunlap W.J., Hirth G., Teyssier C. Thermomechanical evolution of a ductile duplex. Tectonics 1997, 16:983-1000.
28. Dunnet D. A technique for finite strain analysis using elliptical particles. Tectonophysics 1969, 7:117-136.
29. Dunnet D., Siddans A.W.B. Non-random sedimentary fabrics and their modification by strain. Tectonophysics 1971, 12:307-325.
30. Edwards M.A., Kidd W.S.F., Jixiang L., Yue Y., Clark M. Multi-stage development of the southern Tibetan detachment system near Khula Kangri; New data from Gonto La. Tectonophysics 1996, 260:1-19.
31. Edwards M.A., Pecher A., Kidd W.S.F., Burchfiel B.C., Royden L.H. Southern Tibet detachment system at Khula Kangri, eastern Himalaya: a large-area, Shallow detachment stretching into Bhutan?. The Journal of Geology 1999, 107:623-631.
32. Elliott D. Some Aspects of the Geometry and Mechanisms of Thrust Belts. 8th Annual Canadian Society of Petrology and Geology Seminar 1977, vol. 1. p. 17.
33. Engelder Mechanisms for strain within the upper Devonian clastic sequence of the Appalachian Plateau, western New York. American Journal of Science 1979, 279:527-542.
34. Erslev E.A. Normalized center-to-center analysis of packed aggregates. Journal of Structural Geology 1988, 10:201-209.
35. Eyster E.L., Bailey C.M. Vorticity Analyses of Extensional and Transpressional High-strain Zones; Examples from the Arizona Basin and Range and Virginia Piedmont. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2001, 33(2):5.
36. Faill R.T., Nickelsen R.P. Appalachian mountain section of the Valley and Ridge province. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Special Publication 1999, vol. 1:268-285. C.H. Schultz (Ed.).
37. Feehan J.G., Brandon M.T. Contribution of ductile flow to exhumation of low T-high P metamorphic rocks: San Juan-Cascade Nappes, NW Washington State. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, B104:10883-10901.
38. Fitzgerald J.D., Stunitz H. Deformation of granitoids at low metamorphic grade. I. reactions and grain size reduction. Tectonophysics 1993, 221:269-297.
39. Fry N. Random point distributions and strain measurement in rocks. Tectonophysics 1979, 60:89-105.
40. Gansser A. Geology of the Himalayas 1964, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 289 pp.
41. Gansser A. Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya 1983, Birkhauser Verlag, Boston, 181 pp.
42. Garzanti E., Casnedi R., Jadoul F. Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 1986, 48:237-265.
43. Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Martin A., Ojha T.P., Pinhassi G. Initiation of the Himalayan Orogen as an early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt. GSA Today 2003, 13:4-9.
44. Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Ojha T.P., Upreti B.N. Geologic and U-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Science 2006, 28:385-408. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.012.
45. Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Ojha T.P., Upreti B.N. Geologic and U-Th-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2006, 118:185-198. 10.1130/B25753.1.
46. Geiser P.A., Engelder T. The distribution of layer parallel shortening fabrics in the Appalachian foreland of New York and Pennsylvania; evidence for two non-coaxial phases of the Alleghenian orogeny. Geological Society of America Memoir 1983, vol. 158:161-175. R.D. Hatcher (Ed.).
47. Gockley, C.K., 1985. Structure and strain analysis of the Big Elk Mountain Anticline, Caribou Mountains, Idaho. M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 221.
48. Gokul A.R. Geological and Mineral Map of Bhutan. Geologicl Survey of India Map Printing Division, Hyderabad, Scale 1983, vol. 1. 500, 000, 1 sheet.
49. Grasemann B., Fritz H., Vannay J.C. Quantitative kinematic flow analysis from the Main Central Thrust Zone (NW Himalaya, India): implications for a decelerating strain path and the extrusion of orogenic wedges. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 21:837-853.
50. Gray M.B., Mitra G. Migration of deformation fronts during progressive deformation: evidence from detailed studies in the Pennsylvanian Southern Anthracite region, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:435-450.
51. Grujic D., Casey M., Davidson C., Hollister L.S., Kundig R., Pavlis T., Schmid S. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics. Tectonophysics 1996, 260:21-43.
52. Grujic D., Hollister L.S., Parrish R.R. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 198:177-191.
53. Guillope M., Poirier J.P. Dynamic recrystallization during creep of single-crystalline halite: an experimental study. Journal of Geophysical Research 1979, 84:5557-5567.
54. Harrison T.M., Ryerson F.J., LeFort P., Yin A., Lovera O., Catlos E.J. A late Miocene-Pliocene origin for the central Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1997, 146:E1-E7.
55. Harrison T.M., Grove M., Lovera O.M., Catlos E.J. A model for the origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:27,017-27,032.
56. Heim A., Gansser A. Central Himalaya: Geological Observations of the Swiss Expedition, 1936. Memoirs of the Swiss Society of Natural Science 1939, vol. 73. p. 245.
57. Hirth G., Tullis J. Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates. Journal of Structural Geology 1992, 14:145-159.
58. Hodges K.V. Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2000, 112:324-350.
59. Hollister L.S., Grujic D. Pulsed channel flow in Bhutan. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2006, 268:415-423. R.D. Law, M.P. Searle, L. Godin (Eds.).
60. Holyoke C.W., Tullis J. Formation and maintenance of shear zones. Geology 2006, 34:105-108.
61. Hubbard M.S. Thermobarometric constraints on the thermal history of the Main Central thrust zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1989, 7:19-30.
62. Jangpangi B.S. Stratigraphy and tectonics of parts of eastern Bhutan. Himalayan Geology 1974, 4:117-136.
63. Jangpangi B.S. Stratigraphy and structure of Bhutan Himalaya. Tectonic Geology of Himalaya 1978, 221-292. Todays' and Tomorrows' Publications, New Delhi. P.W.S. Saklani (Ed.).
64. Jessup M.J., Law R.D., Searle M.P., Hubbard M.S. Structural evolution and vorticity of flow during extrusion and exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Mount Everest Massif, Tibet/Nepal: implications for orogen-scale flow partitioning. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2006, vol. 268:379-413. R.D. Law, M.P. Searle, L. Godin (Eds.).
65. Joshi A. Setikhola formation. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, vol. 39:34-37. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
66. Kligfield R., Carmignani L., Owens W.H. Strain analysis of a Northern Apennine shear zone using deformed marble breccias. Journal of Structural Geology 1981, 16:493-503.
67. Kohn M.J., Catlos E.J., Ryerson F.J., Harrison T.M. Pressure-temperature-time path discontinuity in the Main Central Thrust zone, central Nepal. Geology 2001, 29:571-574.
68. Lakshminarayana G. Damuda Subgroup. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, vol. 39:29-33. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
69. Lakshminarayana G., Singh B. Siwalik Group. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, vol. 39:23-28. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
70. Law R.D., Searle M.P., Simpson R.L. Strain, deformation temperatures, and vorticity of flow at the top of the greater Himalayan slab, Everest Massif, Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2004, 161:305-320.
71. LeFort P. Himalayas: the collided range, present knowledge of the continental arc. American Journal of Science 1975, 275-A:1-44.
72. Lister G.S., Dornsiepen U.F. Fabric transitions in the Saxony granulite terrain. Journal of Structural Geology 1982, 4:81-92.
73. Long, S., McQuarrie, N., Tobgay, T., Rose, C., Gehrels, G., Grujic, D., 2011a. Tectonostratigraphy of the lesser Himalaya of Bhutan: implications for the along-strike stratigraphic continuity of the northern Indian margin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, doi:10.1130/B30202.1.
74. Long, S., McQuarrie, N., Tobgay, T., Grujic, D., 2011b. Geometry and crustal shortening of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, eastern and central Bhutan. Geological Society of America Bulletin, doi:10.1130/B30203.1.
75. Long S., McQuarrie N. Placing limits on channel flow: insights from the Bhutan Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 290:375-390.
76. Mainprice D.H., Bouchez J.L., Blumenfeld P., Tubia J.M. Dominant c slip in naturally-deformed quartz: implications for dramatic plastic softening at high temperature. Geology 1986, 14:819-822.
77. Martin A.J., Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G. The tectonic significance of (U, Th)/Pb ages of monazite inclusions in garnet from the Himalaya of central Nepal. Chemical Geology 2007, 244:1-24. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.05.003.
78. Martin A.J., DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Patchett P.J., Isachsen C. Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central Thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2005, 117:926-944.
79. Martin A.J., Ganguly J., DeCelles P.G. Metamorphism of Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks exposed in the Modi Khola valley, central Nepal. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2010, 159:203-223. 10.1007/s00410-009-0424-3.
80. Maxelon M., Wohlers A., Halama R., Ring U., Mortimer N., Brandon M.T. Ductile strain in the Torlesse Wedge, South Island, New Zealand. EOS 1998, 79(45):889.
81. Mattauer M. Intracontinental subduction, crust-mantle decollemont and crustal-stacking wedge in the Himalayas and other collision belts. Geological Society of America Special Publication 1986, vol. 19:37-50. M.P. Coward, A.C. Ries (Eds.).
82. McNaught M., Mitra G. The use of finite strain data in constructing a retrodeformable cross-section of the Meade thrust sheet, southeastern Idaho, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology 1996, 18:573-583.
83. McQuarrie N., Robinson D., Long S., Tobgay T., Grujic D., Gehrels G., Ducea M. Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: implications for the along-strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 272:105-117.
84. Means W.D. Stretching faults. Geology 1989, 17:893-896.
85. Means W.D. Rotational quantities in homogeneous flow and the development of small- scale structures. Journal of Structural Geology 1994, 17:893-896.
86. Means W.D., Hobbs B.E., Lister G.S., Williams P.F. Vorticity and non-coaxiality in progressive deformations. Journal of Structural Geology 1980, 2:371-378.
87. Mitra G. Strain variation in thrust sheets across the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt (Idaho- Utah-Wyoming): implications for section restoration and wedge taper evolution. Journal of Structural Geology 1994, 16:585-602.
88. Mitra G., Bhattacharyya K., Mukul M. The Lesser Himalayan duplex in Sikkim: implications for variations in Himalayan shortening. Journal of the Geological Society of India 2010, 75:276-288.
89. Mitra M., Boyer S.E. Strain in the Lewis thrust sheet in the Provo salient of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt: implications for basin restoration and estimates of critical taper. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 1999, 31:237.
90. Mukul M., Mitra G. Finite strain and strain variation analysis in the Sheeprock Thrust Sheet: an internal thrust sheet in the Provo salient of the Sevier Fold-and-Thrust belt, Central Utah. Journal of Structural Geology 1998, 20:385-405.
91. Murphy M.A., Yin A. Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and Indus-Yalu suture zone, southwest Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2003, 115:21-34.
92. Nautiyal S.P., Jangpangi B.S., Singh P., Guha Sarkar T.K., Bhate V.D., Raghavan M.R., Sahai T.N. A Preliminary Note on the Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Rep. 22nd International Geological Congress, New Delhi 1964, vol. 11. pp. 1-14.
93. Nickelsen R.P. Fold patterns and continuous deformation mechanisms of the central Pennsylvania Appalachians. Pittsburgh Geological Society and Appalachian Geological Society, Pittsburgh, Guidebook 1963, 13-29. A.S. Cate (Ed.).
94. Nickelsen R.P. Aspects of Alleghanian deformation. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists 49th Annual, Danville, Guidebook 1983, 29-39. R.P. Nickelsen, E. Cotter (Eds.).
95. Onash C.M., Shen-tu B., Couzens-Schultz B.A. Strain partitioning and factorization in quartz arenite. Journal of Structural Geology 1998, 20:1065-1074.
96. Ong P.F., van der Pluijm B.A., Van der Voo R. Early rotation and late folding in the Pennsylvania salient (U.S. Appalachians); evidence from calcite-twinning analysis of Paleozoic carbonates. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2007, 119:796-804.
97. Passchier C.W., Trouw R.A.J. Microtectonics 1998, Springer, New York, 289 pp.
98. Pêcher A., Le Fort P. The metamorphism in central Himalaya: its relations with the thrust tectonics. Sciences de la Terre, Mémoire 1986, 47:285-309.
99. Poirier J.P., Nicolas A. Deformation-induced recrystallization by progressive misorientation of subgrain-boundaries, with special reference to mantle peridotites. Journal of Geology 1975, 83:707-720.
100. Powell C.M., Conaghan P.J. Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1973, 20:1-12.
101. Pryer L.L. Microstructures in feldspars from a major crustal thrust zone: the Grenville Front, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:21-36.
102. Ramsay J.G. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks 1967, McGraw-Hill, New York, 568 pp.
103. Ramsay J.G., Huber M.I. Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Strain Analysis 1983, vol. 1. Academic Press, London, 307 pp.
104. Ratschbacher L., Frisch W., Liu G. Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India-Asia collision. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:19,917-19,945.
105. Ray S.K., Bandyopadhyay B.K., Razdan R.K. Tectonics of a part of the Shumar allochthon in eastern Bhutan. Tectonophysics 1989, 169:51-58.
106. Ray S.K. Lateral variations in geometry of thrust planes and its significance, as studied in the Shumar allochthon, Lesser Himalayas, eastern Bhutan. Tectonophysics 1995, 249:125-139.
107. Richards A., Parrish R., Harris N., Argles T., Zhang L. Correlation of lithotectonic units across the eastern Himalaya, Bhutan. Geology 2006, 34:341-344.
108. Ring U., Brandon M.T. Ductile deformation and mass loss in the Franciscan Subduction complex: implications for exhumation processes in accretionary wedges. Geological Society of London Special Publication 1999, 154:55-86. U. Ring, M.T. Brandon, G.S. Lister, S.D. Willett (Eds.).
109. Ring U., Brandon M.T., Ramthum A. Solution mass-transfer deformation adjacent to the Glarus Thrust, with implications for the tectonic evolution of the Alpine wedge in eastern Switzerland. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:1491-1505.
110. Robin P.Y., Torrance J.G. Statistical analysis of the effect of sample size on paleostrain calculation. I. Single face measurements. Tectonophysics 1987, 138:311-317.
111. Robinson D.M., DeCelles P.G., Garzione C.N., Pearson O.N., Harrison T.M., Catlos E.J. Kinematic model of the Main central thrust. Geology 2003, 31:359-362.
112. Robinson D.M., DeCelles P.G., Copeland P. Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: implications for channel flow models. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2006, 118:865-885.
113. Rosenberg C.L., Handy M.R. Experimental deformation of partially-melted granite revisited: implications for the continental crust. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2005, 23:19-28.
114. Sanderson D.J. Models of strain variation in nappes and thrust sheets: a review. Tectonophysics 1982, 88:201-233.
115. Schmid S.M. Textures of geological materials: computer model predictions versus empirical interpretations based on rock deformation experiments and field studies. Textures of Geological Materials 1994, 279-302. DGM Informations-gesellschaft, Oberursel. H.J. Bunge, S. Siegesmund, W. Skrotzki, K. Weber (Eds.).
116. Searle M.P. Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the high Himalayan, Tibetan-Tethys, and Indus suture zones of Zanskar and Ladakh, western Himalaya. Journal of Structural Geology 1986, 8:923-936.
117. Sengupta S., Raina P.L. Geology of parts of the Bhutan foothills adjacent to Darjeeling district. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 1978, 5(1):20-23.
118. Seno S., Dallagiovanna G., Vanossi M. From finite strain data to strain history: a model for a sector of the Ligurian Alps, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 1998, 20:573-585.
119. Stephenson B.J., Waters D.J., Searle M.P. Inverted metamorphism and the Main central thrust: field relations and thermobarometric constraints from the Kishtwar window, NW Indian Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2000, 18:571-590.
120. Stipp M., Stunitz H., Heilbronner R., Schmid S.M. The eastern Tonale fault zone: a 'natural laboratory' for crystal plastic deformation over a temperature range from 250° to 700°C. Journal of Structural Geology 2002, 24:1861-1884.
121. Stocklin J. Geology of Nepal and its regional frame. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1980, 137:1-34.
122. Swapp S.M., Hollister L.S. Inverted metamorphism within the Tibetan slab of Bhutan: evidence for a tectonically transported heat source. Canadian Mineralogist 1991, 29:1019-1041.
123. Tangri S.K., Pande A.C. Tethyan sequence. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, 39:109-142. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
124. Tangri S.K. Baxa Group. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, 39:38-58. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
125. Tangri S.K. Diuri formation. Geological Society of India Special Publication 1995, 39:59-63. O.N. Bhargava (Ed.).
126. Tullis J., Yund R.A. Hydolitic weakening of experimentally deformed Westerly granite and Hale albite rocks. Journal of Structural Geology 1980, 2:439-451.
127. van Daalen M., Meilbronner R., Kunze K. Orientation analysis of localized shear deformation in quartz fibres at the brittle-ductile transition. Tectonophysics 1999, 303:83-107.
128. Voll G. Recrystallization of quartz, biotite, and feldspars from Erstlfeld to the Leventina Nappe, Swiss Apls, and it geological significance. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilunge 1976, 56:641-647.
129. Wallis S. Vorticity analysis and recognition of ductile extrusion in the Sambagawa belt, SW Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 1995, 17:1077-1093.
130. White S. Geological significance of recovery and recrystallization processes in quartz. Tectonophysics 1977, 39:143-170.
131. Whynot N., Grujic D., Long S., McQuarrie N. Apparent temperature gradient across the Lesser Himalayan Sequence: Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material in the eastern Bhutan Himalaya. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2010, 1. 2010-1099. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010-1099/whynot/, M.L. Leech, S.L. Klemperer, W.D. Mooney (Eds.).
132. Wilkerson M.S., Dicken C.L. Quick-look techniques for evaluating two-dimensional cross sections in detached contractional settings. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 2001, 85:1759-1770.
133. Woodward N.B., Boyer S.E., Suppe J. Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: An Essential Technique in Geological Research and Exploration. Washington, American Geophysical Union Short Course in Geology 1989, 6.
134. Wotjal S. Deformation within foreland thrust sheets by populations of minor faults. Journal of Structural Geology 1986, 8:341-360.
135. Wu C., Nelson K.D., Wortman G., Samson S.D., Yue Y., Li J., Kidd W.S.F., Edwards M.A. Yadong cross structure and South Tibetan Detachment in the east central Himalaya (89°-90°E). Tectonics 1998, 17:28-45.
136. Yin A. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along- strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Science Reviews 2006, 76:1-131.
137. Yin A., Dubey C.S., Kelty T.K., Webb A.A.G., Harrison T.M., Chou C.Y., Celerier J. Geologic Correlation of the Himalayan Orogen and Indian Craton (Part 2): Structural Geology, Geochronology and Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2010, 122:360-395. 10.1130/B26461.1.
138. Yonkee A. Strain patterns within part of the Willard thrust sheet, Idaho-Wyoming-Utah thrust belt. Journal of Structural Geology 2005, 27:1315-1343.
139. Yonkee A., Weil A.B. Reconstructing the kinematic evolution of curved mountain belts: Internal strain patterns in the Wyoming salient, Sevier thrust belt, U.S.A. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 122:24-49.